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1、附录 外文原文及翻译 Three Gorges Dam, ChinaPublished: August 10, 2010Edited: August 10, 2010Lead Author: Cutler ClevelandThree Gorges Dam, China (304418 North, 1111627 East), crosses the Yangtze River at Sandouping, Yichang, Hubei province, China. The dams name refers to the majestic limestone cliffs of the
2、Qutang, Wu, and Xiling gorges, which stretch for about 200 kilometers (124 miles) from Fengjie, in Sichun province, to Yichang, in Hubei province, in Chinas heartland. The Yangtze is the longest river in Asia and the third longest in the world, running 6,211 kilometers (3,860 miles) from Qinghai Pro
3、vince in the Tibetan Plateau to the East China Sea near Shanghai. The rivers watershed is massive, spanning 1,722,155 sq.km (1,070,147 sq. miles) with nearly 400 million inhabitants. On April 3, 1992, the National Peoples Congress of China approved the construction of the worlds largest and most con
4、troversial hydroelectric facility at Three Gorges. The reservoir began filling on June 1, 2003, and construction is scheduled to be finished by May 2006. Full power generation will be reached in 2009. There are 26 power generating units planned, each with generating capacity of 700 megawatts (MW), w
5、hich should produce an average of 84.7B kilowatt-hours per year (kWh/yr) from 2008 from a total generating capacity of 18,200 gigawatts (GW). Three Gorges would then surpass the 14,000MW Itaip dam located on the Paran River at the Brazil/Paraguay border. The latest government figures have put a pric
6、e tag of US$25 billion on the project, although other estimates put the actual cost much higher. The reservoir is 630km long and an average of 1.3km wide, while the dam wall is 185m high and almost as deep, stretching 2.3km across the valley. About 27 million cubic meters of concrete have gone into
7、the structure since work began; thats more than eight times as much as has been poured into the Hoover dam on the Colorado River and twice the amount of concrete in the Itaip dam. The Three Gorges project has been engineered to store over 5 trillion gallons of water and to withstand an earthquake of
8、 7.0 on the Richter scale. There about 50,000 other dams on the Yangtze River, mostly along tributaries of the main river, that were built in the past 50 years to create freshwater reservoirs. The freshwater storage capacity has skyrocketed from 0.06 cubic kilometers in 1950 to 180 cubic kilometers
9、in 2002. When the reservoir behind the Three Gorges Dam is full, it will add up to 40 cubic kilometers to that total. Benefits from the Three Gorges Project To Chinas leaders, the Three Gorges dam will provide a foundation for the nations future economic prosperity. The power will also help meet Chi
10、nas rapidly growing energy demand. Just as important, the transmission lines that are being developed to transport electricity from the project to the rest of the country will help to create a national grid, with the Three Gorges at its heartTransportation of people and goods will be greatly enhance
11、d. The reservoir will allow 10,000-ton freighters to enter the nations interior, which currently limits access to boats under 1,500 tons. Vessels will be able to navigate from Shanghai up to Chongqing, around 2000km from the sea. It could become an even more important transport artery if sufficient
12、facilities are put in place to integrate cargo transport on the river with major rail and road intersections. The government and companies involved in the development of the Three Gorges dam are also keen to promote the project by developing it as a tourist attraction. Tour boats now offer trips on
13、the reservoirs in order to allow foreign and domestic tourists to appreciate what are being advertised as lofty gorges projecting peaceful lakes. The dam is also intended to provide major flood control benefits. Historically, the population in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River suffer
14、ed tremendous losses from flooding both in human lives and property. For example, the massive flooding of the Yangtze River in 1931 caused more than 3 million deaths from flooding and starvation. The government also notes that the dams power generation potential of 84.7BkWh/yr is the energy equivale
15、nt of burning 50 million tons of coal or 25 million tons of crude oil. Thus, the switch to cleaner hydroelectric power would have the effect of cutting 100 million tons of carbon dioxide, up to two million tons of sulfur dioxide, ten thousand tons of carbon monoxide, 370,000 tons of nitrogen oxide,
16、and 150,000 tons of particulates annually from the atmosphere. Social and Environmental Concerns Critics of the Three Gorges project argue that the projects costs may outweigh the benefits, the latter of which have allegedly been exaggerated by the government. The Three Gorges Dam project has become
17、 a symbol of national unity and strength for the ruling communist party. As a result, critics charge that many of the controversies surrounding the project are glossed over or ignored. In an address to the engineers of the dam, then Premier Li Peng, himself a power engineer by training, said the sca
18、le of the project was proof to the world of Chinas newfound strength. The damming of the Yangtze is of great political and economic significance . It proves to the whole world the Chinese peoples capability of building the worlds first-rate hydroelectric project. The construction of the dam has thus
19、 become as much a celebration of Chinese nationalism and its political leadership as it is a massive power and engineering feat. Foreign perception of the project has suffered from the reputation of its principal proponent in Beijing, Li Peng. Li, whom some historians hold responsible for the 1989 m
20、assacre in Tiananmen Square, championed the idea of the dam to guarantee Chinas energy supply amid the internal political repression and international isolation that followed Tiananmen. Li was the driving force behind the approval of the project in 1992 by the National Peoples Congress despite no vo
21、tes or abstentions from a third of the delegatesa rare display of dissent in the Congress. Resettlement is a major source of controversy. More than 1.2 million will have to be resettled before the Yangtze valley is submerged. Entire villages and parts of major cities have been relocated. Critics cla
22、im that those forced out of the area have not been adequately compensated, particularly as the land they lost was highly fertile. But the government insists that the scale of its compensation package demonstrates its commitment to helping those affected improve their standard of living. Upwards of 1
23、,000 archeological sites will be submerged beneath the reservoir. Ancestral burial grounds and centuries-old temples, fossil remains, and archeological sites dating as far back as the Paleolithic Age risk being lost from public access and scholarly pursuit if they are not unearthed and relocated bef
24、ore the waters rise. The government has taken measures that it claims will mitigate these losses. There is also concern about the impact the project will have on biological diversity. The baiji dolphin, the ancient river sturgeon and the finless porpoise depend on the Yangtze for their survival. The
25、 population of Siberian cranes in Poyang Lake will also be affected by the dam. Sedimentation of the reservoir is also a serious challenge. The flow of the Yangtze carries with it the fifth-largest sediment discharge of any river in the world, equivalent to about 4 percent of all river-borne sedimen
26、t discharged to all the oceans of the world. Sediment buildup behind the dam and throughout the reservoir would effect the overall storage capacity of the reservoir. The loss of storage capacity would directly result in a decrease in projects flood control capability. The high rate of sediment depos
27、it has already affected the diversion channel and is expected to compromise operation of the dam sooner and more seriously than had been anticipated. The Yangtze River branches out into a broad estuary that stretches 655 kilometers into the East China Sea, and forms one of the largest continental sh
28、elves in the world. Over half of the Yangtzes annual sediment load is deposited in the estuary. The health of the estuary depends on the delivery of this sediment because a significant relationship exists between intertidal wetland growth rate and riverine sediment supply. Yet, due to the Three Gorg
29、es project and other dams, the sediment accumulation rate in all reservoirs on the river has increased from close to zero in 1950 to more than 850 * 106 tons per year in 2003. This is causing erosion of the wetland habitat there, which provides nurseries for fish and resting areas for migratory bird
30、s and is considered one of the worlds most important wetland ecosystems. A similar effect was seen on the Nile River after the Aswan Dam in Egypt was completed. 译文:中国三峡大坝发表于:8月10日,2010年编辑于:8月10日,2010年首席作者: 约翰克利夫兰中国三峡大坝 (北纬3044 18”、东经1111627”), 在中国湖北宜昌三斗坪穿越长江。大坝的名字代表的是雄伟的石灰岩山崖浑然一体的瞿塘、巫、和西陵三峡,从四川奉节到湖北
31、宜昌绵延约200公里(124英里),处于中国的腹地。长江是亚洲最长的河流同时也是世界上第三长河,从青藏高原的青海到上海附近的东海，全长6,211公里(3,860英里)。这条河的流域是巨大的,跨越1722、155 平方公里(1070、147平方英里)与近4亿居民。1992年4月3日,中国全国人民代表大会批准在三峡建设世界上最大和最具争议的水力发电设施。在2003年6月1日开始填充水库,施工预计将于2006年5月完成，到2009年将达到全部发电。计划发电能力有26个发电机组,每一个都有700百万瓦, 从2008年总发电量的18,200千兆瓦中机组应该生产平均每年84.7B千瓦时(千瓦时左右)。三峡
32、将超过位于巴西/巴拉圭边境巴拉河上的14,000百万瓦的伊泰普大坝。政府最新统计数据已经定它为价格高达250亿美元的项目,尽管其他预算估计比实际成本高得多。这个水库是630公里长,平均1.3公里宽,同时大坝墙高和深几乎一样是185米、穿越山谷延伸2.3公里。自从开始工作以来大约2700万立方米混凝土已经进入了结构,是科罗拉多河上的胡佛水坝8倍多,伊泰普大坝一倍多的混凝土。三峡工程设计存储超过5万亿加仑的水,并且能够承受的地震的震级为里氏7.0级。在长江支流上主要分布大约有其他5万多大坝,那些都是建在过去50年用来创造淡水水库的。淡水储存容量的急剧增长,从1950年0.06立方公里到2002年的
33、180立方公里。当三峡大坝后的水库满了,它合计将增加到40立方公里。待添加的隐藏文字内容3 受益于三峡工程的观点对于中国领导人来说,三峡大坝将提供了国家未来经济繁荣的基础,。能量也将帮助满足中国快速增长的能源需求。同样重要的是,正在研究开发用来从工程到国家其余部分运输电力的输电线路，将有助于创造一个以三峡为心脏的国家高压输电线网。乘客和货物的运输将会大大增强。三峡将会允许10,000吨级货轮进入其内部,目前限制进入船在1500吨。能够驾驶船舶将从上海到重庆,从海上算起大约2000公里。它可能成为一个更重要的交通动脉如果足够的设备都是在河上与主要的铁路和公路的十字路口来整合货物运输。政府和有关涉
34、及三峡大坝开发的公司的也渴望到促进这一项目,发展它作为一个旅游胜地。游船现在提供旅行在水库为了使国内外游客欣赏被称为崇高三峡投影静湖”。大坝也会有重大的防洪效益。历史上,长江中下游地区的人们都从洪水在人类的生命和财产安全遭受了巨大的损失。例如,1931年长江大洪水造成了超过300万人死于洪水和饥荒。政府也指出,三峡大坝84.7B千瓦时每年的发电潜能等效于燃烧的50万吨煤或25万吨原油的能量。因此,改用清洁的水电会每年从大气中减少1亿吨二氧化碳,2万多吨的二氧化硫,10万吨一氧化碳、37万吨氮氧化物、150,000吨的微粒。 社会和环境问题三峡工程的反对者认为,项目的成本可能超过其收益, 政府部
35、门涉嫌被夸大了后者。三峡工程对党来说已经变成了一种国家统一和强度的象征。结果批评家指责说,许多围绕项目的争论都是一些论战掩盖或忽略。在一段在工程师的演讲中,当时李鹏总理本人也是一位高级工程师说,工程的规模对于世界来说是中国新生力量的证明。“长江筑坝有极为重要的政治和经济意义它证明整个世界中国人民的能力,他们能建造世界最高的一流的水电工程”。大坝施工中因此也一样成为中华民族以及中国领导阶层的庆典, ,因为它是一个巨大的能力和工程的壮举。对于项目外国的获知已经遭受了北京主要建议者李鹏的声誉，一些历史学家持有他应当负责在1989年天安门广场屠杀的观点,他支持建坝来保证我国的能源供应在内部政治镇压与国
36、际孤立之中。1992年李鹏是审批三峡工程的驱动力,是通过全国人民代表大会的,尽管三分之一没有投票或者弃权的代表在会议上一些很罕见的异议。移民是一个主要争论来源。超过120万人口将在长江三峡被淹没之前必须被重新安置。整个村庄和部分主要城市已经迁移新址。评论家宣称,这些强制撤离该地区的人们特别是失去肥沃土地的人们还没有被充分补偿。但政府坚持认为其薪酬福利补偿计划的规模来论证其承担起社会责任,帮助受灾者改善他们的生活水平。1000多个考古的站点将被水淹没在水库之下。祖先的墓葬地、悠久的庙宇,动物的化石,和那些注明早在旧石器时代的古迹如果它们不是在水位上升之前出土的和被安置的水域的话会丢失于公共存取和
37、学术追求。政府已对它采取措施,将会减少这些损失。这其中也要考虑到该项目将对生物多样性涉及的影响。长江白冀豚,古河鲟和江豚都依靠长江来维持他们的生存。在鄱阳湖西伯利亚鹤的种类也会被大坝影响。水库的沉降问题也是一项严峻的挑战。长江的流动携带世界上河流第五大输沙量,相当于世界海洋约4%的以河流传播的泥沙量。泥沙在水坝后和整个储层的累积会影响整体水库的存储容量。存储容量的损失会直接导致这个降低工程的防洪能力。高速率的泥沙存储已经影响了引水渠道,并且不久大坝运行比预料的更严重。长江分出一个延伸到中国东海655公里广阔的河口,并形成世界上最大的大陆架之一。超过一半的长江一年输沙量沉降在河口。河口的好坏取决于传递的沉积物，因为在河流湿地生长速度、潮间带沉积物供给之间存在显著关系。然而,由于三峡大坝工程及其他的大坝，在所有水库中沉积物积累率都从1950年接近零提高到2003年每年超过850 * 106吨。这是导致湿地生境侵蚀的原因,湿地能为鱼类提供照顾、为候鸟提供休息区域，更被认为是世界上最重要的湿地生态系统。正如在尼罗河上埃及阿斯旺大坝建成后相类似的效应。
