初一英语语法(苏教版).doc

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1、现在完成时中“since”和“for”的区别1) since +过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。I have been here since 1989.2) since +一段时间+ agoI have been here since five months ago.3) since +从句Great changes have taken place since you left.Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here.4) It is +一段时间+

2、 since从句It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.Since 用来说明动作起始时间,for用来说明动作延续时间长度。I have lived here for more than twenty years.I have lived here since I was born.My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949.Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976.I have known Xiao Li since she wa

3、s a little girl.My brother has been in the Youth League for two years.I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.注意:并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。I worked here for more than twenty years. (我现在已不在这里工作。)I have worked here for many years. (现在我仍在这里工作。)小窍门:当现在完成时+一段时间,这一结构中,我们用下面的公式转化,很容易就能排除非延续动词在完成时中的误使。

4、1)(对) Tom has studied Russian for three years.= Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.2)(错) Harry has got married for six years.= Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.显然,第二句不对,它应改为 Harry got married six years ago.或 Harry has be

5、en married for six years. 声音:sound,noise 与 voice的区别sound表示听起来像和like连用,如:Its sounds like a bird.听起来像鸟在叫。voice表示嗓音,说他的嗓音很动听,用his voice was good.noise是杂音,响动的意思。如:我听到有动静。I heard a noise .这是一组与“声音”有关的名词,在使用上有区别。 sound泛指自然界各种各样的声音,不论其高低、是否悦耳等。如: I heard the sound of running water. 我听见流水声。 Light travels fa

6、ster than sound. 光比声音传播得快。 noise表示“噪音、喧闹”,指的是人们不愿听到的声音或嘈杂声。它可以作可数名词,也可以用作不可数名词。如: I heard some strange noises last night. 昨夜我听见一些奇怪的响声。 Theres a lot of noise here. 这个地方人声嘈杂。 voice用于人时,指说话、歌唱或发笑的声音,也可指发言权。用于其它方面时,常含悦耳之声,如鸟鸣声,乐器声音等。如: Please speak in a louder voice. 请大声说。说:tell,speak,say,talk的区别tell 意

7、为“告诉、讲述”,指某人把某一件事、一条信息传送给别人或讲述一件事。tell sb sth 意为“告知某人某事”。 tell sb to do sth 意为“告诉某人去做某事”。speak 意为“说话、讲话”,后面主要接语言。speak to 意为“和.讲话、谈话”。 speak of 意为“提到、说起”。 speak to sb about sthtalk 意为“谈话、讲话”,如果只有一方对另一方说话时,一般用 talk to;如果双方或多方交谈,多用 with。talk about 意为“谈论.”。 have a talk with 意为“与.交谈”。say 意为“说”。 say sth

8、to sb 意为“对.说”。 It is said that. 意为“据说”。 首先是say:之后要有说的内容,如He said nothing. say一般作及物动词用,着重说话的内容,它的宾语可以是名词,代词或宾语从句。 eg: He can say his name. 他会说他的名字。 Please say it in English. 请用英语用。 Shes saying ,Dont draw on the wall.她在说“别在墙上画”。 speak强调说的动作,不强调所说的内容 。作及物动词时,常以某种语言作宾语。作不及物动词时,常见的搭配形式有: speak of somethi

9、ng/somebody谈到某事(某人)speak to sb 跟某 人讲话,此外speak还可用于在较为正式的场合了表演讲或演说。 Can you speak Japanese? 你会说日语吗? She is speaking to her teacher. 她正在跟她的老师说话。 He spoke at the meeting yesterday. 他昨天在会上讲了话。 talk 一般为不及物动词,意思是“交谈,谈话,着重强调两具之间的相互说话。 eg: She is talking with Lucy in English. 她正在和露茜用英语交谈。 What are you talkin

10、g about? 你们在谈论什么? The teacher is talking to him. 老师正在和他谈话。 tell常作及物动词,意为“讲述,告诉,动词常跟双宾语。 tell sb sthtell sth to sb告诉某人某事。 eg: He is telling the children a story. 他正在给孩子们讲一个故事。 Did you tell her the news?Did you tell the news to her? 你把这个消息告诉她了吗?used to 与 be used to (1)used to + do:过去常常表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如

11、今已不存在。 Mother used not to be so forgetful. Scarf used to take a walk. (过去常常散步) (2)be used to + doing: 对已感到习惯,或习惯于,to是介词,后需加名词或动名词。 He is used to a vegetarian diet. Scarf is used to taking a walk.(现在习惯于散步) 将要:be to和be going to be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。 be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。 I am to play football tomor

12、row afternoon. (客观安排) Im going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排)twice、two times关于 A runs twice faster than B 这个的翻译,现在都还存在争议。有的人认为是A的速度是B的2倍,有人认为是A比B快2倍=A是B的3倍。 “A + be + 倍数 + as + 计量形容词原级 + as + B”。表示A是B的N倍。1.This tree is three times as tall as that one.这棵树是那棵树的三倍高。2.His father is twice as

13、 old as he.他父亲的年纪有他两倍大。两倍用twice,不用two times.注意: 两倍一般都用twice, 不用 two times 例如: This tree is twice higher than that one. =This tree is twice as high as that one. =This tree is twice the height of that one.倍数+比较级 + than .= 倍数+ as + 形容词原形+as .= 倍数+the +形容词所对应的名词 + of .other、another、others、the other(1)ot

14、her后既可接可数名词复数形式又可接不可数名词,如:可数,other pencils 其它的铅笔,other students 其他的学生。不可数other tea 别的/其它的茶,other information 别的/其它消息。 any other其他一切的什么(2)the other 定指其它的,其后可接可数名词和单数,如: the other book 另外的一本书, the other map 另一张地图, 其后也可跟可数名词的复数形式,如: the other flowers 其他的花朵,the other teachers 其它的老师们,还可以接不可数名词,如:the othe

15、r water 剩下的水,the other beer 别的啤酒other 表“另外的”接复数名词,如与具体数词连用,则置于数词之后,如:two other boys;但与定冠词the连用时,other要放在数词前。如:the other two boys Tony is going camping with _C_boys next Sunday托尼将于下周日与另外两个男孩一起去野营。 Alittle two other Btwo little other Ctwo other little Dlittle other two Mr Smith asked me to fetch three

16、 other recorders史密斯先生让我再拿三台录音机来。 (3)others 其用法相当于复数名词,此词不能用作定语,表示的意思是“不具体的某些东西”,如: This chemical is poisonous . Others are poisonous , too . ( others = other chemicals ) 但是如果others前用了the ,则表示具体的别的东西。如: I dont want these books . Please give me the others .( the others = the other books (4)another,作形容

17、词时,是指在原有的基础上再加一(些),表示“再一(些)”或“另外一个(些)”的意思。 another还可作代词,意思与作形容词时一样。another+数词=数词+moreeg:another one = one moreI want another appleI want one more apple 习惯用法:one anotherfrom oneto anotherthe other day = a few days agoevery other day/ week/yearsome, others如: I met Mr. Smith in the park the other day.

18、前几天我在公园里碰见了Smith先生。 While at the university, he went to the library every other day. 在大学时他每隔一天去图书馆一次。 Some people like football, others like volleyball. 有些人喜欢足球,有些人喜欢排球。 They are very different from one another. 他们互相之间差别很大。 When Americans moved from one place to another, they took their dialects wit

19、h them. 当美国人从一个地方迁移到另一个地方时, 花费:pay、spend、cost、takeSb pay some money for sth.(人做主语,结构是pay.for)Sb spent some money on sth 或 sb spend some money (in) doing sth(人做主语,结构为spend on/spend in dong) Sth cost sb some money.(物做主语)It takes sb some time/money to do sth(形式主语it)Eg:我花了五元钱买这本书.( 注意时态用过去时)I paid five

20、yuan for the book. The book cost me five yuan.I spent fiveyuan on the book=I spent five yuan (in) buying the book.It took me five yuan to buy the book cross、across、crossing、 through、overcross是动词across是介词crossing是名词across 指在物体的表面穿过through指在物体的空间穿过over指崇山峻岭上穿过在前面:in front of 、in the front ofin front o

21、f 没有范围限制,在整体外部的前面in the front of 有一定的范围限制,在整体内部的前面Eg:He sat in the front of the bus.(The bus 形成一定的范围)He sat in front of me.(无范围)遗忘,忘记:leave 与forget leave+物+地点。leave表示“遗忘”,通常只用来表示“把某物忘在某地”。 例如:Could I use your English-Chinese dictionary? I left mine at home. 我可以借用一下你的英汉词典吗?我的忘在家里了。When I went to scho

22、ol, I left my books at home.当我去上学时,我把我的书忘在家了。I left my book on the table. Dont leave me behind!forget+物,不能加地点。forget的意思是“忘记;忘却”,忘记某事或忘记做某事。例如:I forgot mailing the letter. 我忘记了寄过这封信。(信已寄出)I forgot to mail the letter. 我忘记寄这封信了。(信未寄出)漂亮的:beautiful、handsomebeautiful指女性handsome指男性in hospital in the hosti

23、pal (在医院) 这类词有很多,加the不加the不一样in hospital 指生病住院in the hospital指在医院工作或去探视at table (在吃饭=having meals) at the table 在座子旁边仅指位置携带,带:bring、take、carry、fetchbring指带来take指带走fetch指去取回来carry指搬运重物some 肯定句 already肯定句 and肯定句 too肯定/疑问句 any 否定/疑问句 yet否定/疑问句 or否定/疑问句 either否定句good well 都有“好”之意 good是形容词 well 是副词many m

24、uch 都是“大量的”many+可数名词复数much+不可数名词too many、too much、much too大量的,没有many too词组too many+可数名词复数too much+不可数名词much too+形容词、副词每一个的:each、everyeach 可以和of连用every指三者以上的每一个,不能和of连用both指两者都all大于等于三者eithe指两者中的任意一个neither指两者中的一个也没有none指三者中的一个也没有find 找的结果 see看的结果 hear听的结果look for 找的动作 look at看的动作listen to听的动作和:and、w

25、ithAnd是连词,能做并列主语with是介词,不能做并列主语,谓语跟with修饰的主语保持一致。希望:hopewishhope不能加人在加to do,而wish可以.hope to do=wish to do hope +that从句 =wish+that从句因为:because、because of because+句子 because of+短语到达:arrive、get to、reacharrive 不及物,到达某地要加介词in/at in+大地方 at+小地方 Stop to do stop doing 停止做某事 (类似的词也很多)stop to do 指停止一件事情去做另一件事情

26、stop doing指停止正在做的事情put onwearindressput on 指穿的动作 wear指穿的状态 in是介词in+颜色 dress+人 从前:ago-before ago是过去时的标志before是完成时的标志fewlittlea fewa littleFew 表示否定+可数名词复数 a few表示肯定+可数名词复数Little表示否定+不可数名词复数 a little表示肯定+不可数名词复数整个的:whole、allwhole用在the之后 all用在the之前借:borrow-lend borrow指借入,规则动词,过去式,过去分词:borrowed,borrowed,

27、常用于borrow sth from sblend是借出,不规则动词,过去式,过去分词:lent,lent;常用短语:lend sth to sb lend sb sth(通常跟双宾)单独的:alone、lonelyalone单独并不孤独, 主要强调目前是一个人的状况,没有同伴。lonely单独还有情感上的孤独,主要强调孤独、寂寞的感觉。 Im alone. 表示我现在是一个人,但是不一定觉得孤独,可能我在看电视或者什么的,觉得很不错。Im lonely. 表示我很孤独,也许身边有不少朋友,但是没有人理解我,所以还是会觉得孤独。 所以你可以说I live alone,but i dont fe

28、el lonely! “我独自住着,但并不感到孤独!”如此:such、soso+形+a/an+名= such+a/an+形+名。即:such+名词 so+形容词/副词。so副词,意思是“如此、这样”,后面常接形容词或副词;such形容词,意思是“如此、这样”,修饰名词,即可接可数名词,也可以接不可数名词。例如:Its such a fine day. Its so fine a day. so+many/much/few/little+形+名。如果复数名词前有few,many等形容词;不可数名词前有little,much等形容词,就必须用so,而不能用such,例如:The camel had

29、 such a long neck. 骆驼长着那样长的脖子。Dont make so much noise! 别那么大声嚷嚷。such+形+不可数名词/可数名词复数除了,除之外:except、beside except 指在整体中除去一部分beside指除之外还有真实的:true、realtrue指正确与错误;real指真假be made of、be made from、be made in、be made bybe made up of 由构成,由组成be made of由.构成 能看出原材料来(衣服类的全部用be made of)be made from由.构成 看不出原材料be made

30、 into被制成.be made in+地点be made by+人in the way、on the way、by the wayin the way挡道,妨碍on the way在的路上by theway顺便问一下be good for、be good atbe good for对有益be good at 擅长=do well insome time、some times、sometime、sometimessome time 将来的某段时间,将来的某一天。或者是,一些时间的意思,给我一些时间一段时间。提问:When will you.some times 许多次,是once twice的

31、累加。提问: How many times do you.sometime a. 以前的,某一时间;ad. 改天,来日。提问:When did you.sometimes ad. 有时=at times,是一般现在时的标识。提问用 How often do you. 例句与用法: After the explosion it was some time before the town resumed its everyday routines. 爆炸后经过相当一段时间,这个城镇才恢复了正常的生活秩序。 After we had haggled for some time, we decided

32、 to the bargain, and Jones bought the cloth for50 pence per yard. 我们在价钱上争论了半天,终于决定,琼斯以每码50便士买下了这批布。 Im sorry to trouble you, but I wondered if we could have a word some time. 很遗憾要打扰你一下,我想问问我们什么时候能聊聊。 Everyone should invest some time in community service. 每个人都应该花些时间在社区服务上。 It took me some time to dig

33、est what I had heard. 我花了一些时间才把听到的东西弄明白。 These ideas have been in circulation for some time. 这些想法已经流行了一段时间。 He is my sometime boss. 他是我从前的上司。 I hope to see you again sometime next year. 我希望明年某一时候再见到你。 Lets get together sometime. 有时间我们聚一下吧。 Sometimes the patient cried for the pain. 有时这个病人疼得哭起来。 Somet

34、imes I go by car. 有时我坐汽车去. Sometimes we went to the beach and at other times we sunbathed on the patio. 我们有时去海滩, 有时在院子里做日光浴. 更远的:fartherfurtherfarther指距离上的远近 further指程度上的更年长的:olderelderolder 纯指年龄上大小elder含指长幼辈份关系a number of,the number ofa number of 许多,谓语动词用复数 the number of 的总数,的数目,谓语动词用单数none,no one,

35、nothingnone(强调有多少) 与all是反义词,用how many提问 nothing与 no one强调没有nothing指物,用what提问;no one指人,用who提问快的:fast与quick fast指速度快,形副同形quick指时间上快 副词是quickly参加:join join in、take part injoin sb,join in+党派,团体take part in+大型的活动,运动famous的用法be famous as 作为而出名 a writerbe famous for 因为.而著名 her beautybe famous to在.的人群中著名 sb

36、.work的用法work on sth.就有“直接平面接触”地作用于宾语,具体地改变宾语的状态的意思;work at sth.就没有那么具体直接,它只表示“点存在”,work at 从事,致力于 work for 为做事,为尽力,被雇佣者 work out 可以解决,设计出,算出,计算出,消耗完,挤出去work in 引进,配合 work as 作为.的工作英语中介词的用法 时间或地点介词in、on、at的用法区别:表示时间时, in表示在一段时间里(在将来时句子中则表示在一段时间之后), on表示在具体的某一天或者某天的上下午等, at表示在某个时刻或者瞬间;表示地点时, in表示在某个范围

37、之内, on表示在某个平面上或与一个面相接触,at则表示在某个具体的场所或地点。如:He was born on the morning of May 10th.(他出生于五月十日的早晨)/ I usually get up at 7:00 in the morning.(我通常在早上的七点钟起床) / His glasses are right on his nose.(他的眼镜就架在他的鼻子上)/ He is at the cinema at the moment.(此刻他正在电影院) after与in表示时间的用法区别:“after+(具体时刻/从句)”表示“在时刻之后”常用于一般时态;

38、“in+(一段时间)”表示“在(多久) 之后”,常用于将来时态。如:He said that he would be here after 6:00.(他说他六点钟之后会来这儿)/ My father is coming back from England in about a month.(我父亲大约一个月以后从英国回来) since与for表示时间的用法区别:“since+(具体时刻/that-从句)”表示“自从起一直到现在”,“for +(一段斶间)”表示“总共有之久”,都常用于完成时态;如:Uncle Li has worked in this factory since 1970.(

39、李叔叔自从1970年起就在这家工厂工作了)/ Uncle Li has worked in this factory for over 30 years. (李叔叔在这家工厂已经工作了30多年) by、in与with表示方式的用法区别:都可以表示“工具、手段”,但是by主要表示“乘坐”某个交通工具或“以方式”,在被动句中可以表示动作的执行者;in表示“使用”某种语言/文字,with表示“使用”某个具体的工具、手段。如:We see with our eyes and walk with our feet.(我们用眼睛看东西,用双脚走路)/ Please write that article(文

40、章) in English.(请你用英语写那篇文章)/ Lets go to the zoo by taxi.(我们打的去动物园吧。)/ It was written by Lao She.(那是老舍写的) about与on的用法区别:都可以表示“有关”,但是about的意义比较广,而on主要表示“有关(专题/课程)”。如:Tom is going to give a talk on the history of America.(汤姆要作一个美国历史的报告)/ They are very excited talking about the coming field trip.(他们兴致勃勃地

41、谈论着即将来到的野外旅游) through与across、over的用法区别: through指“穿过(门洞/人群/树林)”; across和over可以指“跨越(街道/河流)”,可互换,但是表示“翻过”时只能用over. 如:Just then a rat (鼠)ran across the road.(就在那时一只老鼠跑过路面)/ There is a bridge across/over the river.(河上有座桥)/ They climbed over the mountain and arrived there ahead of time.(他们翻过大山提前到达了那里)/ Th

42、e visitors went through a big gate into another park.(参观者们穿过一个大门来到另一个公园)(7)as与like的区别:两个词都表示“像”,但是as译为“作为”,表示的是职业、职务、作用等事实,而like译为“像一样”,表示外表,不是事实。如:Let me speak to you as a father.(我以父亲的身份和你讲话。)(说话者是听者的父亲) / Let me speak to you like a father.(让我像一位父亲一样和你讲话)(说话者不是听者的父亲)(8)at the end of、by the end of、

43、to the end、in the end的用法区别:at the end of既可以表示时间也可以表示地点,译为“在末;在尽头”,常与过去时连用;by the end of只能表示时间,译为“在前;到为止”,常用于过去完成时; in the end与at last基本等义,表示“终于、最后”,通常用于过去时;to the end译为“到的终点为止”,前面往往有表示运动或连续性的动词。如:By the end of last term we had learned 16 units of Book III.(到上学期期末我们已经学习了第三册16个单元)/ At the end of the r

44、oad you can find a big white house with brown windows.(在路的尽头你能找到一幢有棕色窗户的白房子)/ They left for Beijing at the end of last week.(上周末他们动身去了北京)/ In the end he succeeded in the final exams.(他最终在期末考试中考及格了)/ We should go on with the work to the end.(我们应该把工作干到底)/ Follow this road to the end and you will see a

45、 post office.(沿这条路走到底就能看见一家邮电局)(9)for a moment、for the moment、in a moment、at the moment的区别:for a moment“一会儿、片刻”(=for a while),常与持续性动词连用;for the moment“暂时、目前”,常用于现在时;in a moment“一会儿、立即、马上”(=soon; in a few minutes),一般用于将来时;at the moment“此刻,眼下”(=now),用于现在进行时。如:Please wait for a moment.(请稍等)/ Lets leave

46、 things as they are for the moment.(暂时就维持现状吧!) / Ill come back in a moment.(我过会儿回来)/ I am very busy at the moment.(眼下我很忙)(10)but的问题:用介词but引出另一个动词时,要注意:如果前面有do,后面就用原形动词,前面没有do时,后面的动词要加to。如:I could do nothing but wait.(我什么也做不了只能等) / They had no choice(选择) but to fight.(他们没有选择只有战斗)(11)in front of 与in the front of: in front of“在的前面”, 与in the front of“在的前部”。如:A car was parking in front of the hall.(大厅跟前停着一辆汽车)/ In the front of the hall stood a big desk.(大厅前部立着一个大讲台)(12)except (for)与besides的区别:except“除了”,表示排除掉某人物,即不包含;而besides“除了”则表示包含,即“不仅又”。如:Everyone went

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