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1、Sensation&PerceptionChapter 3Part II,William G.Huitt,Last revised:May 2005,Sensation and Perception,SensationThe process through which the senses pick up visual,auditory,and other sensory stimuli and transmit them to the brain;sensory information that has registered in the brain but has not been int
2、erpretedPerceptionThe process by which sensory information is actively organized and interpreted by the brain,Perception,Gestalt principles of perceptual organizationFigure-groundOrganization depends on what we see as figure(object)and what we perceive a ground(context).SimilarityObjects that have s
3、imilar characteristics are perceived as unit.ProximityObjects close together in space or time perceived as belonging together.ContinuityWe tend to perceive figures or objects as belonging together if they appear to form a continuous pattern.ClosureWe perceive figures with gaps in them to be complete
4、.,Perception,You can see a white vase as figure against a black background,or two black faces in profile on a white background,Perception,Perception,Perceptual constancyThe tendency to perceive objects as maintaining stable properties(e.g.,size,shape,brightness,and color)despite differences in dista
5、nce,viewing angle,and lightingSize constancyPerceiving objects as being about the same size when they move farther awayShape constancyPerceiving objects as having a stable or unchanging shape regardless of changes in the retinal image resulting from differences in viewing angle,Perception,Perception
6、,Monocular depth cuesDepth cues that can be perceived by only one eyeTypes of cuesInterpositionWhen one object partly blocks your view of another,you perceive the partially blocked object as farther awayLinear perspectiveParallel lines that are known to be the same distance apart appear to grow clos
7、er together,or converge,as they recede into the distance,Perception,Monocular depth cuesTypes of cuesRelative sizeLarger objects are perceived as being closer to the viewer,and smaller objects as being farther awayTexture gradientNear objects appear to have sharply defined textures,while similar obj
8、ects appear progressively smoother and fuzzier as they recede into the distanceAtmospheric perspectiveObjects in the distance have a bluish tint and appear more blurred than objects close at hand,Perception,Monocular depth cues Types of cuesMotion parallaxWhen you ride in a moving vehicle and look o
9、ut the side window,the objects you see outside appear to be moving in the opposite directionObjects seem to be moving at different speeds those closest to you appear to be moving faster than those in the distanceObjects very far away,such as the moon and the sun,appear to move in the same direction
10、as the viewer,Perception,James GibsonPointed out that our perceptions of motion appear to be based on fundamental,but frequently changing,assumptions about stabilityOur brains search for some stimulus in the environment to serve as the assumed reference point for stabilityWhen youre driving a car,yo
11、u sense the car to be in motion relative to the outside environment,Perception,Depth perceptionThe ability to see in three dimensions and to estimate distanceBinocular depth cuesDepth cues that depend on two eyes working togetherConvergenceOccurs when the eyes turn inward to focus on nearby objects
12、the closer the object,the greater the convergenceBinocular disparity(or retinal disparity)Difference between the two retinal images formed by the eyes slightly different views of the objects focused on,Perception,Ambiguous figuresCan be seen in different ways to make different imagesBest known ambig
13、uous figure is“Old Woman/Young Woman,”by E.G.Boring,What do you see?,Now what do you see?,Copyright Allyn&Bacon 2005,Perception,Impossible figuresDo not seem unusual at firstFigures that cannot be built,Perception,Perception,IllusionA false perception of actual stimuli involving a misperception of s
14、ize,shape,or the relationship of one element to another,Perception,Mller-Lyer IllusionThe two lines above are the same length,but the diagonals extending outward from both ends of the lower line make it look longer than the upper line,Influences on Perception,Bottom-up processingInformation processi
15、ng in which individual components or bits of data are combined until a complete perception is formedTop-down processingApplication of previous experience and conceptual knowledge to recognize the whole of a perception and thus easily identify the simpler elements of that whole,Influences on Percepti
16、on,Influences on Perception,Influences on Perception,Perceptual setAn expectation of what will be perceived,which can affect what actually is perceivedDavid RosenhanDavid Rosenhan and some of his colleagues were admitted as patients to various mental hospitals with“diagnoses”of schizophreniaOnce ins
17、ide,they acted normal but the staff members only saw what they expected to see and not what was actually occurringThe real patients were the first to realize that the psychologists were not really mentally ill,Influences on Perception,Inattentional blindnessThe phenomenon in which we miss an object
18、in our field of vision because we are attending to another,Influences on Perception,Simons and his colleaguesShowed participants a videotape of a basketball game in which one team is uniformed in white and the other in blackInstructed them to count how many times the ball was passed from one player
19、to another either on the white or black teamAbout a third of participants typically fail to later recall the presence on the screen of even extremely incongruent stimuli(e.g.,a man dressed in a gorilla costume)under such conditions,Influences on Perception,Social perceptionFacial expressions,the visual cues for emotional perception,often take priority over the auditory cues associated with a persons speech intonation and volume,as well as the actual words spoken,
