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1、国际贸易政策为保护本国利益，由一国政府制定的各种形式的贸易壁垒使贸易减少。本文将会使你了解到贸易壁垒以及为减少这些壁垒促使国际贸易发展的国际贸易协议.依据比较优势进行专业化生产和贸易能够极大地提高一个国家整体福利。这也是政府提倡自由贸易的原因，但国际贸易短期内看会与一些集团的利益冲突，这些集团便劝诱政府限制自由贸易。贸易壁垒包括关税、配额、外汇管制、进口许可证制、禁止贸易令、出口税、补助金、及各种技术标准和措施。关税是对进口商品征收的赋税，通常是从价税，即按国外价格征收的税。如果需求具有弹性特点，那么用关税来限制进口会是最有效的（比知当有相近的国内替代品时）。关税也可以用来作为提高政府财政收入
2、的一种手段这时如果需求是无弹性的会更有效。关税也可以用来提高进口商品的价格以保护国内生产商免受“不公平”竞争的打击。配额是指对于某些商品的进口数量加以直接的限制。这可以由政府进行管制或者和进口国通过谈判规定自愿进口限制。外汇管制要求进口商在进口商品，或者公民出国旅行，或投资需要外汇时必须在外汇管制机关按官方汇率申请购买定额外汇。或者向购买外币的人收取一定的费用。进口许可证制是指在外汇管制或配额万面进口商获得的许可证，通过这一方法政府可以更有效地对贸易进行管制。禁止贸易令是指政府绝对禁止某些商品的进口（例知毒品）或者绝对禁止对某些国家的出口（例如战争中的对立国）。出口税是在国家对商品供应上具有垄
3、断力的情况下用来提高出口商品的价格。补贴是国家给予国内生产商的，以防止低价进口商品给他们带来竞争。在倾销过程中出口商品也可以获得补贴。商品以人为的低价在国外市场倾销。政府在购买商品劳务时常常对国内生产商给予优惠。进一步来说，产品自由流动会由于进口遇到的技术标准而受到阻碍。还有采取繁多的技术标准、卫生检疫规定以及商品包装和标签规定来限制外国产品进口销售。例如，美国要求进口汽车必须通过美国污染控制标准和安全标准。欧洲各国禁止注射荷尔蒙增长剂的牛肉进口国内。关税和非关税壁垒抬高了消费者购买商品的价格而保护了进口竞争产品生产商的利益。在过去的十年里，世界贸易中非关税壁垒的重要性在逐步增长。据估计将近5
4、6%的世界贸易是在某种非关税壁垒下进行的。近几十年来国际贸易在放宽贸易限制方面已做出了很大的进步，请看下面一些贸易协定。北美自由贸易协定于1994年生效有效期15年。协议将彻底消除加拿在，墨西哥和美国之间所有的关税和其他的贸易壁垒.世界贸易组织有120多个成员国，这些成员国监督关贸总协定和其他的国际贸易协定并已进行了八轮谈判，降低了成员国之间的关税。例如在1993至1995年之间，美国平均关税从大约59%降到5左右。最后一轮谈判，即乌拉圭回合在1994年完成，关税降低了三分之一。世界贸易组织也在其方面促进了贸易的发展：消除许多进口配额、降低农业补贴、使一些诸如银行、保险和会计等服务业的国际贸易
5、限制失去法律效力。在欧洲，共有15个国家加入了旨在在欧洲内撤消贸易壁垒、建立单一市场的欧盟。此外，这些国家试图在所有成员国内建立统一的货币欧元。亚太经济合作建于1994年,18个亚洲国家签订了减少贸易壁垒的非限制协定。这些协定都起到了减少贸易壁垒、促进国际贸易发展的作用。例如，最近的一轮贸易谈判（乌拉圭回合）将提高至少9的世界贸易量，也许高达24。自由贸易区是指外国商品不需付关税就可进口的地区。比知美国进口商从自由贸易区把商品运到美国那么就要征收关税，而进口商把产品从自由贸易区运往其他国家就不会交任何赋税。促进自由贸易的法律会促进国际贸易的发展但有些企业需要一定的资金打进国际市场。联合国建立了
6、许多金融机构来促成国际贸易。国际货币基金组织就是联合国设立的一个稳定世界汇率的机构。国际复兴和开发银行（世界银行）是由大约150个成员国支持的机构，旨在向发展中国家货款帮助他们复兴经济、发展经济。国际金融会司，隶属于世界银行，对发展中国家个体企业进行投资。国际开发协会，隶属于世界银行，以比世界银行更宽松的条件向发展中国家提供货款。International Trade PolicyVarious forms of trade barriers have been imposed by nations to protect their domestic interest, resulting i
7、n substantial decrease in trade. This article invites you to take a look at trade barriers and the interna-tional trade agreements reached for reducing trade barriers and promot-ing international trade.Specialization and trade according to comparative advantage can dramatically improve the well-bein
8、g of entire nations. This is why gov-ernment generally favors free trade. Yet international trade can, in the short run, hurt particular groups of people. These groups often induce government to restrict free trade. Trade barriers consist of tariffs, quotas, exchange controls, import licensing, emba
9、rgoes, export taxes, subsidies and various technical standards and practices.Tariffs (customs duties) are levied on imports. taxation is usually an ad valorem duty, the price according to the foreign tax. if needs elastic characteristics, tariffs on import will be the most effective （ is known as a
10、substitute for the country. tariff ） when it can also be used to increase government revenue as a means of when the demand is inelastic will be more effective. Tariffs can be used to improve import prices in order to protect domestic manufacturers against the unfair competition.Quotas for certain co
11、mmodities is the import quantity be direct. this can be made by the government to control or through negotiation and importing countries that voluntary import restrictions. Foreign exchange control to importer in imported goods, or citizens to travel abroad, or investment needs to be in foreign exch
12、ange control organ in the official exchange rate for the purchase of fixed exchange. to buy foreign currency of charge an expense.Import license system is in foreign exchange control of the importer or quotas obtained a license by the way the government can more effectively to control the trade.The
13、trade to a government absolutely forbidden to the import of certain goods or drug ） （ example is strictly forbidden to export （ in some countries such as wars between nations ）.Export tax is in the country for the supply of commodities have the monopoly power to raise the export prices.Subsidies are
14、 given the domestic producer countries to prevent imports give them a low price dumping competition. in the process of commodities that can gain benefits. goods in an artificial in markets abroad. a low price dumpingThe government to buy goods at domestic producer services to give a discount. furthe
15、r, the free movement of products for import of technical standards and blockaded. there is a great technological standards and health and quarantine, and the commodity packing and labelling regulations to restrict the importation of foreign product to sell. for example, for the import of car must be
16、 approved by the pollution control and safety standards. the european countries are given hormones growth of domestic beef imports.Tariff and non-tariff barriers up the purchase price and protect the interests of producers of products imported competition. in the past ten years, world trade non-tari
17、ff barriers to the importance of the gradual growth. it is estimated that nearly 56% of the world trade is conducted in a non-tariff barriers.In recent decades international trade in the trade restrictions have made great progress. please see below. some of the trade agreementNorth american free tra
18、de agreements in force in 1994 valid for 15 years. the agreement will be eliminated, and in mexico and all customs and other trade barriers.The world trade organization is over 120 countries. these members of the gatt and other international trade agreement and has made eight rounds of negotiations,
19、 and between member countries of the tariff. for example, in 1993 and 1995, the average tariff from about 59% to 5 or so. the last part of negotiation, i.e. the uruguay round is completed, the tariff reduction in 1994. the third. The world trade organization in the field has promoted the development
20、 of trade ： eliminate import quotas, to reduce the number of agricultural subsidies and make some such as banking, insurance and accounting services of international trade restrictions on their legal effect.In europe, a total of 15 countries in europe are joined to the withdrawal of trade barriers a
21、nd establish a single market of the european union. in addition, these countries are trying to all member states in establishing a uniform, the euro currency. asia-pacific economic co-operation was in 1994, 18 asian countries have signed reduce trade barriers limited the agreement.These agreements i
22、s to reduce trade barriers and promote the development of international trade. for example, the recent round of trade negotiations （ ） the uruguay round will be increased at least nine the world trade, maybe as high as 24 .Free trade area is not required to pay duty on foreign goods to the region. t
23、he importer to know the american free trade area from the goods to america and then to impose tariffs and the importer is the product from a free trade area for other countries will not pay any taxes.Promote free trade law will promote the development of international trade but in some enterprises n
24、eed a certain amount of money into the international market. the united nations to establish a lot of financial institutions to promote international trade.The international monetary fund is the united nations established a stable exchange rate of the world. the international reconstruction and deve
25、lopment bank （ the world bank ） is about 150 a member of the organization to support to developing countries to help them restore the economy and economic development. the international finance corporation, which is subordinate to the developing countries of the world bank, enterprises investing. International development association, which is subordinate to the world bank with much more relaxed than the world bank to provide the conditions of developing countries.
