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1、基于GIS的可视化配电网线损研究海天舒1，朴在林1，宋野2，常滨3（1.沈阳农业大学，沈阳，110161；2. 本溪供电公司，本溪，117000；3.沈阳华岩电力技术有限公司，沈阳，110179）摘要：本文论述了国内外的线损研究工作和电力GIS的发展、应用现状及技术，对目前多种理论线损计算方法进行分析。针对农村电网传统线损管理系统的不足和农业电力部门的迫切需要，对基于GIS技术实现线损管理功能的思路、技术方法及其总体结构、数据模型和线损计算等展开了深入研究和探讨，并进行了具体实践研究。关键词：配电网,地理信息系统,线损计算The Visual Calculation System for Li
2、ne Losses in Power Distribution Networks Based on GISHaitianshu1,Piao Zailin1, Song Ye2,Chang Bin3 (1.College of Information and Electrical Engineering, ShenYang Agricultural University, ShenYang, 110161; 2. BenXi Power Supply Company ,BenXi,117000;3. ShenYang HuaYan Power Technology co.,LTD, ShenYa
3、ng ,110179)Abstract：In this article domestic and foreign progress and status quo of application and technology in line loss research and power GIS are discussed and recountedBased on several common methods of line loss calculation, some research and comparison in accuracy and applicability among the
4、se methods are discussed, aiming at the disadvantages of the management system of the traditional rural power network and the hot requirement of the electric departments，the idea and technology based on Geographic Information System to realize the functions of line loss management is discussed，at th
5、e same time the general structure，data model and the calculation of line loss have been studied as well as applied to real conditionsKey Words：Distribution Network, Geographic Information System, the calculation of line loss1 引言电力网传送、分配过程中的线路损失与电力企业的经济效益和电网运行费用是直接相关的。通过对于线损的分析和计算，可以促使电力企业采取有效的措施，例如换
6、置电力设备、改造不合理的供电线路等，达到降低线速率的最终目的。 传统线损计算步骤繁琐、数据滞后、误差大，很难满足电力企业的要求。GIS形象直观的图形界面，空间数据与属性数据紧密结合的特点为线损计算带来了新的生机。2 国内外配电网线损研究现状国内电网线损计算多采用简单、近似的算法进行计算，制度和软件方面的水平参差不齐。多年来，对计算软件的功能改进一直是线损计算和管理的重要目标。国外的配电网建设在自动化和高级软件的应用方面相比我国有很大的优势。国际热点是网络化、集成化、智能化。3 数据来源GIS平台的信息数据与线路、变压器台账获得的有功无功电量、属性数据和负荷特性等是计算理论线损的最直接数据来源。
7、配电线路和设备关系的地理信息数据是通过GPS采集得到的，数据拓扑网络的建立是通过杆塔数据、变压器数据、架空线路数据、线路T接数据之间的关联完成的。架空线路图是由杆塔的起止杆生成的，而线路图是架空线路图和T接线路图的汇总；变压器分布结构图是结合变压器的基本数据和杆塔数据得到的。线路图和变压器分布结构图构成了完整的配电网地理信息图。流程图如下：图1 配电线路网络形成流程4 配电网线损计算类型和算法配电网线损计算一般分为两大类：一类是统计线损计算，每月一次；一类是理论线损计算，半年或一年一次。从理论线损和统计线损的偏差中，可以看出管理上的差距，从而分析出可能存在的问题，然后找出原因并采取措施。4.1
8、统计线损计算统计线损计算是根据每月代表日的超标结果进行计算，从而反应实际线损。它是考查各个变电站、电管所的线损管理工作的重要指标，是反窃电、电容补偿等工作的重要根据。 4.2 理论线损计算线损理论计算是降损节能，加强线损管理的一项重要的技术管理手段。通过理论计算可发现电能损失在电网中分布规律，通过计算分析能够暴露出管理和技术上的问题，对降损工作提供理论和技术依据，能够使降损工作抓住重点，提高节能降损的效益，使线损管理更加科学。常用的计算理论线损的方法有均方根电流法、损失因数法、等值功率法等很多种。这些方法基本都是为了得到一个与实际出线电流相近似的“等效电流”，把该电流为流过线路出口的等值电阻时
9、产生的电能作为线路损耗。这样，线损计算转化成计算线路等效电流和出口等值电阻的过程。算法举例一、 均方根电流均方根电流法，又称代表日负荷电流法，是比较传统而常用的经典算法。等值电阻为r，通过电流为i的线路24小时的线损电量根据日负荷曲线可以得出以下计算式：根据这个日线损电量计算式，可得出（、分别为每小时负荷电流）是线路首段负荷电流的均方根值，即均方根电流，即均方根电流。有了均方根电流，线损的计算就很容易了。均方根电流法的计算式为：其中，为该线路实际有功供电量；为代表日平均每天有功供电量；为投运天数。二、前推回代潮流法前推回代法是近几年计算网速潮流方法中比较常见的一种算法。其编程简单，收敛性好且得
10、出的线损数据精确，误差小。前推回代的基本原理是：（1）一般假定节点电压且节点负荷为已知，全网电压都为额定值。（2）首先，根据负荷功率由网络末端向始端逐段推导，计算元件的功率损耗而不计算电压降落。 求得全网的功率分布及根节点的注入功率即始端功率这是回代过程。（3）然后，根据给定的始端电压和求得的始端功率，从始端向末端进行逐段推导，求得全网的电压分布及末端电压这是前推过程。（4）计算负荷节点电压与前一次计算电压的偏移量，记录最大偏移值。（5）如此重复上述过程，直至各个节点的电压偏差满足我们所定义的收敛条件为止。（6）根据各节点电压电流值，计算各支路线路潮流和网损。三、电量法电量法又被称为电能表取数
11、法，它把用户的电能计量表所记录的电量作为线损计算的依据，是现在普遍常用的新方法，线路的有功和无功供电量都从电能便可读取，只要有用户抄表电量，随时可以考核每月以及每个用户的电能利用率和损失率，而且还可得到损失电量值，进而找到原因达到降损目的，保障农网运行的稳定性。这些优势使这种方法简单易行，并且由于读取电量数值准确明了，大大的提高了线损理论值的可信度。计算式如下：导线的线损电量 变压器负载损耗电量 整个配电网络的损耗电量 线路的固定损耗电量线路的总损耗电量其中、是线路有功和无功供电量；K是负荷曲线特征系数；和为导线和变压器绕组和的等值电阻； 是平均运行电压；、和分别为线路实际运行时间、变压器综合
12、运行时间以及线路与变压器综合平均运行时间；是每台变压器的空载损耗。5 基于GIS的网损计算的实现以一个简单的配电网络为例，如图2所示。图2 某10KV线路结构图图3是系统主界面，以及根据该算例在软件上绘制的线路图。图3 在系统界面上绘制的示意图在对线路上导线和变压器等参数进行录入后，进行网损计算，按照已知输入线路首段参数，如图4所示。图4 线路首段参数图58为软件的运行结果截图。图5 线损总体分析与参数界面图6 线损分段分析和参数界面1图7 线损分段分析和参数界面2图8 线损计算结果图示根据计算结果可以得出，在这条10KV的配电线路中，相对于可变损耗的固定损耗在总损耗中占得的比重要大得多，可以
13、得出这条线路是轻负荷线路或者处于轻负荷状态的结论。6 结束语 线损计算是一项数据采集和处理量都非常大的工作，随着我国配电网规模的扩大，难度也会不断增加，传统的管理模式的已经不能满足其要求，只有不断改进管理和计算的方法才能推进电力企业的发展。本系统的目标就在于对配电网网损管理方法进行革新，改进传统管理模式，增强可视化程度，从而达到提高供电可靠性、降损、提升电力企业管理水平等目的。基于GIS的网损计算系统更好的实现了可视化管理，大大提高了软件的实用性，不需人工干预。开辟了线损计算的新篇章。该模块使管理人员能方便、快捷的利用网络数据信息进行电网理论线损的计算，发挥了GIS的优势，避免了大量重复性的工
14、作，较大地提高了电网管理水平和工作效率。7 参考文献1边馥苓等.地理信息系统原理.北京：测绘出版社，1996.3-1022 李红梅.配电网线损计算与无功优化D.沈阳工业大学,20053刘学工等.配电管理地理信息系统的开发与实践J.华中电力,2003,10,52-554朱义勇,王孟龙.配电管理系统的技术要点.电力自动化,20(3):30-335吴信才,白玉琪.地理信息系统(GIS) 发展现状及展望J.计算机工程与应用, 2000,3,19-226颜伟,刘方,王官洁,等.辐射型网络潮流的分层前推回代算法.中国电机工程学报,2003,23(8):76-807廖学琦.农网改造线损计算分析与降损措施M.
15、中国水利水电出版社.20(3):25-36Editors note: Judson Jones is a meteorologist, journalist and photographer. He has freelanced with CNN for four years, covering severe weather from tornadoes to typhoons. Follow him on Twitter: jnjonesjr (CNN) - I will always wonder what it was like to huddle around a shortwave
16、radio and through the crackling static from space hear the faint beeps of the worlds first satellite - Sputnik. I also missed watching Neil Armstrong step foot on the moon and the first space shuttle take off for the stars. Those events were way before my time.As a kid, I was fascinated with what go
17、es on in the sky, and when NASA pulled the plug on the shuttle program I was heartbroken. Yet the privatized space race has renewed my childhood dreams to reach for the stars.As a meteorologist, Ive still seen many important weather and space events, but right now, if you were sitting next to me, yo
18、ud hear my foot tapping rapidly under my desk. Im anxious for the next one: a space capsule hanging from a crane in the New Mexico desert.Its like the set for a George Lucas movie floating to the edge of space.You and I will have the chance to watch a man take a leap into an unimaginable free fall f
19、rom the edge of space - live.The (lack of) air up there Watch man jump from 96,000 feet Tuesday, I sat at work glued to the live stream of the Red Bull Stratos Mission. I watched the balloons positioned at different altitudes in the sky to test the winds, knowing that if they would just line up in a
20、 vertical straight line we would be go for launch.I feel this mission was created for me because I am also a journalist and a photographer, but above all I live for taking a leap of faith - the feeling of pushing the envelope into uncharted territory.The guy who is going to do this, Felix Baumgartne
21、r, must have that same feeling, at a level I will never reach. However, it did not stop me from feeling his pain when a gust of swirling wind kicked up and twisted the partially filled balloon that would take him to the upper end of our atmosphere. As soon as the 40-acre balloon, with skin no thicke
22、r than a dry cleaning bag, scraped the ground I knew it was over.How claustrophobia almost grounded supersonic skydiverWith each twist, you could see the wrinkles of disappointment on the face of the current record holder and capcom (capsule communications), Col. Joe Kittinger. He hung his head low
23、in mission control as he told Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunday.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humi
24、dity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude
25、of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause), he can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet (22.7 miles/36.53 kilometers). Here, Fearless Felix will uncli
26、p. He will roll back the door.Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.Below, the Earth becomes the concrete bottom of a swimming pool that he wants to land on, but not too hard. Still, hell be traveling fast, so despite the distance, it will
27、 not be like diving into the deep end of a pool. It will be like he is diving into the shallow end.Skydiver preps for the big jumpWhen he jumps, he is expected to reach the speed of sound - 690 mph (1,110 kph) - in less than 40 seconds. Like hitting the top of the water, he will begin to slow as he
28、approaches the more dense air closer to Earth. But this will not be enough to stop him completely.If he goes too fast or spins out of control, he has a stabilization parachute that can be deployed to slow him down. His team hopes its not needed. Instead, he plans to deploy his 270-square-foot (25-sq
29、uare-meter) main chute at an altitude of around 5,000 feet (1,524 meters).In order to deploy this chute successfully, he will have to slow to 172 mph (277 kph). He will have a reserve parachute that will open automatically if he loses consciousness at mach speeds.Even if everything goes as planned,
30、it wont. Baumgartner still will free fall at a speed that would cause you and me to pass out, and no parachute is guaranteed to work higher than 25,000 feet (7,620 meters).It might not be the moon, but Kittinger free fell from 102,800 feet in 1960 - at the dawn of an infamous space race that captured the hearts of many. Baumgartner will attempt to break that record, a feat that boggles the mind. This is one of those monumental moments I will always remember, because there is no way Id miss this.
