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1、Unit 1 Language and learning,English teaching Methodology,Two commonly asked questions:,1.Is there any shortcut in English learning?Is there any shortcut in English teaching?,The possible answers:,Yes and no.The best way of teaching English is to teach according to how English is learnt successfully
2、.,In fact,language teachers often teach a language according to what they think about language and language learning.,For example,If they think English is a set of letters,words,sentences and grammar rules,they will teach their students to read and write these items in order to master the language.I
3、f they think English is a communication tool,then they will try to teach the functional sentences,such as“Hello.”“How do you do.”“Good bye!”when greeting people;or sentences for going shopping.,Unit 1 Language and learning,How do we learn language?,1)How do we learn our own language?,2)How do we lea
4、rn a foreign language?,(1)People learn language for different reasons.,(2)People learn language in different ways.,(3)People have different understanding about language learning.,(4)People have different capabilities in language learning.,1)What is language?,Language is a system of arbitrary verbal
5、symbols used for human communication.(Wardhaugh,1972:3)(other different definitions on p307,Appendix1),2)Different views on language:,the structural view the functional viewthe interactional view,II.Views on language.,Structural View:,It sees language as a linguistic system made up of various subsys
6、tem:from phonological,morphological,lexical,etc.to sentence.(p3,from Larsen-Freeman&Long,1991)Each language has a finite number of such structural items.To learn a language means to learn these structural items so as to be able to understand and produce language.,Functional View:,It not only sees la
7、nguage as a linguistic system but also as a means for doing things(p.3).Most of our day-to-day language use involves functional activities:offering,suggesting,advising,apologizing,etc.Therefore,learners learn a language in order to do things with it.To perform functions,learners need to know how to
8、combine the grammatical rules and the vocabulary to express notions that perform the functions.,Interactional View:,It consider language as a communicative tool,whose main use is to build up and maintain social relations between people.Therefore,learners not only need to know the grammar and vocabul
9、ary of the language,but also need to know the rules for using them in a whole range of communicative context.,III.Views on language learning,A language learning theory underlying an approach or method usually answers 2 questions:1)What are the psycholinguistic and cognitive process involved in langu
10、age learning?2)What are the conditions that need to be met in order for these learning process to be activated?,The research into the answers falls into process-oriented theories and condition-oriented theories.,Process-oriented theories are concerned with how the mind processes new information,such
11、 as habit formation,induction,making inference,hypothesis testing and generalization.,Condition-oriented theories emphasize the nature of the human and physical context in which language learning takes place,such as the number of students,what kind of input learners receive,and the learning atmosphe
12、re.,Four theories of language learning:,Behaviourist theory 行为主义学习理论Cognitive theory认知主义学习理论Constructivist theory建构主义学习理论Socio-constructivist theory社会建构主义学习理论,Behaviourist theory:,Proposed by the behavioural psychologist Skinner,he suggested that language is also a form behaviour.It can be learned t
13、he same way as an animal is trained to respond to stimuli.This theory of learning is referred to as behaviourism.One influential result is the audio-lingual method,which involves the“listen and repeat”drilling activities.The idea of this method is that language is learned by constant repetition and
14、the reinforcement of the teacher.Mistakes are immediately corrected,and correct utterances are immediately praised,Cognitive theory:,The term cognitivism is often used to describe method in which students are asked to think rather than simply repeat.It is Noam Chomsky theory.The key point of Chomsky
15、s theory is reflected in his most famous question：,If all language is a learned behaviour,how can a child produce a sentence that has never been said by others before?by Noam Chomsky,According to Chomskys theory,language is not a form of behaviour,it is an intricate rule-based system and a large par
16、t of language acquisition is the learning of this system.There are a finite number of grammatical rules in the system and with a knowledge of these rules an infinite number of sentences can be produced.One influential idea of this theory is that students should be allowed to create their own sentenc
17、es based on their understanding of certain rules.,Constructivist theory,The constructivist theory believes that learning is a process in which the learners construct meaning based on their own experiences and what they already know.As a result,teaching should be built based on what learners already
18、knew and engage learners in learning activities.,Socio-constructivist theory,It emphasizes interaction and engagement with the target language in a social context based on the concept of zone of Proximal Development(ZDP)and scaffolding.,Vygotskys ZPD theory(Vygotsky,1978):,支架式教学（ScaffoldingInstructi
19、on）,支架式教学是从前苏联心理学家维果斯基（Vygotsky,1978）的“临近发展区”理论（Zone of Proximal Development）发展而来，借用建筑行业中使用的“脚手架”(Scaffolding)作为上述概念框架的形象化比喻，其实质是利用上述概念框架作为学习过程中的脚手架（如设问、提示和添加任务等）。这种框架中的概念是为发展学生对问题的进一步理解所要的，也就是说，该框架应按照学生智力的“最邻近发展区”来建立，因而可通过这种脚手架的支撑作用(“支架作用”)，不停顿地把学生的智力从一个水平提升到另一个新的更高水平，真正做到使教学走在发展的前面。参考毛爱萍的博客：http:/
20、,IV.What makes a good language teacher?,There are a variety of elements that contributes to the qualities of a good language teacher.They are:Ethic devotion 职业道德Professional qualities专业素质(3)Personal styles个人风格,E.D:kind,well-prepared,caring,enthusiastic,warm-hearted,hard-workingP.Q:creative,resourcef
21、ul,accurate,disciplined,authoritative,well-informed,professionally-trained,fair,reflectiveP.S:dynamic,patient,attentive,flexible,intuitive,humourous,More adjectives to describe a good language teacher:E.D Group:co-operative,responsible,devotional,diligent,faithful,honest,frankP.S Group:Communicative
22、，sociable,imaginative,tidy and neat,active,good-tempered,friendly,graceful（handsome,beautiful,smiling？).P.Q Group:knowledgeable,stimulating,inspiring,observant,skillful,equal,experienced,韩师学生评课表,Group the different items in 韩师学生评课表 into the three quality groups,V.How can one become a good language t
23、eacher?,The most important and most difficult part of the making of a good language teacher is the development of professional competence,which is the state or quality of being qualified for the profession,and armed with a specific range of skills,strategies,knowledge and ability.,According to Paul
24、Davis(2002:2),a successful teacher has the following qualities:,(1)Have a practical command of English,not just knowledge of grammar rules.,(2)Use English most of the time in every class,including beginners class.,(3)Think mostly in term of learner practice,not teacher explanation.,(4)Find time for
25、really communicative activities,not just practice of language forms.,(5)Focus their teaching on learners needs,not just on finish the syllabus or course books.,For the development of professional competence,we can use the“reflective model”by Wallace(1991).From the model,we can know that the developm
26、ent involves stage I,stage II and the goal.,Stage I:language training.All English teachers are supposed to have a good command of English.,Stage II:The second stage is more complicated,for it can be divided into three sub-stages:learning;practice and reflection.,The learning stage involves:,(a)learn
27、 from others experience(empirical knowledge,(b)learn received knowledge(such as language theories,psycholinguistics;sociolinguistics;educational psycho-logy,etc.,(c)learn from ones own experience,The term“practice”can be used in two senses:,(1)it is a short period of time assigned for students to do
28、 teaching practice as part of their education,under the supervision of their instructors.,(2)The other sense of practice is the real work that the teachers would undertake when they finish their education.,.,Stanley(1999)pointed out that teachers benefit from practice if they keep on reflecting on w
29、hat they have been doing.The teachers reflect on their work not only after they finish a certain period of practice,but while they are doing the practice.And the most difficult thing to do is to keep on reflecting on their work when teachers are doing practice in the real work sense.After some perio
30、d of practice and reflection,a teacher matures and approaches the goal.But this goal is“a moving target or horizon,toward which professionals travel all their professional life but which is never finally attained.,The road to becoming a good English teacher:,Stage 1 language development-basic Englis
31、h learning in primary social practice(tutoring,part-time teaching)Stage 4 real teaching&reflection-apply learnt knowledge and skills to real situations(school,students,textbooks etc.),Watch 2 video clips and compare the 2 different styles of teaching:Clip 1-高一第18课The necklaceClip 2-初二speaking(practice of past continuous tense),You are sure to become an excellent teacher!,Thank you Goodbye,
