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1、Geography Case Study,-,Chang Jiang,Cons and Pros of the Three Gorges Project,1,Introduction,?,Chinas massive Three Gorges hydroelectric project has,generated plenty of controversy from the start.It was first,proposed in 1919 by revolutionary leader Sun Yat-sen as a way,of providing energy to fuel th
2、e nations industrial development.,The plan was revived in 1954 as a way to control the chronic,overflow of the legendary Yangtze river after tens of thousands,were killed in widespread flooding.After several false starts,work,began in earnest in 1979.,?,Advocates say Chinas development depends on it
3、.They say it,will provide a clean source of energy for future generations.But,critics say it could be a monumental ecological disaster.,?,The dams sluice gates were closed on June 1,2003,allowing,the reservoir behind it to begin filling.By June 10,2003,the,water was 135 metres deep,and its expected
4、to be 175 metres,deep by 2009.,2,Facts,?,The 16-year project is due to be completed in 2009.,?,The rivers level is expected to rise to 175 metres.,?,By mid-June 2003 the dam was holding back 12 billion cubic metres of,water.The dams storage capacity is nearly 40 billion cubic metres.,?,It will creat
5、e a 658-sq.-km reservoir.,?,Its concrete wall is 192 metres high.,?,It has a total of 22 sluice gates.,?,It will have 26 700-megawatt turbine generators.They are expected to,produce 18.2 million kilowatts by 2009.Eleven of the reactors were in,place as of January 2005.,?,It has the worlds largest lo
6、ck system,6?kilometres in length.The lock,lifts and lowers ships in five stages.,?,The dam is located in Yichang,in the central province of Hubei.,?,Its Chinas biggest engineering project since the Great Wall was built,more than 2,000 years ago.,?,Total projected cost:180 billion yuan($26.5 billion)
7、.,3,Location of,Sanxia,4,?,A man fishes as water flows,through water diversion,holes of the Three Gorges,Dam on the Yangtze River,in central Chinas Hubei,Province,June 11,2003.,Some 10 water diversion,holes were opened to,release water.The water,level of the Three Gorges,Reservoir reached 135,metres
8、(433 feet)on June,10.(AP Photo/Xinhua,Du,Huaju),5,?,Two men carry bricks to a,barge at the temporary dock,at Wushan,in the middle of,the Three Gorges on the,Yangtze River in central,China,June 6,2003.Lower,lying areas of the town have,been demolished in,preparation for the increase,in the water leve
9、l as the,controversial Three Gorges,Dam reservoir begins to fill.,(AP Photo/Greg Baker),6,?,A Chinese man sits in,the rubble of the,demolished old town of,Wushan,as he looks,out over the citys,temporary dock on the,Yangtze River in central,China,June 6,2003.,(AP Photo/Greg Baker,7,?,Workers build a
10、stone,embankment as water from,the Yangtze River rise up,the shoreline at the newly,built town of Fengjie,in,central Chinas Chongqing,municipality,June 9,2003.,The old town of Fengjie was,demolished because it was,below the high water mark,of the reservoir of the Three,Gorges Dam.(AP,Photo/Greg Bake
11、r),8,?,Three young boys watch as,rising waters inundate a corn,field at Qutang Village,near,Fengjie,in central Chinas,Chongqing municipality,June,9,2003.Water levels have,been rising between two and,four metres each day since,China began filling the,reservoir.Despite warnings,from local officials th
12、at waters,would rise in June,many,farmers planted crops because,they were unsure of where the,high water mark was on their,land,while others did not,believe that waters could rise,so high.(AP Photo/Greg Baker),9,?,Ships sail through the Xiling,Gorge of the Three Gorges,on the Yangtze River in,centra
13、l China,June 11,2003.The water level of the,Three Gorges Reservoir,reached 135 metres(433,feet)June 10,five days,ahead of the schedule.(AP,Photo/Xinhua,Cheng Min),10,?,The aerial photo,taken,on June 3,2003,shows,the Three Gorges,Reservoir on the middle,reaches of the Yangtze,River at Yichang,Hubei,p
14、rovince.The water,level reached,as,planned,114.29 metres,high on the sluice gate.,(AP Photo Xinhua,Cheng Min),11,?,Hydroelectric generating,sets of the Three Gorges,Project in central Chinas,Hubei Province are shown,in this April 9,2003 photo.,Four of the hydroelectric,generating sets,which are,in t
15、he final phase of,installation and test,will be,put into operation later this,year.(AP Photo/Xinhua,Du,Huaju),12,?,Water flows through water,diversion holes at the,bottom of the Three Gorges,dam,June 1,2003.Chinas,Three Gorges Project,officially began to store,water as the sluice gate of,the dam sta
16、rted to be,closed as scheduled.China,began filling the reservoir,behind its gargantuan Three,Gorges Dam in a major step,toward completion of the,world-largest hydroelectric,project.(AP Photo/Xinhua,Cheng Min),13,?,A man rushes to board a,boat before it leaves,in,Chongqing city,on the,Yangtze River i
17、n central,China,June 5,2003.,Though more than 600,kilometres(372 miles)from,the Three Gorges Dam,water levels at Chongqing,will rise up to 15 metres,when the dams reservoir is,filled to its highest level on,completion in 2009.(AP,Photo/Greg Baker),14,PROS,15,Flood control,The,reservoirs,22,km3(28.9,
18、billion,cubic,yard),flood,storage,capacity,will,lessen,the,frequency,of,big,downstream,floods,from,once,every,10,years to once every 100 years.It protects life,and property.,16,Navigation,The,installation,of,ship,locks,are,intended,to,increase,river,shipping,from,10,million,to,50,m,i,l,l,i,o,n,t,o,n
19、,s,a,n,n,u,a,l,l,y,w,i,t,h,t,r,a,n,s,p,o,r,t,a,t,i,o,n,costs,cut,by,30,to,37,percent.,Cheap,and,convenient,river,transport,will,be,provided.,Also,shipping,will,become,safer,since,the,gorges,have lower flowing speed of channel.,17,Agriculture,The,reservoir,stores,up,the,water,that,can,be,diverted,to,
20、irrigate,farmland.,It,increases,crop,production,and,exports,of,surplus,farm,produce,e.g.citrus fruits.,18,Energy and Environment,?,The,dam,will,generate,18,200,megawatts,of,Hydro,electric,power,the,equivalent,of,18,nuclear,power,plants.,It,will,facilitate,industrial,and,economic,development.,?,China
21、,now,relies,on,coal,for,?,of,its,electricity.,Its,air,is,among,the,foulest,in,the,world,and,contributes,to,g,l,o,b,al,w,a,rmi,n,g.,H,y,dr,o,-,e,l,ec,t,r,ic,p,o,w,e,r,i,s,a,renewable,energy,source,that,does,not,generate,waste.It improves air pollution.,19,Water Supply,Dams,can,store,rain,water,or,wat
22、er,directly,from,the,river,itself.,Then,in,case,of,a,drought,the,dam,will,still,have,a,relatively,constant,supply of water.,20,Resettlement,In,1996,floods,displaced,more,than,one,million,people,from,their,homes.,Besides,180,million,people,are,now,without,electricity,in,China.,But,15,million,people,d
23、ownstream,will,be,better,off,due,to,the,control,of,flood,and,the,supply,of,cheap,electricity.,Also,population,distribution,to,newly-opened,area,e.g.,higher,ground,of,the,dam,will be present.,21,Recreation and Tourism,The,project,provides,recreational,activities,such,as,boating,fishing,and,swimming,i
24、f,the,lake,is,not,being,used,for,drinking,water.,Also,cruise,ships,will,be,able,to,sail,at,all,time.,Thus,the,dam will serve as a new tourist spot.,22,Reputation,The,Three,Gorges,will,be,the,most,powerful,dam,ever,built.,This,is,an,important,political,status symbol for China.,23,CONS,24,Resettlement
25、,?,About 1.3 million people will eventually be,relocated from 1,400 villages in the area.By,June 2003,720,000 people,from farmers to,fishermen,had been displaced.In addition to,the hardship of resettlement,critics say,people are being moved to far less fertile land.,25,Pollution,?,The resettled peop
26、le have left dozens of,deserted towns in their wake.The buildings,include hospitals and abandoned industrial,sites.Environmentalists say refuse from,those sites will seep out and contaminate the,water.,26,Ecology/Archeology,?,Climate experts say the humidity and,temperature will increase around the
27、dam,causing unknown impact to the ecosystem.,The Yangtze basin supports fish,wild fowl,and plants,some of which are endangered.,The area slated to be submerged is famous,for its breathtaking scenery and is home to,archeological sites including burial grounds,and ancient temples.,27,Efficiency,?,Crit
28、ics say a series of smaller dams would,have fulfilled the countrys energy needs with,less impact on the environment.,28,Corruption,?,The project has been plagued by charges of,nepotism and inefficiency.After a number of,high-profile accidents,the government,ordered much of the infrastructure replace
29、d in,1999.,29,?,Concerns have surfaced about the dam itself.,There are some facts to prove.Firstly,allegations of corruption among officials,involved with the project have raised fears of,shoddy construction.The Chinese media,recently reported several incidents in which,corruption and poor construct
30、ion have led to,disasters at major building projects.Notable,among the reports was the collapse of a steel,bridge in the city of Chongqing in January,1999 that killed 40 people.,30,?,Such incidents also have,prompted rare open criticism,from the Chinese leadership,regarding the Three Gorges,Dam.In e
31、arly 1999 Chinese,Premier Zhu Rongji inspected,the dam site.He warned those,involved in the project that he,responsibility on your,shoulders is heavier than a,mountain.Any carelessness or,negligence will bring disaster,to our future generations and,cause irretrievable losses.,Zhu also suggested Chin
32、a,might invite top international,engineers to inspect the dam,and monitor its construction.,Chinese leaders have long,dreamed of taming the Yangzi,for power generation and flood,control.The rivers infamous,floods have brought destruction,and death for centuries-,1,million deaths in the 20th,century
33、alone,31,?,Dai calls Three Gorges he most environmentally,and socially destructive project in the world.She,also calls for a halt to construction and supports the,idea of a series of smaller,less disruptive,construction projects on tributaries of the Yangzi.,?,Moreover,of further concern are claims
34、the dam,might become an environmental disaster.There,have been little to no attempts made toward,removing accumulations of toxic materials and other,potential pollutants from industrial sites that will be,inundated.Experts say such materials could leach,into the reservoir,creating a health hazard.Be
35、sides,the relative lack of waste treatment plants in China,also could mean run-off from communities around,the dam would most likely go untreated directly into,the reservoir and into the Yangzi.,32,?,By severing the mighty,river and slowing the flow of,its water,the dam will cause,pollution from ind
36、ustrial and,residential sources to,concentrate in the river,rather than be flushed out at,sea,writes Chinese,journalist Jin Hui in The,River Dragon Has Come!a,recently published collection,of criticisms against the,dam.The result will be a,poisoned river.,Electrical power,derived from the dams,turbi
37、nes will provide,up to one-ninth of,Chinas output,the,government estimates,33,?,Not only these,there are also claims that the dam,will actually contribute to the silt accumulation in the,Yangzi,rather than allow larger ships to travel the,river.,?,And others dispute whether the electricity generated
38、,by the dam will be efficiently used.,?,In terms of an American scale,this dam is,somewhat akin to the electrical load between,Philadelphia and Washington D.C.being served,from a single power plant.,?,Byrne is skeptical whether the huge amount of,electricity expected to be generated by the Three,Gor
39、ges project-,meant to produce power for,Chongqing and places as far away as Shanghai-,can be efficiently and economically absorbed by,Chinas electrical system.,34,?,The social element of Three,Gorges has generated more,questions than answers.,The dam will drown more,than 100 towns once the,water sta
40、rts to rise in 2003.,Government estimates say,1.2 million people will be,resettled and that new land,is being provided for,300,000 farmers.Some,observers say the,government may be,underestimating by as many,as 700,000 the number of,people who actually will be,relocated.,The Three Gorges Dam,project
41、will require the,resettlement of 1.2,million people,according to the,government,although,observers say that,estimate may be short,by as many as 700,000,people,35,?,The issue of the farmland,much of which has been tilled by the,same Chinese families for centuries and will be lost under the,reservoirs
42、 waters,is particularly important,Byrne says.,?,One of the tragedies of this project,if just from a regional,standpoint,is that the land that is going to be flooded is some of,the most fertile in China,says Byrne.The land to where the,population is to be relocated is much less fertile.,?,Historians
43、also have questioned the dams impact on attempts to,preserve some aspects of Chinas long and illustrious history.,Archaeologists and historians have estimated nearly 1,300,important sites will disappear under the reservoirs waters.,?,Most irreplaceable,according to some experts,are sites that are,re
44、mnants of the homeland of the Ba,an ancient people who,settled in the region about 4,000 years ago.A former curator at,Beijings National Museum of Chinese History describes the area,as he last and best place to study Ba culture.,36,?,For its part,the,government is well,aware of the problems,and chal
45、lenges posed,by the Three Gorges,project.Nevertheless,Guo Shuyan,deputy,director of the Three,Gorges Project,Commission under the,State Council,has,described the project as,environmentally sound,on the whole.,The Yangzi is the longest,river in Asia and the third,longest in the world,stretching nearl
46、y 4,000 miles,across China.The worlds,longest river is the Nile;the,second longest is the,Amazon,37,?,Chinese officials note the dam may end up,providing as much as one-ninth of the,nations electrical production.Considering,that China burns 50 million tons of coal each,year for energy,their point is
47、 that the,environmental benefits outweigh the,environmental damage.,?,It appears the Three Gorges project is too far,along to be halted.More than 20,000 workers,are working around the clock on the dam,itself.The reservoir is expected to be at its,full depth by 2009.,38,Maps,39,40,41,Videos,42,43,GROUP MEMBERS:,?,Cheong Yau Kit(Kit),?,Kan Cham Chung(Kenneth),?,Luk Kwai Lung(Ryan),?,Lau Ka Ho(Max),44,THE END,Thank you for your attention,45,