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1、基于多元智能的人才观袁 江人才观的问题，涉及到一个对人才的评价标准的问题。人的智力类型的不同，其成才的目标、方式、途径也不同。不久前有记者问我：你认为职业学校学生的学习质量如何？ 在参加会考、统考中成绩怎样？ 我的回答是这样的：成绩不甚理想!这是第一句话；但我的第二句话是：这是不公平也是不科学的。因为职业学校的培养对象与普通高中、特别是与普通高等学校的培养对象相比，在智能结构与智能类型方面有着本质的区别。因此，拿一把尺子去考核#去衡量所有的学生!而从根本上忽略智能的差异!显然是不公平!也是不科学的例如!用数论的理论知识试题去考数控机床操作工人!结果肯定是负面的同样!用数控机床的操作知识)这也是
2、一种知识*试题去考数学家!其结果也必定是负面的 所以!对具有不同智能结构与类型的学生应该用不同的标准去考核#去衡量!才是正确的做法。意大利著名心理学家安东尼奥+梅内盖蒂创立的“本体心理学”，专门研究人的精神活动的原始动因和对存在的理解， 他指出：人具有一种天生的智慧，这种智慧有益于同环境的互动。 但由于历史的和社会的原因!人的直觉及其天生的智慧很大一部分都丧失掉了 如果找回失去的部分!人就可能获得成功如何找回那&失去的部分(呢$ 从美国哈佛大学心理学家加德纳教授的研究成果中可以获得答案 加德纳认为!人类智能是多元的!不是一种能力而是一组能力按照加德纳教授的多元智能理论!个体身上独立存在着与特定
3、认知领域或知识范畴相联系的七种智能综观这一分类!其中既有我们中国人传统偏爱的逻辑#数理智能!言语#语言智能!也有偏重于技艺和技巧的音乐、节奏智能，视觉、空间智能，身体动觉智能!还有体现现代研究成果的偏向于心智操作的交流#交往智能!自知#自省智能根据这一理论!每一个体由此组成的智能结构并因此而呈现的智能类型是不同的!存在着极大的差异。这意味着个体的智能（倾向)是多种智能集成的结果。但从总体上来说，我们仍可将个体所具有的智能类型大致分为两大类：一是抽象思维，一是形象思维。通过学习、教育与培养，主要能倾为抽象思维者可以成为研究型#学术型#设计型的专家!而主要能倾为形象思维者则可成为技术型#技能型#技
4、艺型的专家 所以!对“专家”这一概念的理解，应该有一个新的诠释。数学家、物理学家、医学家是专家，工程师、政治家、歌唱家是专家!高级技术工、技术员、高级技师同样是专家。 应该说，他们是在社会不同工作岗位#不同工作阶段#不同工作层面上的专家!其对社会的发展!对人类的贡献!都具有相互不可替代的作用 教育的根本任务!就在于根据人的智能结构和智能类型!采取适合的培养模式!来发现人的价值#发挥人的潜能#发展人的个性一般来说!职业教育培养的人才!主要具有形象思维的特点 不论是在技工学校#职业高中#中专学校#职业中专等中等职业学校!还是在职业技术学院等高等职业学校学习的学生!与相应层次的普通高中以及大学专科的
5、学生相比!他们是同一层次不同类型的人才!没有智力的高低贵贱之分!只有智能的结构类型的不同 所以!职业教育与高等教育的培养对象在智能类型上的差异! 决定了两类教育的培养目标的差异,社会所需要的不同类型的人才!因此它们是两类不同类型的教育 对此!从事职业教育的人们应有一个清醒的认识现代教育研究表明!具有不同智能类型和不同智能结构的人!对知识的掌握也具有不同的指向性 现代社会对知识!特别是应用性知识内涵的界定!有了新的突破!存在着两种属性的应用性知识%一是涉及事实#概念以及理解#原理方面的陈述性知识!要解答的&是什么()事实与概念*和&为什么()理解与原理*的问题二是涉及经验#策略方面的过程性知识!
6、要回答的是&怎么做()经验*的问题和&怎样做更好()策略*的问题教育实践和科学研究都证明!形象思维强的人!能较快地获取经验性和策略性的知识!而对陈述性的理论知识却相对排斥这并非职业院校学生的弱势!而恰恰是优势所在。因此!对职业院校学生的智能类型准确定位!将有利于深入认识职业教育的特点!有利于增强学生成才的信心!有利于加强教师培养人才的决心“这是&我劝天公重抖擞!不拘一格降人才(的人才观!是&江山代有才人出!自古行行出状元”的人才观。中国职业技术教育 2005.1Editors note: Judson Jones is a meteorologist, journalist and photo
7、grapher. He has freelanced with CNN for four years, covering severe weather from tornadoes to typhoons. Follow him on Twitter: jnjonesjr (CNN) - I will always wonder what it was like to huddle around a shortwave radio and through the crackling static from space hear the faint beeps of the worlds fir
8、st satellite - Sputnik. I also missed watching Neil Armstrong step foot on the moon and the first space shuttle take off for the stars. Those events were way before my time.As a kid, I was fascinated with what goes on in the sky, and when NASA pulled the plug on the shuttle program I was heartbroken
9、. Yet the privatized space race has renewed my childhood dreams to reach for the stars.As a meteorologist, Ive still seen many important weather and space events, but right now, if you were sitting next to me, youd hear my foot tapping rapidly under my desk. Im anxious for the next one: a space caps
10、ule hanging from a crane in the New Mexico desert.Its like the set for a George Lucas movie floating to the edge of space.You and I will have the chance to watch a man take a leap into an unimaginable free fall from the edge of space - live.The (lack of) air up there Watch man jump from 96,000 feet
11、Tuesday, I sat at work glued to the live stream of the Red Bull Stratos Mission. I watched the balloons positioned at different altitudes in the sky to test the winds, knowing that if they would just line up in a vertical straight line we would be go for launch.I feel this mission was created for me
12、 because I am also a journalist and a photographer, but above all I live for taking a leap of faith - the feeling of pushing the envelope into uncharted territory.The guy who is going to do this, Felix Baumgartner, must have that same feeling, at a level I will never reach. However, it did not stop
13、me from feeling his pain when a gust of swirling wind kicked up and twisted the partially filled balloon that would take him to the upper end of our atmosphere. As soon as the 40-acre balloon, with skin no thicker than a dry cleaning bag, scraped the ground I knew it was over.How claustrophobia almo
14、st grounded supersonic skydiverWith each twist, you could see the wrinkles of disappointment on the face of the current record holder and capcom (capsule communications), Col. Joe Kittinger. He hung his head low in mission control as he told Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The su
15、personic descent could happen as early as Sunday.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the
16、lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he cro
17、sses the boundary layer (called the tropopause), he can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet (22.7 miles/36.53 kilometers). Here, Fearless Felix will unclip. He will roll back the door.Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto somethi
18、ng resembling an Olympic diving platform.Below, the Earth becomes the concrete bottom of a swimming pool that he wants to land on, but not too hard. Still, hell be traveling fast, so despite the distance, it will not be like diving into the deep end of a pool. It will be like he is diving into the s
19、hallow end.Skydiver preps for the big jumpWhen he jumps, he is expected to reach the speed of sound - 690 mph (1,110 kph) - in less than 40 seconds. Like hitting the top of the water, he will begin to slow as he approaches the more dense air closer to Earth. But this will not be enough to stop him c
20、ompletely.If he goes too fast or spins out of control, he has a stabilization parachute that can be deployed to slow him down. His team hopes its not needed. Instead, he plans to deploy his 270-square-foot (25-square-meter) main chute at an altitude of around 5,000 feet (1,524 meters).In order to de
21、ploy this chute successfully, he will have to slow to 172 mph (277 kph). He will have a reserve parachute that will open automatically if he loses consciousness at mach speeds.Even if everything goes as planned, it wont. Baumgartner still will free fall at a speed that would cause you and me to pass
22、 out, and no parachute is guaranteed to work higher than 25,000 feet (7,620 meters).It might not be the moon, but Kittinger free fell from 102,800 feet in 1960 - at the dawn of an infamous space race that captured the hearts of many. Baumgartner will attempt to break that record, a feat that boggles the mind. This is one of those monumental moments I will always remember, because there is no way Id miss this.
