《毕业论文（设计）基于RS 和GIS 的武汉市生态系统服务价值变化研究.doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《毕业论文（设计）基于RS 和GIS 的武汉市生态系统服务价值变化研究.doc（6页珍藏版）》请在三一办公上搜索。
1、基于RS和GIS的武汉市生态系统服务价值变化研究宁龙梅1, 2，王学雷21. 武汉大学资源与环境科学学院，湖北 武汉 430077；2. 中国科学院测量与地球物理研究所，湖北 武汉 430079摘要：以武汉市为例，利用从1996年和2001年TM数据中获取的景观数据，估算了武汉市生态服务价值并分析了景观之间的转化所引起的生态服务价值的变化。结果表明：各景观类型中水域景观的生态服务价值贡献系数最大，达到2.869；研究区域生态服务价值总量变化不大，2001年比1996年只下降了3688.79万元，但各景观生态服务价值变动很大，其中库塘生态服务价值增加了2.38亿元，河流的生态服务价值减少了2.3
2、3亿元，其变化率分别达到40.74%和-9.16%；由于河湖被占用所造成的生态服务价值损失达到9891.68万元，城市建设占用其它景观类型所带来的生态服务价值损失达到9908.37万元，这说明建设用地的发展对其他自然景观占用已经影响到了武汉市生态系统服务功能发挥。关键词：生态系统服务；景观变化；价值损益；武汉市中图分类号：X196 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1672-2175（2006）03-0637-04表1 不同景观类型单位面积生态服务价值Table 1 Ecosystem services value of each land type in the study area滩地河湖鱼塘农田
3、草地林地建设用地未利用地生态价值系数/(元/hm2a-1)371.440676.440676.44341.26406.51933400注：滩地类型以荒漠记，建设用地和未利用采用Costanza的数值0，其它来源于参考文献3生态系统的服务价值是指人们能够直接或者间接从生态系统功能中获取的产品和服务1。早在20世纪70年代就有学者开始了生态系统服务价值的研究，1997年Costanza等科学家在nature上发表了有关全球生态系统价值文章之后，生态系统服务价值的研究逐渐成为生态学研究的一个热点问题。近年来，国内有学者参照Costanza提出的全球不同地类的平均生态服务价值对草地，湿地，滩涂，林地等
4、不同生态系统的服务价值进行了货币化估算2-7，也有学者利用土地利用方面的统计数据和遥感数据对研究区内不同时期的生态服务价值的变化进行了研究8-10，但对于城市景观类型之间的转化所引起的生态系统价值流动和损益的研究尚不多见。武汉市自20个世纪90年代中后期开始，城市建设迅猛发展，城市景观结构变化剧烈，这影响到了生态系统功能并引起了生态服务价值的变化。本文参照Costanza等人提出的生态服务价值计算方法，以景观之间的转化数据为基础分析了武汉市部分行政区域生态系统服务价值的变化以及城市建设对于生态服务价值的影响，以期决策者在制定城市建设和发展规划时考虑城市景观的生态服务功能的重要性并决定最佳的土地
5、资源配置方式。1 研究区概况武汉市位于长江和汉水交汇处，地跨东经1134l11505，北纬29583l22，全市总面积有8467.11 km2，是华中地区最大的城市，下设13个行政区，本文研究区只包括其中的11个区（黄陂，新洲，江夏区除外）。武汉市属于亚热带季风气候，降雨量大，水资源丰富，湖泊众多，号称“百湖之市”，水域景观约占了国土总面积的25%。武汉市发展迅速，2004年国民生产总值达到1956亿元，人口约785万。2 研究方法2.1 数据获取首先对研究区1996和2001年两个时期的Landsat-7 TM和ETM遥感影像里进行图像校正、配准、增强、合成等处理，再利用ARCGIS软件对两
6、期影像分别解译，然后进行叠加，最后在ARCVIEW软件里面进行属性数据的统计，由此获得各类景观的转化方向数据。根据研究需要，将城市景观划分为滩地、河湖、库塘、农田（包括旱地和水稻田）、草地、林地、建设用地（包括居民点、工业用地、道路等）、未利用地。2.2 生态服务价值的估算本研究主要引用文献1和文献3研究成果中的生态系统单位面积服务价值（表1）及计算方法。区域内生态系统服务总价值计算公式为：区域内某类景观生态服务价值计算公式：式中为生态系统服务总价值，为第类景观类型的面积，为第类景观单位面积服务价值，即生态价值系数。为方便比较引入生态服务价值贡献系数（），即某类景观面积所占总面积的比例与该类景
7、观生态服务价值所占区域生态服务总价值的比例的比值。越大说明类景观的生态价值贡献越大。再引入生态服务价值变化率，即2001年与1996年生态服务价值之差与1996年的生态服务价值的比值。3 结果与分析3.1 研究区生态系统服务价值的变化表2 1996和2001年各类景观面积和生态服务价值Table 2 The area and ecosystem services values of each landscape in 1996 and 20011996200119962001生态服务价值变化率/%面积所占比例/%面积所占比例/%TV/(104元)所占比例/%TV/(104元)所占比例/%滩地5
8、456.31.955656.92.02202.650.0510.026210.100.0540.0263.68河湖62579.822.4056846.420.35254552.1064.2712.869231230.6958.9322.896-9.16库塘14395.25.1520259.87.2558554.4914.7842.86982409.5721.0032.89640.74农田147216.452.69134901.748.2963909.5816.1360.30658563.5314.9260.309-8.37草地26420.9524920.891692.600.4270.4521
9、596.500.4070.456-5.68林地8868.73.179495.73.4017146.744.3291.36418358.994.6791.3777.07建设用地37941.113.5849639.217.770000000未利用地90.90.1090.90.030000000合计279382.6100279382.6100396058.16100392369.371000由表2可知，研究区内主要的景观类型为农田、河湖和建设用地景观，在两个时期内其所占面积比例均居于前三位。在生态服务价值构成中，居于前三位的是河湖、库塘和农田，其次是林地和草地。河湖的生态服务价值最大，在1996年和
10、2001年分别为25.4552亿元和23.123亿元，所占生态服务价值的比例分别为64.27%和58.93%；其次是库塘，所占生态服务价值比例分别为14.78%和21%；居于第三位的是农田分别占16.14%和14.93%。但是，将生态价值比例与面积比例进行比较发现河湖的生态价值贡献率最大，河湖所占面积比不过20%之多，生态服务价值所占的比例就达到60%左右，将近3倍；库塘与河湖相同；农田对于生态服务价值的贡献系数小于1，面积约占总面积的一半，但生态服务价值的比例只有15%左右；林地面积所占的比例很小，但其贡献系数却大于1。这种结果固然与生态服务价值系数的大小有关，但并不影响反映自然景观对于维持
11、生态系统服务价值的重要作用。从生态服务价值变化率可以发现各景观生态服务价值变动较大，其中库塘、滩地和林地生态服表3 1996年2001年各景观相互转化面积变化Table 3 Alternation of each landscape from 1996 to 2001 hm219962001滩地河湖鱼塘农田草地林地建设用地未利用地滩地4603.7319.6203.817100158.20河流/湖泊1053.2563423712.578600686.10鱼塘荷花池0013769.1119.800506.30农田0184.82417.9133393230.3988.110002.30草地0013.
12、302261.7291.475.60林地0032.7431.908061.9342.20建设用地00000142.937798.20未利用地00110.50011.470.390.9务价值增加了，河湖、农田和草地的生态服务价值降低了。库塘的价值变化最大，约增加了2.38亿元，其次是林地，约增加了1212万元。河湖服务价值下降最多，约2.33亿元，其次就是农田，其服务价值约减少了5346万元。通过分析生态服务价值的计算公式可以发现各类景观生态服务价值的变动与其面积的变动方向（表3）是一致的。例如河湖面积下降，其生态服务价值也会随之下降，林地面积增加其生态服务价值也会增加。虽然各景观的生态服务价值
13、变动很大，但两个时期区域生态服务价值总量变化并不大，1996年生态服务总价值是39.6058亿元，2001年的为39.2369亿元，减少了3688.79万元。这是因为各类景观生态服务价值增减相互抵消而引起的，比如河湖减少的服务价值与农田增加的服务价值几乎持平。由此看来，各类景观之间的面积的变动似乎对区域生态服务总价值没有多大的影响，最主要的原因是建设用地的生态服务价值系数取值为0，尽管其面积变动率达到30.8%，而其生态服务价值却始终是0。3.2 研究区域生态服务价值的流向由于建设用地和未利用地的生态服务价值系数为0的原因，表2中的数据并不能反映出城市发展对于城市生态系统服务价值的影响。为了研
14、究需要，我们假定建设用地不提供任何生态服务，通过各景观生态服务价值的流向来分析人类活动对于生态服务价值的影响。利用各景观之间的转化数据计算景观之间的相互转化所引起的生态服务价值的损益，即表4 各类景观服务价值流向损益Table 4 Changes of ecosystem services of each landscape types 104元19962001滩地河湖库塘农田草地林地建设用地合计滩地01288.15821.4267.8800-5.882171.57河湖-4244.9200-2855.9500-2790.81-9891.68库塘000-435.3000-2059.45-2494
15、.74农田0671.478785.49047.561481.44-4342.206643.77草地0045.5800376.71-48.43373.85林地0069.79-647.5400-661.61-1239.36建设用地00000276.280276.28未利用地00449.470022.040471.51注：未利用地转化为其它景观类型的面积为0，其服务价值流向损益也为0，故没有列出。式中，为1996年第类景观转化为2001年第类景观后的生态服务价值损益，、是第类景观和第类景观的生态服务价值系数，是1996年第类景观转化为2001年第类景观的面积。将景观类型的转化引起的生态服务价值的增减
16、视为流动的，生态服务价值的增加为正流向，生态服务价值的减少为负流向。由表4可以看出，滩地的生态服务价值主要流向河湖、库塘、农田和建设用地。向河湖流动所获得的服务价值最大，其次是库塘，农田。河湖的价值流向为滩地、农田和建设用地，都属于负流向，即有损于河湖整体生态服务价值的流向。库塘的生态服务价值流向也属于负流向。农田、草地的转化除转化为建设用地带来的是负价值外，向水域、草地、林地的转化均产生了较大的服务增殖，流向库塘的服务价值最大，达到8785.49万元。草地的服务价值正流向为库塘和林地，草地转化为林地所获得的服务价值最大，约376万元。林地的服务价值负流向损失较大，约647万元。建设用地和未利
17、用地的转化均有利于服务价值的增加。从合计这一列可以看出，从1996年至2001年河湖、库塘和林地的转化导致了服务价值的损失，损失量约为1.36亿元。滩地、农田、草地、建设用地和未利用地的转化带来了服务价值的增加，增加量约为9936万元，总体上，过去5 a间各景观的转化是有损于城市生态系统服务价值的，要维持或增加城市景观生态服务价值需停止对水域和林地的上述转化过程。各类景观向建设用地转化可以看作城市发展对于城市生态景观的影响。每一景观向建设用地转化的价值流向都是负流向，其总和为9908.37万元，也就是说城市建设所带来的生态服务价值损失为9908.37万元。为了经济发展和居民生活需要，武汉市建设
18、经济开发区、道路设施、居住小区等占用了一部分农田，也有填湖、填塘建房的现象，从生态角度考虑，这是不经济的。4 结语（1）本文根据1996和2001年两期景观面积数据，采用Costanza和谢高地等人提出的生态服务价值系数，计算出研究区内生态服务价值分别为39.6058亿元和39.2369亿元，并采用生态服务价值贡献系数分析了各类景观对于整个生态系统服务总价值的贡献大小，结果显示河湖景观对于武汉市生态系统服务价值贡献最大，所以在市政建设中保护河流与湖泊至关重要。（2）为分析城市建设对于生态系统的影响，本文设计了景观生态服务价值流向损益指标，该指标显示研究区在5 a间的景观变化造成的生态服务价值的
19、损益状况，结果表明城市发展占用河湖、库塘及农田所导致的生态损失最大。（3）Costanza是以城市用地不具备生态功能为前提而将其生态服务价值定为0的。受遥感影像分辨率影响，本文在解译遥感影像时将居民区、工业区的绿地、树丛以及行道树等都作为整体解译，因而有可能忽略了建设用地的某些生态效益，比如气体调节，所以将建设用地的服务价值定为0并不准确。对于建设用地的生态功能及生态服务价值系数需要进一步研究。参考文献：1 COSTANZA R, DARGE R, DE GROOT R, et al. The value of the worlds ecosystem services and natural
20、 capitalJ. Nature, 1997, 387: 253-260.2 李金平, 王志石. 19832003年澳门生态系统服务价值的变化J. 生态环境, 2004, 13(4): 605-607.LI Jinping, WANG Zhishi. Assessment of ecosystem services of Macao in 19832003J. Ecology and Environment, 2004, 13(4): 605-607. 3 谢高地, 鲁春霞, 冷允法, 等. 青藏高原生态资产的价值评估J. 自然资源学报, 2003, 18(20): 189-195.XIE
21、Gaodi, LU Chunxia, LENG Yunfa, et al. Ecological assets valuation of the Tibetan PlateauJ. Journal of Natural Resource, 2003, 18(20): 189-195.4 陈仲新, 张新时. 中国生态系统效益的价值J. 科学通报, 2000, 45(1): 17-23.CHEN Zhongxin, ZHANG Xinshi. The Value of the China Ecosystem ServiceJ. Science Bulletin, 2000, 45(1): 17-2
22、3.5 杨丽文, 何秉宇, 黄培佑, 等. 和田河流域天然柽柳灌木林生态价值评估J. 中国沙漠, 2005, 25(3): 268-274.YANG Liwen, HE Bingyu, HUANG Peiyou, et al. Evaluation on ecological value of Tamarix spp forest in Hotan Drainage basinJ. Journal of Desert Research, 2005, 25(3): 268-274.8 许英勤, 吴世新, 刘朝霞, 等. 塔里木河下游垦区绿洲生态系统服务的价值J. 干旱区地理, 2003, 26(
23、3): 208-206.XU Yingqin, WU Shixin, LIU Zhaoxia, et al. Value of the oasis ecosystem services in the lower reach of Tarim River basinJ. Aird Land Geography, 2003, 26(3): 208-206.9 喻建华, 高中贵, 张露, 等. 昆山市生态系统服务价值变化研究J.长江流域的资源与环境, 2005, 14(2): 213-217.YU Jianhua, GAO Zhonggui, ZHANG Lu, et al. Change in e
24、cosystem service value in Kunshan CityJ. Resource and Environment in Yangtze Basin, 2005, 14(2): 213-217.10 王新华, 张志强. 黑河流域土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响J. 生态环境, 2004, 13(4): 608-611.WANG Xinhua, ZHANG Zhiqiang. Effect of land-use change on ecosystem services value in Heihe River basinJ. Ecology and Environment,
25、 2004, 13(4): 608-611. Changes of ecosystem services value in Wuhan cityNING Longmei1, 2, WANG Xuelei21. School of resource and environment science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079，China;2. Institute of geodesy and geophysics, Chinese academy of sciences, Wuhan 430077, ChinaAbstract: Based on the dat
26、a of land-use/land cover change produced from the integrating Landsat TM images of Wuhan city in 1996 and 2001, the dynamics of the ecosystem services value was evaluated. The results showed that water landscape was very important to the ecological system in Wuhan city and its contribution coefficie
27、nt to the total ecological services value was 2.869. The total ecological services value was only decreased by 3688.79104 RMB Yuan from 1996 to 2001, but ecological services values of each landscape changed greatly. As compared with other landscape types, the ecological services values of the pond a
28、nd river lake changed most greatly, and the ecological services value of pond landscape was increased by 2.38108 RMB Yuan and the ecological services value of river-lake landscape was decreased by 2.33108 RMB Yuan. The loss of ecosystem services value for the land cover of rivers and lakes transferr
29、ing into other land-use types is 9891.68104 RMB Yuan, and the loss of ecosystem services value for constructed land occupying other land-use types is 9908.37104 RMB Yuan. Key words: ecosystem services; landscape change; profit and loss of value; Wuhan cityEditors note: Judson Jones is a meteorologis
30、t, journalist and photographer. He has freelanced with CNN for four years, covering severe weather from tornadoes to typhoons. Follow him on Twitter: jnjonesjr (CNN) - I will always wonder what it was like to huddle around a shortwave radio and through the crackling static from space hear the faint
31、beeps of the worlds first satellite - Sputnik. I also missed watching Neil Armstrong step foot on the moon and the first space shuttle take off for the stars. Those events were way before my time.As a kid, I was fascinated with what goes on in the sky, and when NASA pulled the plug on the shuttle pr
32、ogram I was heartbroken. Yet the privatized space race has renewed my childhood dreams to reach for the stars.As a meteorologist, Ive still seen many important weather and space events, but right now, if you were sitting next to me, youd hear my foot tapping rapidly under my desk. Im anxious for the
33、 next one: a space capsule hanging from a crane in the New Mexico desert.Its like the set for a George Lucas movie floating to the edge of space.You and I will have the chance to watch a man take a leap into an unimaginable free fall from the edge of space - live.The (lack of) air up there Watch man
34、 jump from 96,000 feet Tuesday, I sat at work glued to the live stream of the Red Bull Stratos Mission. I watched the balloons positioned at different altitudes in the sky to test the winds, knowing that if they would just line up in a vertical straight line we would be go for launch.I feel this mis
35、sion was created for me because I am also a journalist and a photographer, but above all I live for taking a leap of faith - the feeling of pushing the envelope into uncharted territory.The guy who is going to do this, Felix Baumgartner, must have that same feeling, at a level I will never reach. Ho
36、wever, it did not stop me from feeling his pain when a gust of swirling wind kicked up and twisted the partially filled balloon that would take him to the upper end of our atmosphere. As soon as the 40-acre balloon, with skin no thicker than a dry cleaning bag, scraped the ground I knew it was over.
37、How claustrophobia almost grounded supersonic skydiverWith each twist, you could see the wrinkles of disappointment on the face of the current record holder and capcom (capsule communications), Col. Joe Kittinger. He hung his head low in mission control as he told Baumgartner the disappointing news:
38、 Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunday.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached,
39、 will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the
40、stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause), he can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet (22.7 miles/36.53 kilometers). Here, Fearless Felix will unclip. He will roll back the door.Then, I would assume, he will slowl
41、y step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.Below, the Earth becomes the concrete bottom of a swimming pool that he wants to land on, but not too hard. Still, hell be traveling fast, so despite the distance, it will not be like diving into the deep end of a pool. It will be like
42、he is diving into the shallow end.Skydiver preps for the big jumpWhen he jumps, he is expected to reach the speed of sound - 690 mph (1,110 kph) - in less than 40 seconds. Like hitting the top of the water, he will begin to slow as he approaches the more dense air closer to Earth. But this will not
43、be enough to stop him completely.If he goes too fast or spins out of control, he has a stabilization parachute that can be deployed to slow him down. His team hopes its not needed. Instead, he plans to deploy his 270-square-foot (25-square-meter) main chute at an altitude of around 5,000 feet (1,524
44、 meters).In order to deploy this chute successfully, he will have to slow to 172 mph (277 kph). He will have a reserve parachute that will open automatically if he loses consciousness at mach speeds.Even if everything goes as planned, it wont. Baumgartner still will free fall at a speed that would c
45、ause you and me to pass out, and no parachute is guaranteed to work higher than 25,000 feet (7,620 meters).It might not be the moon, but Kittinger free fell from 102,800 feet in 1960 - at the dawn of an infamous space race that captured the hearts of many. Baumgartner will attempt to break that record, a feat that boggles the mind. This is one of those monumental moments I will always remember, because there is no way Id miss this.
