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1、高等教育自学考试毕业设计（论文）说明书 生物技术 （本科）市 地 信 阳 准考证号 15016710846姓 名 董丽丹 河南科技大学高等教育自学考试办公室摘 要：随着中医药逐渐走向世界，传统中药的发展正面临着新的形势和机遇。应遵循国际惯例对中草药的质量要求，使中药的生产加工达到标准化和规范化。结合我国中药行业发展现状，通过对世界中药发展现状及世界中药行业前景进行分析比较，找出我国中药行业存在哪些不足，有哪方面发展机遇和空间，然后制定出合理的目标及执行方案，从而使我国的中药行业快速向前发展。关键词：我国中药行业发展现状 世界中药行业前景 中药行业发展机遇Abstract: With the g
2、radual move toward the world of Chinese medicine, the development of traditional Chinese medicine is now facing a new situation and opportunities. Should follow the international practice of the quality requirements of Chinese herbal medicine to Chinese medicine production and processing to achieve
3、standardization and standardized.Combined with the status quo of Chinas medicine industry through the development of Chinese medicine to the world the status quo and the prospects for world trade to the analysis of comparison to find out what my lack of existence of traditional Chinese medicine indu
4、stry, and where opportunities for development and space, and then work out a reasonable target and the implementation of the program, which Chinas rapid development of Chinese medicine industry.Key words: Chinas medicine industry development of world trade to the prospects of Chinese medicine indust
5、ry development opportunities目 录1 概述1 2 我国中药专业发展前景12.1中药行业现状22.2地道药材产区具有发展绿色中药的优势23有关中药材发展的谋略231以发展地道药材为主332加强珍稀名贵中药材的开发研究333利用生物多样性，有效利用中草药资源334规范中药材炮制，发展颗粒制剂34世界中药专业发展前景35 有关政策措施的实施46 参考文献5 中药专业发展前景1概述中药是我国国粹，是我国医疗卫生事业中不可或缺的重要组成部分。中药产业是我国具有传统优势的产业，也是我国医药产业中快速增长的产业，在医药经济中占有很大的比重。纵观改革开放后中药行业的发展足迹，我们不
6、难发现，虽然中药已经有了长足的发展，但中药创新体系不完善和产业化能力不足、中药资源可持续利用的支撑能力不够、中药产业“旗舰”企业缺失等制约中药产业发展的瓶颈问题尚未得到根本缓解。在国际医药公司开始大规模介入中药创新领域后，传承和做大做强中药产业是我国中医药发展面临的急迫任务。因此，现代中药作为专项提出成为必然。现代中药专项的设立指明了未来中药行业的发展方向：发挥中医药特色，以提高中药产业创新能力，提高中药的标准，逐步达到可控，行业上下游并重，推动中药产业可持续快速发展。 随着时间的推移，伴随着医改和社保的进行，这种政策导向性将更强，扶持力度将更大。在行业内涌现一批销售额超过10亿元的中药大品种
7、，销售收入超过100亿元的中药集团企业的目标也将实。2 我国中药专业发展前景面对我国已经加入世贸组织，中国的中医药事业逐渐走向世界的客观现实，中药的发展正面临着前所未有的新情况。所以，必须认清形势，切实抓好中药生产加工各个环节，加强科学研究，不断采用新技术、新工艺，为中医药现代化打下坚实的基础。2.1、目前国内外对于中草药开发利用的形势和方向 随着人类疾病谱的改变和化学药品毒副作用的日益显现，人们崇尚返朴归真，对于使用天然药物的兴趣日趋高涨，向传统医学回归已成为不可抗拒的历史潮流，这给传统中医药的发展带来了新的契机。现在，欧共体对中草药有了新的统一立法；美国2000年成立了中医中药教育委员会，
8、2001年建立了研究中国草药中心；澳大利亚及东南亚各国也有新的举措；而日本、韩国、德国等国家在中草药开发研究的某些方面已超过我国。面对这种严峻的形势，国家有关部门已制定战略和部署，加速中医药学现代化的进程，迎合时代的发展和潮流1。中药材在我国属农副产品，大部分药材生产管理粗放，加工、包装简陋落后，即使是名贵的地道药材，也仅以廉价的原材料外销。世界卫生组织（WHO）对传统医药的要求是“安全、有效、稳定、均一”。 2.2、地道药材产区具有发展绿色中药的优势以浙江省磐安县为例，其地处浙江中部山区，以大盘山为群山的主峰，山峦迭嶂，连绵不断，分别与天台山、仙霞岭山脉相接。山间沟溪纵横，又为钱塘江、曹娥江
9、、灵江、瓯江四大水系的发源地之一，素有“群山之祖、诸水之源”的称号。目前生产加工以“浙八味”为主的50余种中药饮片，计划扩展到500余种。目前与上海雷允上药业有限公司、北京同仁堂药业有限公司、中国药材集团公司等国内知名企业建立了稳固的经贸协作关系。3、有关中药材发展的谋略31以发展地道药材为主。地道药材是被人们公认其有确切疗效的历史产物。优良品种的遗传基因是形成地道药材的内在因素；而适宜药材生长的生态环境是自然选择的结果。32加强珍稀名贵中药材的开发研究。这类药材具有独特的疗效，并可创造可观的经济效益。但是药源越来越少，有的又列为国家保护的动植物范围。应从可持续发展的角度出发，合理解决保护和利
10、用的矛盾。如石斛、穿山甲等加强人工栽培养殖。倘若能将冬虫夏草培育繁殖成功，那将是人类的福音。33利用生物多样性，有效利用中草药资源。植物学提示，亲缘关系相近的植物类群具有相似的化学成分。动物也有类似现象，如利用小灵猫代替野獐，生产麝香代用品，以替代珍稀药材的短缺匮乏。34规范中药材炮制，发展颗粒制剂。中药炮制可增强疗效，降低毒性，减少副作用。在包装袋外面，印制注明品名、商标、规格、产地、炮制或生产制造类别、日期、条形码等。这既便于保藏贮存，又便于运输、销售和临床应用。是实现中药标准化规范化的源头和基础。4 世界中药发展现状中国中药研究、开发和临床应用取得了很大进展，引起世界各国普遍关注，从而加
11、速了传统中医药在世界范围内的传播与发展。据不完全调研统计，目前世界上欧、亚、非洲，南、北美洲和大洋洲64个国家共有2122个中医药机构（中国除外）。在澳大利亚，政府及其高等教育界承认中医是一门科学，并于1995年宣布开办中医硕士课程。墨尔本皇家理工大学于1995年3月正式开办了中医五年制本科双学位课程，这是西方社会首次成功设立中医正规大学课程，中医学术地位从此得到西方国家的肯定。1994年10月美国国会通过并于1995年5月28日正式发布实施膳食增补剂法令，将草药作为增补剂。美国食品和药物管理局（FDA）决定从1995年起将原来列为健康食品的传统中药改按药品管理，中国、印尼、中南美洲和欧洲出产
12、的许多草药可以作为药品在美国申请注册。中药作为药品进入美国社会是一次较大的突破，将给世界各国尤其是西方发达国家带来重大影响，给中国中草药及产品出口提供了新的契机。 随着许多顽症，如心脏病、癌症、脑中风、艾滋病、病毒性传染病等难治性重大疾病的出现，以及化学药品的毒副作用、耐药性以及药源性疾病等问题的不断出现，国际市场对于中药了解和接受程度加深，全世界已有124个国家与地区建立了各种类型的中医药机构。随着中医药逐渐走向世界，传统中药的发展正面临着新的形势和机遇。应遵循国际惯例对中草药的质量要求，使中药的生产加工达到标准化和规范化。同时，要充分利用地道药材产区独特的地理、气候条件，因地制宜，顺势利导
13、，建立绿色中药材生产加工基地。多年来，作为中国药材之乡的磐安县已在这方面作了大量的工作，初见成效。与时俱进，应加强对地道药材及珍稀动植物药源的科学研究，以实现可持续发展的目的；不断引入现代生物工程技术和中药有效成分分离提取的新工艺，使传统中药适应时代发展的潮流。5、有关政策措施从支持中药民族工业，将中药产业的潜在优势尽早发挥出来变为现实的可行方面出发，国家对中药行业的发展要给予以下特殊政策和措施：1、国家重点支持和鼓励对中药材料科研方面的投入和中药材生产扶持。2、国家鼓励和支持中药企业进行中药GMP示范建设，提高药品质量，改善生产条件，探索中药GMP建设的路子。对实施GMP示范建设的企业所生产
14、的中药产品价格实行优质优价。3、国家重点鼓励对饮片工业建设，积极促进中药饮片工业积极采用新工艺、新技术、新设备，以提高技术装备水平。4、国家支持对中药主产区和中药集散地的仓储建设。5、国家重点支持和鼓励对中药新药的研究，鼓励企业在销售收入中提取5以上作为新药开发资金。6 参考文献1 中国中医药学会.中医药现代化战略研讨会.亚洲医学，1999810：922-1033.2 詹正嵩等编.知识产权与国内新药研究开发.北京：人民军医出版社，1993，52-55.3 陈新希主编.磐安县志.杭州：浙江人民出版社1993，43-61.4 梁玉衡编，土壤知识浅说.北京：农业出版社，19901-21.5 日曾我部
15、泰三郎.花卉无土栽培.北京：农业出版社，1983，10-22.6 裘家奎、顾庆超.元素与人.江苏科学技术出版社.2000, 56.7 喜编.营养健康与化学元素.南昌：江西科学技术出版社，1984，70-95.8 张树榛编.作物育种基础知识.北京：农业出版社，2006 63-669陈因良.陈志宏编著。细胞培养工程.上海：华东化工学院出版社，2006，2-38.10 张洪魁、李华祥主编.中药研究进展.北京：中国医药科技出版社，2000，249.高等教育自学考试毕业设计（论文）任务书一、题目： 中药专业发展前景 二、本环节自2008年4月25日起至2009年 3月28日三、进行地点： 河南科技大学
16、四、内容要求： 综述简练完整，有见解；立论正确，论述充分，结论严谨合理，实验正确，分析处理科学；文字通顺 ，技术用语准确，符号统一，编号齐全，书写工整规范，图表完备、整洁、正确；论文结果有应用价值。 指导教师： 成泽艳 职称 讲师 批准日期： 2009年 5 月 20 日Emloyment tribunals sort out disagreements between employers and employees. You may need to make a claim to an employment tribunal if: you dont agree with the disci
17、plinary action your employer has taken against you your employer dismisses you and you think that you have been dismissed unfairly. For more informu, take advice from one of the organisations listed underFurther help. Employment tribunals are less formal than some other courts, but it is still a leg
18、al process and you will need to give evidence under an oath or affirmation. Most people find making a claim to an employment tribunal challenging. If you are thinking about making a claim to an employment tribunal, you should get help straight away from one of the organisations listed underFurther h
19、elp. ation about dismissal and unfair dismissal, seeDismissal. You can make a claim to an employment tribunal, even if you haventappealedagainst the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you. However, if you win your case, the tribunal may reduce any compensation awarded to you as a re
20、sult of your failure to appeal. Remember that in most cases you must make an application to an employment tribunal within three months of the date when the event you are complaining about happened. If your application is received after this time limit, the tribunal will not usually accept i. If you
21、are worried about how the time limits apply to you If you are being represented by a solicitor at the tribunal, they may ask you to sign an agreement where you pay their fee out of your compensation if you win the case. This is known as adamages-based agreement. In England and Wales, your solicitor
22、cant charge you more than 35% of your compensation if you win the case.youre clear about the terms of the agreement. It might be best to get advice from an experienced adviser, for example, at a Citizens Advice Bureau. To find your nearest CAB, including those that give advice by e-mail, click onnea
23、rest CAB.For more information about making a claim to an employment tribunal, seeEmployment tribunals.The (lack of) air up there Watch m Cay man Islands-based Webb, the head of Fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in London for the Football Associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend City
24、s Premier League match at Chelsea on Sunday.I am going to be at the match tomorrow and I have asked to meet Ya ya Toure, he told BBC Sport.For me its about how he felt and I would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.Uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against CSKAfor t
25、he racist behaviour of their fans duringCitys 2-1 win.Michel Platini, president of European footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.CSKA said they were surprised and disappointed by Toures complaint. In a statement the Russian side added: We fo
26、und no racist insults from fans of CSKA.Age has reached the end of the beginning of a word. May be guilty in his seems to passing a lot of different life became the appearance of the same day; May be back in the past, to oneself the paranoid weird belief disillusionment, these days, my mind has been
27、 very messy, in my mind constantly. Always feel oneself should go to do something, or write something. Twenty years of life trajectory deeply shallow, suddenly feel something, do it.一字开头的年龄已经到了尾声。或许是愧疚于自己似乎把转瞬即逝的很多个不同的日子过成了同一天的样子；或许是追溯过去，对自己那些近乎偏执的怪异信念的醒悟，这些天以来，思绪一直很凌乱，在脑海中不断纠缠。总觉得自己似乎应该去做点什么，或者写点什么
28、。二十年的人生轨迹深深浅浅，突然就感觉到有些事情，非做不可了。The end of our life, and can meet many things really do?而穷尽我们的一生，又能遇到多少事情是真正地非做不可？During my childhood, think lucky money and new clothes are necessary for New Year, but as the advance of the age, will be more and more found that those things are optional; Junior high s
29、chool, thought to have a crush on just means that the real growth, but over the past three years later, his writing of alumni in peace, suddenly found that isnt really grow up, it seems is not so important; Then in high school, think dont want to give vent to out your inner voice can be in the high
30、school children of the feelings in a period, but was eventually infarction when graduation party in the throat, later again stood on the pitch he has sweat profusely, looked at his thrown a basketball hoops, suddenly found himself has already cant remember his appearance.童年时，觉得压岁钱和新衣服是过年必备，但是随着年龄的推进
31、，会越来越发现，那些东西根本就可有可无；初中时，以为要有一场暗恋才意味着真正的成长，但三年过去后，自己心平气和的写同学录的时候，突然就发现是不是真正的成长了，好像并没有那么重要了；然后到了高中，觉得非要吐露出自己的心声才能为高中生涯里的懵懂情愫划上一个句点，但毕业晚会的时候最终还是被梗塞在了咽喉，后来再次站在他曾经挥汗如雨的球场，看着他投过篮球的球框时，突然间发现自己已经想不起他的容颜。Originally, this world, can produce a chemical reaction to an event, in addition to resolutely, have to d
32、o, and time.原来，这个世界上，对某个事件能产生化学反应的，除了非做不可的坚决，还有，时间。A persons time, your ideas are always special to clear. Want, want, line is clear, as if nothing could shake his. Also once seemed to be determined to do something, but more often is he backed out at last. Dislike his cowardice, finally found that t
33、here are a lot of love, there are a lot of miss, like shadow really have been doomed. Those who do, just green years oneself give oneself an arm injection, or is a self-righteous spiritual.一个人的时候，自己的想法总是特别地清晰。想要的，不想要的，界限明确，好像没有什么可以撼动自己。也曾经好像已经下定了决心去做某件事，但更多的时候是最后又打起了退堂鼓。嫌恶过自己的怯懦，最终却发现有很多缘分，有很多错过，好像冥
34、冥之中真的已经注定。那些曾经所谓的非做不可，只是青葱年华里自己给自己注射的一支强心剂，或者说，是自以为是的精神寄托罢了。At the moment, the sky is dark, the air is fresh factor after just rained. Suddenly thought of blue plaid shirt; Those were broken into various shapes of stationery; From the corner at the beginning of deep friendship; Have declared the end
35、 of the encounter that havent start planning. Those years, those days of do, finally, like youth, will end in our life.此刻，天空是阴暗的，空气里有着刚下过雨之后的清新因子。突然想到那件蓝格子衬衫；那些被折成各种各样形状的信纸；那段从街角深巷伊始的友谊；还有那场还没有开始就宣告了终结的邂逅计划那些年那些天的非做不可，终于和青春一样，都将在我们的人生中谢幕。Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted. r plays a
36、n important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day
37、 weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot o
38、f turbulence. We often close ourselves off when traumatic events happen in our lives; instead of letting the world soften us, we let it drive us deeper into ourselves. We try to deflect the hurt and pain by pretending it doesnt exist, but although we can try this all we want, in the end, we cant hid
39、e from ourselves. We need to learn to open our hearts to the potentials of life and let the world soften us.生活发生不幸时，我们常常会关上心门；世界不仅没能慰藉我们，反倒使我们更加消沉。我们假装一切仿佛都不曾发生，以此试图忘却伤痛，可就算隐藏得再好，最终也还是骗不了自己。既然如此，何不尝试打开心门，拥抱生活中的各种可能，让世界感化我们呢？Whenever we start to let our fears and seriousness get the best of us, we sh
40、ould take a step back and re-evaluate our behavior. The items listed below are six ways you can open your heart more fully and completely.当恐惧与焦虑来袭时，我们应该退后一步，重新反思自己的言行。下面六个方法有助于你更完满透彻地敞开心扉。Whenever a painful situation arises in your life, try to embrace it instead of running away or trying to mask th
41、e hurt. When the sadness strikes, take a deep breath and lean into it. When we run away from sadness thats unfolding in our lives, it gets stronger and more real. We take an emotion thats fleeting and make it a solid event, instead of something that passes through us.当生活中出现痛苦的事情时，别再逃跑或隐藏痛苦，试着拥抱它吧；当悲
42、伤来袭时，试着深呼吸，然后直面它。如果我们一味逃避生活中的悲伤，悲伤只会变得更强烈更真实悲伤原本只是稍纵即逝的情绪，我们却固执地耿耿于怀By utilizing our breath we soften our experiences. If we dam them up, our lives will stagnate, but when we keep them flowing, we allow more newness and greater experiences to blossom.深呼吸能减缓我们的感受。屏住呼吸，生活停滞；呼出呼吸，更多新奇与经历又将拉开序幕。2. Embra
43、ce the uncomfortable We all know what that twinge of anxiety feels like. We know how fear feels in our bodies: the tension in our necks, the tightness in our stomachs, etc. We can practice leaning into these feelings of discomfort and let them show us where we need to go.我们都经历过焦灼的煎熬感，也都感受过恐惧造成的生理反应：
44、脖子僵硬、胃酸翻腾。其实，我们有能力面对这些痛苦的感受，从中领悟到出路。The initial impulse is to run away to try and suppress these feelings by not acknowledging them. When we do this, we close ourselves off to the parts of our lives that we need to experience most. The next time you have this feeling of being truly uncomfortable, do
45、 yourself a favor and lean into the feeling. Act in spite of the fear.我们的第一反应总是逃避以为否认不安情绪的存在就能万事大吉，可这也恰好妨碍了我们经历最需要的生活体验。下次感到不安时，不管有多害怕，也请试着勇敢面对吧。3. Ask your heart what it wants倾听内心Were often confused at the next step to take, making pros and cons lists until our eyes bleed and our brains are sore. I
46、nstead of always taking this approach, what if we engaged a new part of ourselves that isnt usually involved in the decision making process?我们常对未来犹疑不定，反复考虑利弊直到身心俱疲。与其一味顾虑重重，不如从局外人的角度看待决策之事。From: The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunda.The weatheThe balloon will slowly drift to the edge
47、 of space at 120,000 feet (Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.Below, the Earth becomes the concrete bottom of a swimming pool that he wants to land on, but not too hard. Still, hell be traveling fast, so despite the distance, it will not be like diving into the deep e
