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1、International Business 7eby Charles W.L.Hill,McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.All rights reserved.,Chapter 1 Globalization,What Is Globalization?,The world is moving away from self-contained national economies toward an interdependent,integrated global economic syste
2、mGlobalization refers to the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economyGlobalization has two facets:1)the globalization of markets 2)the globalization of production,The Globalization Of Markets,The globalization of markets refers to the merging of historically distinct and separ
3、ate national markets into one huge global marketplaceIn many industries,it is no longer meaningful to talk about the“German market”or the“American market”Instead,there is only the global market,The Globalization Of Markets,Falling trade barriers make it easier to sell internationallyThe tastes and p
4、references of consumers are converging on some global normFirms help create the global market by offering the same basic products worldwide,Classroom Performance System,The shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy is referred to asa)economic integrationb)economic interdependen
5、cyc)globalizationd)internationalization,The Globalization Of Production,The globalization of production refers to the sourcing of goods and services from locations around the globe to take advantage of national differences in the cost and quality of factors of production like land,labor,and capitalC
6、ompanies compete more effectively by lowering their overall cost structure or improving the quality or functionality of their product offering,Classroom Performance System,The merging of historically distinct and separate national markets into one huge global marketplace is known asa)global market f
7、acilitationb)cross-border tradec)supranational market integrationd)the globalization of markets,Classroom Performance System,Firms that are involved in international business tend to bea)largeb)smallc)medium-sizedd)large,small,and medium-sized,The Emergence Of Global Institutions,Institutions are ne
8、eded to:help manage,regulate,and police the global marketplacepromote the establishment of multinational treaties to govern the global business system,The Emergence Of Global Institutions,Institutions created over the past half century include:the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade(GATT)the Worl
9、d Trade Organization(WTO)the International Monetary Fund(IMF)the World Bankthe United Nations(UN),The Emergence Of Global Institutions,The World Trade Organization(like its predecessor GATT)is primarily responsible for policing the world trading system and making sure that nation-states adhere to th
10、e rules laid down in trade treaties signed by WTO membersIn 2007,the 150 nations that accounted for 97%of world trade were WTO membersThe WTO promotes lower barriers to trade and investment,The Emergence Of Global Institutions,The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank were created in 1944Th
11、e IMF was established to maintain order in the international monetary systemThe World Bank was established to promote economic development,The Emergence Of Global Institutions,The United Nations was established in 1945 to:maintain international peace and securitydevelop friendly relations among nati
12、onscooperate in solving international problems and in promoting respect for human rightsbe a center for harmonizing the actions of nations,Classroom Performance System,Which is not a factor of production?a)tradeb)landc)capitald)energy,Drivers Of Globalization,Two macro factors underlie the trend tow
13、ard greater globalization:the decline in barriers to the free flow of goods,services,and capital that has occurred since the end of World War IItechnological change,Declining Trade And Investment Barriers,International trade occurs when a firm exports goods or services to consumers in another countr
14、yForeign direct investment(FDI)occurs when a firm invests resources in business activities outside its home countryAfter World War II,advanced countries made a commitment to lower barriers to trade and investmentSince 1950,average tariffs have fallen significantly and are now at about 4%Countries ha
15、ve also been opening markets to FDI,Classroom Performance System,The sourcing of good and services from around the world to take advantage of national differences in the cost and quality of factors of production is calleda)economies of scaleb)the globalization of productionc)global integrationd)glob
16、al sourcing,Declining Trade And Investment Barriers,Table 1.1:Average Tariff Rates on Manufactured Products as Percent of Value,Declining Trade And Investment Barriers,Lower barriers to trade and investment mean:that firms can view the world,rather than a single country,as their marketthat firms can
17、 base production in the optimal location for that activity,Classroom Performance System,Which organization is responsible for policing the world trading system?a)the International Monetary Fundb)the United Nationsc)the World Trade Organizationd)the World Bank,The Role Of Technological Change,Technol
18、ogical change has made the globalization of markets a realityImportant advances have occurred in:microprocessors and telecommunicationsthe Internet and World Wide Webtransportation technology,The Role Of Technological Change,Implications of technological change for the globalization of production in
19、clude:lower transportation costs that enable firms to disperse production to economical,geographically separate locationslower information processing and communication costs that enable firms to create and manage globally dispersed production systems,The Role Of Technological Change,Implications of
20、technological change for the globalization of markets include:low cost global communications networks help create electronic global marketplacelow-cost transportation help create global marketsglobal communication networks and global media are creating a worldwide culture,and a global market for con
21、sumer products,The Changing Demographics Of The Global Economy,There has been a drastic change in the demographics of the world economy in the last 30 yearsFour trends are important:the Changing World Output and World Trade Picturethe Changing Foreign Direct Investment Picturethe Changing Nature of
22、the Multinational Enterprisethe Changing World Order,The Changing World Output And World Trade Picture,In 1960,the United States accounted for over 40%of world economic activityBy 2006,the United States accounted for less than 20%of world economic activityA similar trend occurred in other developed
23、countriesThe share of world output accounted for by developing nations is rising and is expected to account for more than 60%of world economic activity by 2020,The Changing World Output And World Trade Picture,Table 1.2:The Changing Demographics of World GDP and Trade,The Changing Foreign Direct Inv
24、estment Picture,In the 1960s,U.S.firms accounted for about two-thirds of worldwide FDI flowsToday,the United States accounts for less than one-fifth of worldwide FDI flowsOther developed countries have followed a similar patternIn contrast,the share of FDI accounted for by developing countries has r
25、isen from less than 2%in 1980 to almost 12%in 2005Developing countries,especially China,have also become popular destinations for FDI,The Changing Foreign Direct Investment Picture,Figure 1.2:Percentage Share of Total FDI Stock 1980-2005,The Changing Foreign Direct Investment Picture,Figure 1.3:FDI
26、Inflows 1988-2006,Classroom Performance System,What is the single most important innovation to the globalization of markets and production?a)advances in transportation technologyb)the development of the microprocessorc)advances in communicationd)the Internet,The Changing Nature Of The Multinational
27、Enterprise,A multinational enterprise(MNE)is any business that has productive activities in two or more countriesSince the 1960s,there has been a rise in non-U.S.multinationals,and a growth of mini-multinationals,The Changing World Order,Many former Communist nations in Europe and Asia are now commi
28、tted to democratic politics and free market economies and so,create new opportunities for international businessesChina and Latin America are also moving toward greater free market reforms,The Global Economy Of The Twenty-first Century,The world is moving toward a more global economic system,but glo
29、balization is not inevitableGlobalization also brings risks like the financial crisis that swept through South East Asia in the late 1990s,Classroom Performance System,Which of the following trends is true?a)the United States is accounting for a greater percentage of world trade than ever beforeb)th
30、e United States is accounting for a greater percentage of foreign direct investment than ever beforec)the share of world trade accounted for by developing countries is risingd)the share of foreign direct investment by developing countries is declining,The Globalization Debate,Is the shift toward a m
31、ore integrated and interdependent global economy a good thing?Supporters believe that increased trade and cross-border investment mean lower prices for goods and services,greater economic growth,higher consumer income,and more jobsCritics worry that globalization will cause job losses,environmental
32、degradation,and the cultural imperialism of global media and MNEs,Anti-Globalization Protests,More than 40,000 anti-globalization protesters took to the street at the WTO meeting in Seattle in 1999Protesters now regularly show up at most major meetings of global institutions,Globalization,Jobs,And I
33、ncome,Globalization critics argue that falling barriers to trade are destroying manufacturing jobs in advanced countriesSupporters of globalization contend that the benefits of this trend outweigh the coststhat countries will specialize in what they do most efficiently and trade for other goodsand a
34、ll countries will benefit,Globalization,Labor Policies,And The Environment,Globalization critics argue that firms avoid costly efforts to adhere to labor and environmental regulations by moving production to countries where such regulations do not exist,or are not enforcedGlobalization supporters cl
35、aim that tougher environmental and labor standards are associated with economic progress,so as countries get richer from free trade,they get tougher environmental and labor regulations,Globalization And National Sovereignty,Critics of globalization worry that todays interdependent global economy is
36、shifting economic power away from national governments toward supranational organizations like the WTO,the EU,and the UNSupporters of globalization contend that the power of these organizations is limited to what nation-states agree to grant,and that the power of the organizations lies in their abil
37、ity to get countries to agree to follow certain actions,Globalization And The Worlds Poor,Critics of globalization argue that the gap between rich nations and poor nations is getting widerSupporters of globalization claim that the best way for the poor nations to improve their situation is to reduce
38、 barriers to trade and investment and implement economic policies based on free market economies,and to receive debt forgiveness for debts incurred under totalitarian regimes,Classroom Performance System,Which of these is not a concern of anti-globalization protesters?a)globalization raises consumer
39、 incomeb)globalization contributes to environmental degradationc)globalization is causing a loss of manufacturing jobs in developing countriesd)globalization implies a loss of national sovereignty,Managing In The Global Marketplace,An international business is any firm that engages in international
40、trade or investment,Managing In The Global Marketplace,Managing an international business differs from managing a domestic business because:countries are differentthe range of problems confronted in an international business is wider and the problems more complex than those in a domestic businessfirms have to find ways to work within the limits imposed by government intervention in the international trade and investment systeminternational transactions involve converting money into different currencies,
