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1、Cooperative,Language Learning,Zhang Kun,1,Background,?,Cooperative Language Learning(CLL)is,part of a more general instructional,approach also known as Collaborative,Learning(CL).,?,Cooperative Learning is an approach to,teaching that makes maximum use of,cooperative activities involving pairs and,s
2、mall groups of learners in the classroom.,2,?,Traditional models of classroom learning,are teacher-fronted,foster competition,rather than cooperation,and favor majority,students.,?,CLL has been embraced as a way of,promoting communicative interaction in,the classroom and is seen as an extension,of t
3、he principles of Communicative,Language Teaching.It is learner-centered.,3,Approach,Theory of language,?,Cooperative Language Learning is,founded on 5 basic premises about the,interactive nature of language.,?,Premise 1 is that we are born to talk and,communication is considered as the,primary purpo
4、se of language.,4,?,Premise 2 is that most talk is organized as,conversation.,?,Premise 3 is that conversation operates,according to a certain agreed-upon set of,cooperative rules or“maxims”(Grices,Cooperative Principle).,?,Premise 4 is that one learns how these,cooperative maxims are realized in on
5、es,native language through casual,everyday,conversational interaction.,5,?,Premise 5 is that one learns how the,maxims are realized in a second language,through participation in cooperatively,structured interactional activities.,6,Theory of learning,?,Cooperative learning advocates draw on,the theor
6、etical work of developmental,psychologists Jean Piaget and Lev,Vygotsky,both of whom stress the central,role of social interaction in learning.,?,As we have indicated,a central premise of,CLL is that learners develop,communicative competence in a language,by conversing in socially or pedagogically,s
7、tructured situations.,7,?,CLL seeks to develop classrooms that,foster cooperation rather than competition,in learning.Within cooperative situations,individuals seek outcomes beneficial to,themselves and all other group members.,It is contrasted with competitive learning in,which students work agains
8、t each other to,achieve an academic goal such as a grade,of“A”.,8,Design,Objectives,?,To foster cooperation rather than,competition,?,To develop critical thinking skills,?,To develop communicative competence,9,The syllabus,?,CLL does not assume any particular form,of language syllabus,since activiti
9、es from,a wide variety of curriculum orientations,can be taught via cooperative learning.,What defines CLL is the systematic and,carefully planned use of group-based,procedures in teaching.,10,Types of learning and teaching,activities,3 types of groups,?,Formal cooperative learning groups,?,Informal
10、 cooperative learning groups,?,Cooperative base groups,11,5 key elements of successful group-,based learning,?,Positive interdependence,?,Group formation,?,Individual accountability,?,Social skills,?,Structuring and structures,12,3 major kinds of cooperative learning,tasks,?,Team practice from commo
11、n input-skills,development and mastery of facts,?,Jigsaw:differentiated but predetermined,input-evaluation and synthesis of facts and,opinions,?,Cooperative projects:topic/resources,selected by students-discovery learning,13,Learner roles,?,The primary role of the learner is as a,member of a group w
12、ho must work,collaboratively on tasks with other group,members.Learners have to learn,teamwork skills and direct their own,learning.,?,Pair grouping is the most typical CLL,format.,14,Teacher roles,?,The role of the teacher in CLL differs largely,from that of teachers in traditional teacher-,fronted
13、 lesson.,?,The teacher has to create a highly structured,and well-organized learning environment by,setting goals,planning and structuring tasks,establishing the physical arrangement of the,classroom,assigning students to groups and,roles and selecting materials and time.,15,?,Teachers speak less th
14、an in teacher-,fronted class and they usually act as a,facilitator of learning.They usually move,around the class helping students and,groups as needs arise.,16,Procedure,?,This book provides an example of how a,collaborative writing lesson would be,carried out.A cooperative writing and,editing pair
15、 arrangement is used.,17,Conclusion,Advantages,?,Providing opportunities for learners to,develop successful learning and,communication skills and to develop,friendship with pleasure,?,Enhancing learner motivation and,reducing learner stress,18,Disadvantages,?,Some bad habits may occur among,students
16、.For example,some students do,not need to try hard equally but share,others victory.,?,It places considerable demands on,teachers,who may have difficulty adapting,to the new roles required of them.,?,Learners having different level of,proficiency may benefit from this method,differently.,19,Thank you!,20,
