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1、IntercuItural communication involves interaction between,people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are,distinct enough to alter the communication event.,Our goal in this class is to answer some of the following,questions:,?,Why do we often uncomfortable when encountering people,who are di
2、fferent from yourself?,?,Why do people from different cultures behave in ways that,seem strange to you?,?,How do cultural differences influence communication?,?,Which cultural differences are important and which are,inconsequential?,?,Why is it difficult to understand and appreciate cultural,differe
3、nce?,1,CHAPTER 1,Communication and Culture:The,Challenge of The Future,3,4,5,CHAPTER 1-,Communication and Culture:The Challenge of,The Future,Challenge?,?,Societies around the globe have been interwoven into a,complex fabric of interdependent economic,technological,political,and social relationships
4、.,This is called,Globalization,.,Globalization has greatly increased the economic strength,of many nations and bring people together from different,cultures.However,it could resulting more,competition for,natural resources,international conflicts and security,environmental issues,and world health is
5、sues,.,6,CHAPTER 1-,Communication and Culture:The Challenge of,The Future,Other challenges:,?,Due to the worlds increasing population,we will see.,more people are moving to developed countries,(shifting,populations).,This could bring more communication issues,in multicultural societies.,?,Meanwhile,
6、aging population,in more developed countries,Could bring more communication issues between older,generations and younger generations(this can be treated,as co-culture).,7,8,?,No Direct Mind-to-Mind Contact,9,?,We can only Infer,10,?,We seek to define the world,11,?,Communication is self-Reflective,1
7、2,?,The Brain is an open system-,we learn to communicate,13,?,Communication has a consequence,14,CHAPTER 1-,Communication and Culture:The Challenge of,The Future,?,Defining Communication:,its a dynamic process in which,people attempts to share their internal states with other,people through the use
8、of symbols.,?,Principles of Communication:,a),It is a dynamic process,b)It is symbolic,c),It is contextual,(situations),d)it is self-reflective,e),we learn to communicate,f)it has a consequence,?,Functions of Communication:,a),Gather information about other people,b)Fulfill interpersonal needs,c),Es
9、tablishes personal identities,d)Influence others,15,Dominant Culture,?,Its the one in power-,control.,?,Control the major,institutions within the,culture such as:church,gov.,education,military,mass,media,monetary systems,etc.,Co-Cultures,?,They are numerous.,?,Distinct and unique,patterns of communi
10、cation,that they have learned.,?,Can be based on race,ethnic background,age,sex,or other factors.,CHAPTER 1-,Communication and Culture:The Challenge of,The Future,16,17,?,We learn our culture through proverbs,Offer an important set of instructions,18,CHAPTER 1-,Communication and Culture:The Challeng
11、e of,The Future,?,Culture is,Transmitted from generation to generation,Learned,Shared,Based on symbols,Dynamic,An intergrated system,19,?,We learn our culture from folk tales,legends,and,myths.,The Epic of Gilgamesh,Wencheng,(Sumerian),20,?,We learn our culture through art,Art is a symbolic way of c
12、ommunicating(pics taken from The Corning,Museum of Glass),21,?,We learned our culture through mass media,22,?,Culture is transmitted,from generation to,generation,23,?,Culture is based on symbols,24,?,Culture is subjected to change,25,?,Culture is integrated,26,?,Culture is Ethnocentric,27,?,Culture
13、 is adaptive,28,CHAPTER 1-,Communication and Culture:The Challenge of,The Future,?,Defining Culture:i,ts a set of,human-made objectives,and,subjective elements,that,increased the probability of survival,satisfaction for the participants in an ecological niche,share with those who could communicate w
14、ith each other,and lived in the same time and place.,?,Subjective elements include:,values,beliefs,attitudes,orientations,and underlying assumptions prevalent among,people in the society.,?,Basic functions of Culture:,adapt to a particular ecology,and,includes the knowledge that people need to have
15、in order to,function in their own social environment.,?,Elements include:,History,Regligion,Values,Social,organizations,and Language.,29,CHAPTER 1-,Communication and Culture:The Challenge of,The Future,?,In order to study cross-cultural communication,we must,pay attention to the following:,a),Each i
16、ndividual are unique.,b)Stereotyping.,c),Objectivity.,d)Communication is not a Cure-all.,30,CHAPTER 2,The Deep Structure of Culture:Roots,of Reality,CHAPTER 2,-,The Deep Structure of Culture:Roots of Reality,?,The,deep structure of culture,is the unconscious,assumptions about how the world operates.
17、It makes each,culture unique,and explains how,and why,of a cultures,collective action.,?,At the core of any cultures deep structure are its,social,organizations(or social institutions),.,?,Lessons about life and ways for living that life,?,Its based on cooperation,?,Three most enduring and influenti
18、al social organizations,that deal with deep structure issues are,?,Family,?,State(Community),?,Religion(Worldview),32,CHAPTER 2,-,The Deep Structure of Culture:Roots of Reality,?,Why do most serious confrontations and,misunderstandings can be traced to cultural differences?,?,Different civilizations
19、 have different views on the,relations between God and man,the individual group,and the group,the citizen and the state,parents and,children,husband and wife,as well as differing views of,the relative importance of rights and responsibilities,liberty and authority,equality and hierarchy.,-,p.51,33,C
20、HAPTER 2,-,The Deep Structure of Culture:Roots of Reality,?,The Deep Structure of Culture contains the following:,?,A cultures most important beliefs,?,History(origin),?,Involves deep and emotional feelings,?,Supply much of a persons identity,34,CHAPTER 2,-,The Deep Structure of Culture:Roots of Rea
21、lity,?,The Importance of Family:,?,The family is the principal transmitter of knowledge,values,attitudes,roles,and habits from one generation,to the next.Through word and example,the family,shapes a childs personality and instills modes of,thoughts and ways of acting that become habitual-,p.55,35,CH
22、APTER 2,-,The Deep Structure of Culture:Roots of Reality,?,Traditionally,most people encounter two families during,the course of their life:the family they are born into,and,the family that is formed when and if they take a name.,?,But there are fewer ypical American families in the U.S.,than ever b
23、efore.Most of these changes were brought,about by the following:,?,Economic changes,?,Technological innovations,?,Demographics,?,Gender roles and opportunities for women,(Examples:Single parent,never married couples,adopted,child etc.),Can you think of any similar changes in China?,36,CHAPTER 2,-,Th
24、e Deep Structure of Culture:Roots of Reality,?,Globalization has major impact on traditional family,structure all through the world.The two characteristics of,globalization that have been the most responsible for,those changes are(1),mass media,and(2),migration.,?,Mass Media,?,Family values exposed
25、to different set of values,?,Example:materials&money vs.spirituality&,principles,?,Migration,?,Millions of workers leave their families and move,from one place to another place to seek jobs or,higher wages.,37,CHAPTER 2,-,The Deep Structure of Culture:Roots of Reality,?,Families perform a series of
26、key functions in all cultures.,These functions include,teaching members of the culture,about,economics,socialization,values and religion,individualism and collectivism,and social skills.,38,CHAPTER 2,-,The Deep Structure of Culture:Roots of Reality,?,History,is the witness that testifies to the pass
27、ing of time;,illumines reality,vitalizes memory,provides guidance in,daily life,and brings us tidings of antiquity.,?,A cultures history affects individual perception and,behavior and how people relate to another culture.,?,Two assumptions:,?,Historical events help explain the character of a culture
28、.,?,What a culture seeks to remember and pass onto the next,generation tells us about the character of that culture.,39,CHAPTER 2,-,The Deep Structure of Culture:Roots of Reality,History of United States:,?,Those who originally arrived on the Atlantic coast brought,many English values,system of law,
29、and the basic,organization of commerce during 16th century.,?,“Life,liberty and the pursuit of happiness”,liberties had to,be secured against abusive power of government,(independent from Britain),?,Environmental factors brought psychological effects on the,settlers:survival based on individualism,4
30、0,CHAPTER 2,-,The Deep Structure of Culture:Roots of Reality,History of Russia:,?,The history of Russians have been subjected to invasion and,suffering.(Mongols,Germans,Turks,Poles,Swedes,French,and English),therefore,militarized absolutism.,?,Molded by the type of leadership that has control the co
31、untry,for thousand of years,follow orders and accept“words”,(dictums)of their leaders.,?,A deep appreciation and devotion to the performing arts and,cultural arts.,?,The size of land have created the people to think(muse),about life.,41,CHAPTER 2,-,The Deep Structure of Culture:Roots of Reality,Hist
32、ory of China:,?,“Consider the past then youll know the present”,the,importance of history.History links all members of the culture.,?,Chinas long history of physical and cultural isolation.,may,partly attributed their intense national pride.They were the,source of the culture of most of neighbors.Co
33、nsidered others,were inferior.,?,View family value as priority and civilization has been built on,agriculture-,Collectivism,42,CHAPTER 2,-,The Deep Structure of Culture:Roots of Reality,History of Japan:,?,Based on series of islands,Japan is yet another isolated,country,strong sense of self-identity
34、,acutely aware of,anything that comes from outside.,?,250 years of feudal period,loyalty for the feudal lords in the,past(now companies);discipline and sacrifice;lack of,individualism.,?,Collectivism,cooperative efforts,group identification and,group action.,43,CHAPTER 3,Culture and the Individual:C
35、ultural,Identity,CHAPTER 3-,Culture and the Individual:Cultural Identity,?,How identity influences and guides expectations about your,own and others social roles,and provides guidelines for your,communication interaction with others.,?,Factors include:political views,religious beliefs,lifestyle,choi
36、ces,ethnic similarity,economic interest,etc.,?,Some selected social identities in chapter:,?,Racial Identity,?,Ethnic Identity,?,Gender Identity,?,National Identity,?,Regional Identity,?,Organizational Identity,?,Personal Identity,?,Cyber and Fantasy Identity,45,CHAPTER 3-,Culture and the Individual
37、:Cultural Identity,?,The initial exposure to our identity came from our,family,-,where we began to learn culturally appropriate beliefs,values,and social roles.,?,Later,education,and,mass media,can play a considerable role in our,identity development.,?,Three-stage identity development models(Phinne
38、y),?,Unexamined ethnic identity,-,ethnic identity search,-,ethnic,achievement,?,Four-stage identity development models(Martin and,Nakayama),?,Model for minority:Unexamined identity-,conformity-,resistance and,separatism-,integration,?,Model for majority:Unexamined identity-,acceptance-,resistance-,r
39、edefinition and reintegration,46,CHAPTER 3-,Culture and the Individual:Cultural Identity,47,CHAPTER 3-,Culture and the Individual:Cultural Identity,?,The Dark Side of Identity-,Stereotyping,?,-,a means of organizing your images into fixed and simple categories,that you use to represent an entire col
40、lection of people.,?,can be positive or negative,?,narrow our perceptions(oversimplified,exaggerated,and,overgeneralized),?,stereotypes are learned(again,begins with our early education),?,may evolve out of fear of persons from groups that differ from,ones own,?,How to avoid stereotypes?,?,aware of
41、your tendency to engage in categorization,?,open to new information and evidence,?,being aware of your zone of discomfort,48,CHAPTER 3-,Culture and the Individual:Cultural Identity,?,The Dark Side of Identity-,Prejudice(part 1),?,-,they are deeply held negative feelings associated with a particular,
42、group.These sentiments often include anger,fear,aversion,and,anxiety.,?,directed at a social group and its members,?,involve with evaluative dimension(right/wrong,moral/immoral),?,possess centrality(strong belief),?,Functions,?,ego-defensive:hold prejudice without having to admit.,?,utilitarian:rece
43、iving rewards by holding on to their prejudicial,beliefs.,?,value-expressive:when they believe their attitudes are expressing,the highest and most moral values of the culture.,?,knowledge:able to categorize,organize,and construct their,perceptions of other people in a manner that makes sense to,them
44、.,49,CHAPTER 3-,Culture and the Individual:Cultural Identity,?,The Dark Side of Identity-,Prejudice(part 2),?,Five expressions of prejudice:,?,antilocution;avoidance;discrimination;physical attacks;,extermination,?,Causes:,?,Societal sources-,major organizations and institutions produce,laws,regulat
45、ions,and norms that create prejudice within a society.,?,Maintaining social identity-,the connection between our identity,and culture can be personal and emotional.Anything that,threatens that bond can become the target of prejudice.,?,Scapegoating-,minority group gets the blame.,?,How to avoid prej
46、udice?,?,Personal contact&education,50,CHAPTER 3-,Culture and the Individual:Cultural Identity,?,The Dark Side of Identity-,Racism,?,-,is an extension of stereotyping and prejudice-,the belief in the,inherent superiority of a particular race.,?,can be categorized as either personal or institutional.
47、,?,institutional can refer to schools,corporations,hospitals,or,criminal justice system.,?,may be intentional or unintentional,?,some can be easily to detect,while others are almost impossible.,?,How to avoid racism?,?,Try to be honest to yourself,?,Object to racist jokes and insults whenever you he
48、ar them,?,Respect freedom,?,Examine the historical roots of racism,51,CHAPTER 3-,Culture and the Individual:Cultural Identity,?,The Dark Side of Identity-,Ethnocentrism,?,-,is the notion that ones own culture is superior to any other.,?,links ethnocentrism to the concepts of stereotyping,prejudice,a
49、nd,racism.,?,can be viewed as three levels:positive,negative,and extremely,negative.,?,most people are ethnocentric,?,contributes to cultural identity,?,Why there can be serious consequences if you engage in negative,ethnocentrism?,?,The more ethnocentric you are,the more,anxious,you are;when,we are
50、,fearful,we are less likely to expect a positive outcome and,less willing to trust someone from another culture.,?,How to avoid ethnocentrism?,?,Avoid dogmatism,52,CHAPTER 4,Shaping Interpretations of Reality:,Cultural Values,CHAPTER 4-,Shaping Interpretation of Reality:Cultural Values,?,Perception
