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1、网络环境下医学统计学教学改革试验初探南方医科大学 王邦田 解亚宁 张超摘要医学统计学是医学院校本科生、研究生教学中的一门必修课。基于网上资源利用进行医学统计学教学改革试验，尝试利用网络教学系统整合多种教学资源，组织实施课堂教学，试图找出一种适合于网络环境下医学统计学新型教学模式。关键词网络 医学统计 教学改革一、引言医学统计学是医学院校本科生、研究生教学中的一门必修课，也是医务工作者开展科学研究的必备工具。但是对于多数受训者或从事理论与实践研究人员来说，其数学功底相对较为薄弱，对医学统计学中大量公式的原理、参数设置，适应范围等难以理解。特别是传统教学中，只注重对相关知识的系统讲授，教学形式单一
2、，教学中重点、难点多，讲述内容又抽象，很难激发学生的学习热情。再者，教学与实际应用相脱节，教学中大量介绍的是公式原理和分析方法的计算过程，但是实际应用中，一般会借助于处理软件，不必掌握复杂的计算公式和计算过程就可以算出结果，这就容易造成学生学而不用，很快会忘记所学的内容。另外，重点放在计算公式和计算过程上，而忽视公式的应用条件，易导致学生在遇到具体问题时把握不住选择何种统计分析方法，或者乱用统计分析方法处理问题，从而得出错误的结论。随着网络计算机应用于教学的普及化，我们在教学中尝试应用网络辅助医学统计学课堂教学，但效果甚微。2003年我们参加广东省高等学校现代教育技术培训班学习，听了广东省高等
3、学校教育技术中心主任、博士生导师李克东教授和华南师范大学教育信息技术学院谢幼如教授等老师的专题讲座，很受启发。2004年我们申请了广东省高等学校现代教育技术“151工程”，基于网上资源利用进行医学统计学教学改革试验，尝试利用网络教学系统整合多种教学资源，组织实施课堂教学，探讨适合于网络环境下医学统计学新型教学模式，探讨网络教学的适宜性和教学效果的有效性。二、试验内容教学设计试验选择统计描述4个学时重点教学内容，将传统Powerpoint与教师课堂讲授录像集成，组成以讲授教材、电子教案、网络教材、网上相关教学素材为要素的教学内容体系，组织实施教学。试验对象为中医本科2004级35名学生，先后组织
4、学生实施传统教学和网络教学，传统教学采用讲授法，网络教学采用重点讲授与学生自主学习相结合的方式教学，然后进行教学效果对比分析，找出存在不足，以便进一步改进、调整，逐步完善，取得理想的效果。网络教学过程设计，首先，教师播放讲授录像，指明教学目标和教学重点，重点讲授（2个学时）；其次，学生利用网络系统自主学习讨论，教师指导、巡查（1个学时）；再次，教师在线出题，进行在线测试，了解学生学习情况和存在的问题（0.5个学时）；最后，教师总结，解答疑点，提出注意事项，并布置课后作业（0.5个学时）。教学设计图如下：讲授教材/播放提出问题教师指导教师点评布置实践、操作实例、提供操作工具教师指导教师总结评价总
5、结自主学习教师指导重点讲解观看、思考、分析开始ppt交流讨论网站查阅资料/自学网站学生实践操作视频、ppt查阅操作案例实践测试结束三、 问卷调查分析通过发放问卷调查表，了解学生反馈意见，分析传统教学与网络教学的差异性。共下发调查表35份，收回有效问卷32份。对调查表的16项指标分别进行统计分析，选择双侧=0.05的T检验，结果显示，有2项指标对比分析具有差异（P0.05），3项指标具有显著性差异（P3），P值都在0.5以上，表明两种教学方式都可取得较好的效果。这可能与所选择的教学内容较为易学有一定关系，它不能显示出采用新型教学方式的优势，有必要选择较难的知识内容再进行试验，进一步探讨网络教学模
6、式的适宜性和教学效果；另外，网络教学本身只是一种教学手段，熏陶人格、培养科学精神等主要还是靠人、靠教师潜移默化的引导、教育，网络教学模式还不能取代教师的作用，这也需要进一步研究和证实。通过反馈调查，反映教学过程中存在的问题有：播放录像欠清晰，讲授占用时间过长，计算公式繁琐等。对此，我们将做出改进。由于实际运用中，多数学生并不关心计算公式的组成，只是借助于计算器或EXCEL将数据输入，再利用计算机的功能直接将结果列出来。为此，我们可以减少计算过程的讲授时间，减少公式的推导演示过程讲解时间，增加处理软件的讲授和演示教学，强化应用性训练，指导学生利用相关资源的学习，达到实际自主会学会用的目的。作者简
7、介王邦田（1965-），男，广东省广州市人，南方医科大学医学教育研究室，副教授，主要从事医学教学研究工作；解亚宁，男，广东省广州市人，南方医科大学应用心理学教研室，教授，主要从事心理测量教学和研究工作；张超，男，广东省广州市人，南方医科大学医学统计学教研室，副教授，主要从事医学统计学教学工作。（广东 广州 510515）作者单位 南方医科大学医学教育研究室地址：广州市广州大道北1838号18栋Email：jyzdzx电话：020-61648522Editors note: Judson Jones is a meteorologist, journalist and photographer.
8、 He has freelanced with CNN for four years, covering severe weather from tornadoes to typhoons. Follow him on Twitter: jnjonesjr (CNN) - I will always wonder what it was like to huddle around a shortwave radio and through the crackling static from space hear the faint beeps of the worlds first satel
9、lite - Sputnik. I also missed watching Neil Armstrong step foot on the moon and the first space shuttle take off for the stars. Those events were way before my time.As a kid, I was fascinated with what goes on in the sky, and when NASA pulled the plug on the shuttle program I was heartbroken. Yet th
10、e privatized space race has renewed my childhood dreams to reach for the stars.As a meteorologist, Ive still seen many important weather and space events, but right now, if you were sitting next to me, youd hear my foot tapping rapidly under my desk. Im anxious for the next one: a space capsule hang
11、ing from a crane in the New Mexico desert.Its like the set for a George Lucas movie floating to the edge of space.You and I will have the chance to watch a man take a leap into an unimaginable free fall from the edge of space - live.The (lack of) air up there Watch man jump from 96,000 feet Tuesday,
12、 I sat at work glued to the live stream of the Red Bull Stratos Mission. I watched the balloons positioned at different altitudes in the sky to test the winds, knowing that if they would just line up in a vertical straight line we would be go for launch.I feel this mission was created for me because
13、 I am also a journalist and a photographer, but above all I live for taking a leap of faith - the feeling of pushing the envelope into uncharted territory.The guy who is going to do this, Felix Baumgartner, must have that same feeling, at a level I will never reach. However, it did not stop me from
14、feeling his pain when a gust of swirling wind kicked up and twisted the partially filled balloon that would take him to the upper end of our atmosphere. As soon as the 40-acre balloon, with skin no thicker than a dry cleaning bag, scraped the ground I knew it was over.How claustrophobia almost groun
15、ded supersonic skydiverWith each twist, you could see the wrinkles of disappointment on the face of the current record holder and capcom (capsule communications), Col. Joe Kittinger. He hung his head low in mission control as he told Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic
16、 descent could happen as early as Sunday.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower le
17、vel of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the
18、 boundary layer (called the tropopause), he can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet (22.7 miles/36.53 kilometers). Here, Fearless Felix will unclip. He will roll back the door.Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resem
19、bling an Olympic diving platform.Below, the Earth becomes the concrete bottom of a swimming pool that he wants to land on, but not too hard. Still, hell be traveling fast, so despite the distance, it will not be like diving into the deep end of a pool. It will be like he is diving into the shallow e
20、nd.Skydiver preps for the big jumpWhen he jumps, he is expected to reach the speed of sound - 690 mph (1,110 kph) - in less than 40 seconds. Like hitting the top of the water, he will begin to slow as he approaches the more dense air closer to Earth. But this will not be enough to stop him completel
21、y.If he goes too fast or spins out of control, he has a stabilization parachute that can be deployed to slow him down. His team hopes its not needed. Instead, he plans to deploy his 270-square-foot (25-square-meter) main chute at an altitude of around 5,000 feet (1,524 meters).In order to deploy thi
22、s chute successfully, he will have to slow to 172 mph (277 kph). He will have a reserve parachute that will open automatically if he loses consciousness at mach speeds.Even if everything goes as planned, it wont. Baumgartner still will free fall at a speed that would cause you and me to pass out, an
23、d no parachute is guaranteed to work higher than 25,000 feet (7,620 meters).It might not be the moon, but Kittinger free fell from 102,800 feet in 1960 - at the dawn of an infamous space race that captured the hearts of many. Baumgartner will attempt to break that record, a feat that boggles the mind. This is one of those monumental moments I will always remember, because there is no way Id miss this.
