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1、ARFARFConnectorTraining连接器培训,Amphenol RF-Leader In RF Technology,RF system solution provider covering the entire RF FootprintOnly global interconnect company with focused and dedicated RF competenciesExtensive RF engineering resourcesIndustry leader defining standardsIEEEFAKRAUSCARIECUnparalleled de
2、sign and testing capabilities,Type N,FAKRA III,Global Manufacturing Locations,Tainan,Taiwan(95),Nogales,Mexico(150),Danbury,CT(150),Shenzhen,China(700),Manufacturing CapabilitiesDanbury,Single-spindle,Multi-axis Machining Centers,Automatic Bar Feeders,Low and Medium VolumeLean and Flexible Manufactu
3、ring,Manufacturing CapabilityMexico,Manual Assembly Line,Automatic AssemblyMedium&High Volume,Low and Medium Volume,Manufacturing CapabilitiesARFA,Capability:CNC StarsCNC TsugamisHydromat,Medium and High Volume,Manufacturing CapabilitiesProviding a Global Solution,Amphenol RF DanburyDesign and devel
4、opmentLean,flexible manufacturingAmphenol RF-AsiaMain manufacturing centerCapability for full product rangeHigh volume machinesLocalized Design/Re-design capability,Globalization of Engineering Resources,ChinaPro/EAnsysAnsoft HFSS,SwedenPro/EAnsys,USAPro/EAnsysAnsoft HFSS,Ease of Access to Informati
5、on Customer Internet,Our internet site is used to provide our customers:Product information,including PDF drawings,detailed specs and distributor inventory levelsRF technical libraryQuarterly newsletter which addresses trends in RF market needs,new products and technical issuesContact information fo
6、r our sales reps,distributors and internal employeesOverview of markets served highlighting each markets key technologies and our applicable RF solution,RF Driving Markets,Technologies SupportedCDMAGPRS/EdgeTDMAGSMW-CDMA UMTS,Wireless Infrastructure Market,Applications:AmplifiersAntennasFiltersJumpe
7、r AssembliesLow Noise AmplifiersPower Splitters/CombinersSwitches/Relay,Wireless Infrastructure Market,Market DriversEricssonLucentNokiaNortelPowerwave,RF Solutions7/16Type N1.0/2.3QMASMA,SMB,MCXMMCXSemi-Rigid AssembliesRF Switch,Over Mold 7/16&Type N,QMA,Technologies SupportedSatellite Radio Global
8、 Positioning Systems(GPS)Cellular/PCSBluetoothBroadbandRemote Vehicle Diagnostics/Keyless Entry,Automotive Market,Automotive Market,RF SolutionsFAKRA IAmphenol FAKRA IISize 8 ContactsSMBSMPMini-UHFMMCXMCX,Market DriversGMDelphiXM Satellite RadioSirius Satellite RadioM/A Com,Mini-UHF,FAKRA III,Broadb
9、and Market,Technologies SupportedSet-Top BoxesTransmissionSwitches and RoutersCable Modem Termination Systems(CMTS),RF SolutionsF ConnectorsG ConnectorsAFI Gang Mate ConnectorsMCX,Broadband Market,Market DriversAlcatelCiscoDellEchostarMotorola BCSRCA ThomsonScientific Atlanta,AFI GangMate,Technologi
10、es SupportedAccess PointsRouters/SwitchesNotebook PCsPDAPCI CardPCMCIA cards,WLAN Market,RF SolutionsAMC Series,SMA,SMB,mini 75Ohm SMBLMR Cable AssembliesTNC-MMCX Micro-CablesMC CardMCX,MMCX PCB launchers,Connector Anatomy,What is a Connector?A connector is a device used to connect to cables or othe
11、r devices through which electromagnetic energy is transferred from one place to anotherBody-Contact-Insulator,Body,Contact,Insulator,Connector Anatomy,Lots of changes in a very short length Mechanical rigidityHold Contacts in placePrevent Insulator rotation or lateral movementAdapt to different cabl
12、e sizesTransform between connector seriesCreates many impedance variations or discontinuities in a very short distanceReflections are important,Attenuation not as important,Body,Contact,Insulator,Connector Anatomy,Discontinuity Compensation Steps,Dielectric Support Bead,Contact Barb,Slotted Contact,
13、Cable Anatomy,What is Cable?Cable is a transmission line through which electromagnetic energy is propagated and transferred from one place to anotherJacket-Braid-Shield-Dielectric-Center Conductor,Conductor,Dielectric,Jacket,Shield,Braid,Cable Anatomy,No changes in a very long length No impedance ch
14、anges or discontinuitiesUsually very few reflections,but Attenuation is important,Assistance on the Web,Amphenol RF NewsletterTechnical Questions:http:/Conversion Charts:http:/http:/,Our internet sitehttp:/,Understanding RF,Transmission LinesImpedanceFrequency RangeReturn Loss/VSWRInsertion LossPass
15、ive Intermodulation DistortionPower Handling-VoltageIsolation-CrosstalkRF LeakageCable Assembly,#1.Transmission Line,What is a transmission line?A transmission line is a conduit by which electromagnetic energy is transferred from one place to anotherCoaxial Cable-Unbalanced Line:Center conductor sur
16、rounded by a concentric dielectric and outer conductor-Most popular type of transmission line,#1.Transmission Line,What is a transmission line?A transmission line is a conduit by which electromagnetic energy is transferred from one place to anotherWaveguide:Rectangular,Circular,#1.Transmission Line,
17、What is a transmission line?A transmission line is a conduit by which electromagnetic energy is transferred from one place to anotherPlanar Transmission Line:Microstrip,Stripline,Coplanar waveguide are most common,#1.Transmission Line,What is a transmission line?A transmission line is a conduit by w
18、hich electromagnetic energy is transferred from one place to anotherTwin Line-balanced line:two parallel conductors separated by a dielectric,.,#1.Transmission Line,Differential or balanced lines(where neither conductor is grounded):e.g.twin lead,twisted-cable pair,and shielded-cable pair.Single-end
19、ed or unbalanced lines(where one conductor is grounded):e.g.concentric or coaxial cable.,#1.Transmission Line,The type of transmission line will determine the connector styleCable Connector-Coaxial Cable,Twin LineSurface Mount Connector-MicrostripTab Launch Connector-Microstrip,Stripline,CoplanarEnd
20、 Launch Connector-Microstrip,CoplanarPin Launch Connector-Microstrip,Stripline,Coplanar,#2.Impedance,R,L,R,L,C,G,C,G,L,L,C,C,“Lossy”Line,Lossless Line,Zo,Zo,#2.Impedance,Characteristics of a line is determined by its primary electrical constants or distributed parameters:R(/m),L(H/m),C(F/m),and G(S/
21、m).Characteristic impedance,Z0,is defined as the input impedance of an infinite line or that of a finite line terminated with a load impedance,ZL=Z0.,50 and 75 Ohms are the most common impedancesDo not confuse impedance with LOSSA 50 ohm impedance does not have less loss than a 75 ohm impedance.It i
22、s not like resistanceImpedance is independent of the length of the cable or connectorImpedance is independent of frequencyThe Impedance will help determine the connector serieSome series are only one impedance:C,SC,HN,7-16Some series can be both 50 or 75 ohms:BNC,TNC,N,#2.Impedance,Formulas for Comm
23、on Cables,D,d,D,d,For parallel two-wire line:,For co-axial cable:,m=momr;e=eoer;mo=4px10-7 H/m;eo=8.854 pF/m,#2.Impedance,Characteristic Impedance is determined by the geometry and dielectric constant of the transmission line,#2.Impedance,Impedance:The impedance of the connector generally must match
24、 that of the transmission lineNon-Constant50,75 ohm50 ohm75 ohmBNC Twinaxial BNC 7/16 1.6/5.6UHF SMB C,SC,HN Type FTwinaxial MCX Mini-UHF Type G1.0/2.3 MMCX TNC SMAN,Outer DiameterInner DiameterDielectric ConstantImpedance.063.020 2.0 50 Ohms.063.012 2.0 75 Ohms.276.120 1.0 50 Ohms,#3.Frequency Rang
25、e,Frequency is the number of electromagnetic waves that pass a given point in 1 secondHertz is the unit of frequency measurementGenerally,the RF performance of a connector degrades as the frequency is increased Wavelength decreases,therefore smaller disruptions cause more problems,Specifying the fre
26、quency will make it easier for the design engineer to optimize the performanceWhenever possible,dont specify a high frequency connector when a low frequency connector will work do the job,#3.Frequency Range,If a frequency range is not specified,then the connector will be designed to catalog specs an
27、d this could cause the design process to take a lot longerFor example-A customer needs a new SMA to operate up to 12 Ghz.The catalog specifies 18 Ghz for some SMA connectors.If the connector is optimized for 18 Ghz,it will likely take a lot longer than necessary to designGive as much information abo
28、ut the application of the connector to the design engineer as possibleIs it used in a high power,narrow frequency band amplifier?Is it used in a band pass filter?,Some Typical Frequencies:House current 50/60 HzAM Radio 500-1500 kHzShortwave Radio 10 MHzTV(channels 2-13)60-250 MHzCellular Phone 824-8
29、94 MHzDigital(PCS)Phone 1850-1990 MHzRadar 6-26 GHzDirect Broadcast Satellite(DBS)12 GHz,#3.Frequency Range,Frequency Chart(GHz),#4.Return Loss/VSWR,A measure of how much power is reflectedReturn Loss:The portion of a signal that is lost due to a reflection of power at a line discontinuity.Return Lo
30、ss is similar to VSWR and is generally preferred in the CATV industry to a VSWR specificationVSWR:Acronym for Voltage Standing Wave Ratio.VSWR is the ratio of voltage applied to voltage reflected.It is the major factor contributing to the total signal efficiency of the connector.Best performance is
31、achieved when the impedance of the cable and the connector are the same(matched),#4.Return Loss/VSWR,Reflections are created by deviations from the characteristic impedance caused by:Variations in machining tolerancesVariations in the dielectric constants of insulatorsTransitions within the connecto
32、r:i.e.transitioning from the cable size or stepping the connector from one line size to another line size,#4.Return Loss/VSWR,The reflection coefficient is defined as:,It can also be shown that:,where Z0 is the characteristic impedance and ZL is the actual impedance,#4.Return Loss/VSWR,Vmin=Ei-Er,Wi
33、th a mismatched line,the incident and reflectedwaves set up an interference pattern on the line known as a standing wave.The standing wave ratio is:,Vmax=Ei+Er,l2,Voltage,#4.Return Loss/VSWR,Return Loss,RL=Fraction of power reflected=|2,or-20 log|dBSo,Pr=|2Pi,Mismatched Loss,ML=Fraction of powertran
34、smitted/absorbed=1-|2 or-10 log(1-|2)dBSo,Pt=Pi(1-|2)=Pi-Pr,Component,Cable,Power transmittedinto component,Incident Power,Reflected Power,PowerPower TransmittedReturnReflectedinto ComponentLossVSWR1%99%20 dB(1/100=10-2)1.255%95%13 dB1.5810%90%10 dB(10/100=10-1)1.9550%50%3 dB5.80 Try to get a realis
35、tic idea of the Return Loss really required for a specific application Trying to design very low VSWR connectors,when not really needed,can take a long time and can add to the cost,Relative Magnitudes,dB Notation,IncreaseDecibel(dB)of SignalEquivalent 1=100=0dB2=100.3=3dB10=101=10dB20=101.3=13dB100=
36、102=20dB1000=103=30dB1/10=10-1=-10dB1/100=10-2=-20dB1/1000=10-3=-30dB,Rather than say“The gain of the amplifier is 100 times”,we say,“The gain is 20 decibels.”,#5.Insertion Loss,Insertion Loss is expressed in dB,and is a measure of the total loss of power going through a deviceIL=-20*log(Pout/Pin)In
37、cludes losses due to reflection(usually the dominant factor unless the Return Loss is very low-26 dB),plus losses due to the dielectric and metal conductors(Attenuation)Long Cable assembly-Connector insertion loss not usually significantShort cable assembly-Connector insertion loss can be significan
38、tTypically,connector insertion loss is very small(.1-.25 dB),#5.Insertion Loss,As frequencies increase,the insertion loss increases(as a square law function)Most of the electromagnetic energy(current)travels through the conductors in a circumferential ringMost of it in center conductor,but there is
39、some impact from outer conductorCurrent flow is restricted to the surface layer or“skin”of the conductor Approximately 98%of the current density travels within 4.6 skin depths,#5.Insertion Loss,The length of the connector and the materials chosen will impact the insertion lossshorter is betterPlate
40、the conductors with a high conductivity material Nickel-Inexpensive,hard material with good conductivity,but high relative permeability resulting in higher insertion lossGold-Hard material and an excellent conductor,but expensiveSilver-Excellent conductor,less expensive than gold,better permeability
41、 than nickel,but softer,and tarnishesStainless Steel-Rugged material for small connectors such as SMA,but steel has high relative permeability,#6.Passive Intermodulation Distortion,Not well known until mid 1990sPrimarily concern to satellite,microwave relay industriesModern Frequency plansHigh Power
42、 levelsSensitive ReceiversSpurious Signals created by non-linear mixing of 2 or more frequencies in a passive deviceActive PIM-generated by amplifiers-is reduced by filteringPassive PIM-filtering not possibleCommon to many channelsMust be low PIM designs,#6.Passive Intermodulation Distortion,Spuriou
43、s Signals created by non-linear mixing of 2 or more frequencies in a passive devicePIM products fall in receive(uplink)band and block Channels3rd order generally greatest amplitude5th and 7th may be of concern,where m=2 and n=1 is a 3rd order product,#6.Passive Intermodulation Distortion,f 1=930 Mhz
44、 and f2=955 Mhz,then fim=905 Mhz,dBm-measure of power relative to 1 milliwattdBc-measure of dB below a specified carrier level+43 dBm inputPIM:-120 dBmSpec:-163 dBcCommon Spec is-143 to-163 dBc(-100 to-120 dBm),#6.Passive Intermodulation Distortion,#6.Passive Intermodulation Distortion,Causes of PIM
45、Poor Contact Junctions-Non linear rectifyingSolder outer-Solder inner-over molded design are best and most stableFerromagnetic materials-Non-linear hysteresisNo Nickel,Stainless SteelContaminationTypes of Connectors7-16 DINType NTNC-OccasionallyNever use Bayonet(BNC)or Push on styles,#7.Power Handli
46、ng Capability,There are 2 types of power handling(expressed in watts)that must be consideredAverage PowerPeak PowerAverage Power-the input power to a cable/connector which will produce a maximum safe center conductor temperature under steady state conditions when terminated with a matched load.A saf
47、e center conductor temperature is one that will not melt the dielectric,#7.Power Handling Capability,Average Power is inversely proportional to frequency and must be derated accordinglyAverage Power=Power Rating 1 Mhz/(Frequency in Mhz)Connectors generally have higher power ratings than the cable to
48、 which they are attachedThey have metal shell-cables have braids covered by plastic jacketsThey can be attached to bulkheads which help dissipate heatThey usually have lower attenuation per unit length due to air sections within the connector,#7.Power Handling Capability,Peak Power-is limited by the
49、 voltage rating of the connector.The peak power is determined by the equation V2/Z where V=the peak voltage rating and Z is the characteristic impedancePeak Power is not a function of frequencyPeak Power is an inverse function of VSWR and modulation schemes and must be deratedPeak and Average Power
50、are functions of altitude and must be derated accordinglyMaximum power ratings will always be the lesser of the cable/connector combination,Max.Operating Voltage(volts)Used to determine Peak Power Ratings,#7.Power Handling Capability,#8.Isolation-Crosstalk,Isolation and Crosstalk are used interchang
