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1、 毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译译文题目1 INTEGRATION OF MACHINERY 译文题目2 Hydraulic Station and the development of hydraulic components Profiles 译文题目3Programmable Logic Controllers学 院 机械学院 专 业 机械电子工程 班 级 BJ0807 学 号 081002070744 姓 名 指导教师 定稿日期： 2012 年 2月18 日机电一体化摘要机电一体化是现代科学技术发展的必然结果,本文简述了机电一体化技术的基本概要和发展背景。综述了国内外机电一体化技术的现状
2、，分析了机电一体化技术的发展趋势。关键词机电一体化 技术 现状 产品 制造技术 发展趋势1 绪论现代科学技术的不断发展，极大地推动了不同学科的交叉与渗透，导致了工程领域的技术革命与改造。在机械工程领域，由于微电子技术和计算机技术的迅速发展及其向机械工业的渗透所形成的机电一体化，使机械工业的技术结构、产品机构、功能与构成、生产方式及管理体系发生了巨大变化，使工业生产由机械电气化迈入了机电一体化为特征的发展阶段。2 机电一体化概要机电一体化是指在机构得主功能、动力功能、信息处理功能和控制功能上引进电子技术，将机械装置与电子化设计及软件结合起来所构成的系统的总称。机电一体化发展至今也已成为一门有着自
3、身体系的新型学科，随着科学技术的不但发展，还将被赋予新的内容。但其基本特征可概括为：机电一体化是从系统的观点出发，综合运用机械技术、微电子技术、自动控制技术、计算机技术、信息技术、传感测控技术、电力电子技术、接口技术、信息变换技术以及软件编程技术等群体技术，根据系统功能目标和优化组织目标，合理配置与布局各功能单元，在多功能、高质量、高可靠性、低能耗的意义上实现特定功能价值，并使整个系统最优化的系统工程技术。由此而产生的功能系统，则成为一个机电一体化系统或机电一体化产品。因此，机电一体化涵盖技术和产品两个方面。只是，机电一体化技术是基于上述群体技术有机融合的一种综合技术，而不是机械技术、微电子技
4、术以及其它新技术的简单组合、拼凑。这是机电一体化与机械加电气所形成的机械电气化在概念上的根本区别。机械工程技术有纯技术发展到机械电气化，仍属传统机械，其主要功能依然是代替和放大的体力。但是发展到机电一体化后，其中的微电子装置除可取代某些机械部件的原有功能外，还能赋予许多新的功能，如自动检测、自动处理信息、自动显示记录、自动调节与控制自动诊断与保护等。即机电一体化产品不仅是人的手与肢体的延伸，还是人的感官与头脑的眼神，具有智能化的特征是机电一体化与机械电气化在功能上的本质区别。3 机电一体化的发展状况机电一体化的发展大体可以分为3个阶段。20世纪60年代以前为第一阶段，这一阶段称为初级阶段。在这
5、一时期，人们自觉不自觉地利用电子技术的初步成果来完善机械产品的性能。特别是在第二次世界大战期间，战争刺激了机械产品与电子技术的结合，这些机电结合的军用技术，战后转为民用，对战后经济的恢复起了积极的作用。那时研制和开发从总体上看还处于自发状态。由于当时电子技术的发展尚未达到一定水平，机械技术与电子技术的结合还不可能广泛和深入发展，已经开发的产品也无法大量推广。20世纪7080年代为第二阶段，可称为蓬勃发展阶段。这一时期，计算机技术、控制技术、通信技术的发展，为机电一体化的发展奠定了技术基础。大规模、超大规模集成电路和微型计算机的迅猛发展，为机电一体化的发展提供了充分的物质基础。这个时期的特点是：
6、首先在日本被普遍接受，大约到20世纪80年代末期在世界范围内得到比较广泛的承认；机电一体化技术和产品得到了极大发展；各国均开始对机电一体化技术和产品给以很大的关注和支持。化进入深入发展时期。一方面，光学、通信技术等进入了20世纪90年代后期，开始了机电一体化技术向智能化方向迈进的新阶段，机电一体机电一体化，微细加工技术也在机电一体化中崭露头脚，出现了光机电一体化和微机电一体化等新分支；另一方面对机电一体化系统的建模设计、分析和集成方法，机电一体化的学科体系和发展趋势都进行了深入研究。同时，由于人工智能技术、神经网络技术及光纤技术等领域取得的巨大进步，为机电一体化技术开辟了发展的广阔天地。这些研
7、究，将促使机电一体化进一步建立完整的基础和逐渐形成完整的科学体系。我国是从20世纪80年代初才开始在这方面研究和应用。国务院成立了机电一体化领导小组并将该技术列为863计划中。在制定九五规划和2010年发展纲要时充分考虑了国际上关于机电一体化技术的发展动向和由此可能带来的影响。许多大专院校、研究机构及一些大中型企业对这一技术的发展及应用做了大量的工作，不取得了一定成果，但与日本等先进国家相比仍有相当差距。4 机电一体化的发展趋势机电一体化是集机械、电子、光学、控制、计算机、信息等多学科的交叉综合，它的发展和进步依赖并促进相关技术的发展和进步。因此，机电一体化的主要发展方向如下：智能化是21世纪
8、机电一体化技术发展的一个重要发展方向。人工智能在机电一体化建设者的研究日益得到重视，机器人与数控机床的智能化就是重要应用。这里所说的智能化是对机器行为的描述，是在控制理论的基础上，吸收人工智能、运筹学、计算机科学、模糊数学、心理学、生理学和混沌动力学等新思想、新方法，模拟人类智能，使它具有判断推理、逻辑思维、自主决策等能力，以求得到更高的控制目标。诚然，使机电一体化产品具有与人完全相同的智能，是不可能的，也是不必要的。但是，高性能、高速的微处理器使机电一体化产品赋有低级智能或人的部分智能，则是完全可能而又必要的。在现代制造过程中，信息不仅已成为主宰制造产业的决定性因素，而且还是最活跃的驱动因素
9、。提高制造系统的信息处理能力已成为现代制造科学发展的一个重点。由于制造系统信息组织和结构的多层次性，制造信息的获取、集成与融合呈现出立体性、信息度量的多维性、以及信息组织的多层次性。在制造信息的结构模型、制造信息的一致性约束、传播处理和海量数据的制造知识库管理等方面，都还有待进一步突破。各种人工智能工具和计算智能方法在制造中的广泛应用促进了制造智能的发展。一类基于生物进化算法的计算智能工具，在包括调度问题在内的组合优化求解技术领域中，受到越来越普遍的关注，有望在制造中完成组合优化问题时的求解速度和求解精度方面双双突破问题规模的制约。制造智能还表现在：智能调度、智能设计、智能加工、机器人学、智能
10、控制、智能工艺规划、智能诊断等多方面。现代机械工程的前沿科学间的交叉融合将产生新的科学聚集，经济的发展和社会的进步对科学技术产生了新的要求和期望，从而形成前沿科学。前沿科学也就是已解决的和未解决的科学问题之间的界域。前沿科学具有明显的时域、领域和动态特性。工程前沿科学区别于一般基础科学的重要特征是它涵盖了工程实际中出现的关键科学技术问题。制造系统是一个复杂的大系统，为满足制造系统敏捷性、快速响应和快速重组的能力，必须借鉴信息科学、生命科学和社会科学等多学科的研究成果，探索制造系统新的体系结构、制造模式和制造系统有效的运行机制。制造系统优化的组织结构和良好的运行状况是制造系统建模、仿真和优化的主
11、要目标。制造系统新的体系结构不仅对制造企业的敏捷性和对需求的响应能力及可重组能力有重要意义，而且对制造企业底层生产设备的柔性和可动态重组能力提出了更高的要求。生物制造观越来越多地被引入制造系统，以满足制造系统新的要求。21世纪将是生命科学的世纪，机械科学和生命科学的深度融合将产生全新概念的产品(如智能仿生结构)，开发出新工艺(如生长成形工艺)和开辟一系列的新产业，并为解决产品设计、制造过程和系统中一系列难题提供新的解决方法。这是一个极富创新和挑战的前沿领域。从生命现象中学习组织与运行复杂系统的方法和技巧，是今后解决目前制造业所面临许多难题的一条有效出路。仿生制造指的是模仿生物器官的自组织、自愈
12、合、自增长与自进化等功能结构和运行模式的一种制造系统与制造过程。制造在机制的驱动下，在组织结构和运行模式上不断自我完善、从而提高对于环境适应能力的过程。为自下而上的产品并行设计、制造工艺规程的自动生成、生产系统的动态重组以及产品和制造系统的自动趋优提供了理论基础和实现条件。制造属于制造科学和生命科学的远缘杂交，它将对21世纪的制造业产生巨大的影响。INTEGRATION OF MACHINERYABSTRACTMachinery was the modern science and technology development inevitable result, this article h
13、as summarized the integration of machinery technology basic outline and the development background .Summarized the domestic and foreign integration of machinery technology present situation, has analyzed the integration of machinery technology trend of development. Key word： integration of machinery
14、 ，technology， present situation ，product t，echnique of manufacture ，trend of development 0. Introduction modern science and technology unceasing development, impelled different discipline intersecting enormously with the seepage, has caused the project domain technological revolution and the transfo
15、rmation .In mechanical engineering domain, because the microelectronic technology and the computer technology rapid development and forms to the mechanical industry seepage the integration of machinery, caused the mechanical industry the technical structure, the product organization, the function an
16、d the constitution, the production method and the management system has had the huge change, caused the industrial production to enter into the integration of machinery by the machinery electrification for the characteristic development phase.1. Integration of machinery outline integration of machin
17、ery is refers in the organization new owner function, the power function, in the information processing function and the control function introduces the electronic technology, unifies the system the mechanism and the computerization design and the software which constitutes always to call. The integ
18、ration of machinery development also has become one to have until now own system new discipline, not only develops along with the science and technology, but also entrusts with the new content .But its basic characteristic may summarize is: The integration of machinery is embarks from the system vie
19、wpoint, synthesis community technologies and so on utilization mechanical technology, microelectronic technology, automatic control technology, computer technology, information technology, sensing observation and control technology, electric power electronic technology, connection technology, inform
20、ation conversion technology as well as software programming technology, according to the system function goal and the optimized organization goal, reasonable disposition and the layout various functions unit, in multi-purpose, high grade, redundant reliable, in the low energy consumption significanc
21、e realize the specific function value, and causes the overall system optimization the systems engineering technology .From this produces functional system, then becomes an integration of machinery systematic or the integration of machinery product. Therefore, integration of machinery covering techno
22、logy and product two aspects .Only is, the integration of machinery technology is based on the above community technology organic fusion one kind of comprehensive technology, but is not mechanical technical, the microelectronic technology as well as other new technical simple combination, pieces tog
23、ether .This is the integration of machinery and the machinery adds the machinery electrification which the electricity forms in the concept basic difference .The mechanical engineering technology has the merely technical to develop the machinery electrification, still was the traditional machinery,
24、its main function still was replaces with the enlargement physical strength .But after develops the integration of machinery, micro electron installment besides may substitute for certain mechanical parts the original function, but also can entrust with many new functions, like the automatic detecti
25、on, the automatic reduction information, demonstrate the record, the automatic control and the control automatic diagnosis and the protection automatically and so on .Not only namely the integration of machinery product is humans hand and body extending, humans sense organ and the brains look, has t
26、he intellectualized characteristic is the integration of machinery and the machinery electrification distinguishes in the function essence.2. Integration of machinery development condition integration of machinery development may divide into 3 stages roughly.20th century 60s before for the first sta
27、ge, this stage is called the initial stage .In this time, the people determination not on own initiative uses the electronic technology the preliminary achievement to consummate the mechanical product the performance .Specially in Second World War period, the war has stimulated the mechanical produc
28、t and the electronic technology union, these mechanical and electrical union military technology, postwar transfers civilly, to postwar economical restoration positive function .Developed and the development at that time generally speaking also is at the spontaneous condition .Because at that time t
29、he electronic technology development not yet achieved certain level, mechanical technical and electronic technology union also not impossible widespread and thorough development, already developed the product was also unable to promote massively. The 20th century 7080 ages for the second stage, may
30、be called the vigorous development stage .This time, the computer technology, the control technology, the communication development, has laid the technology base for the integration of machinery development . Large-scale, ultra large scale integrated circuit and microcomputer swift and violent devel
31、opment, has provided the full material base for the integration of machinery development .This time characteristic is :A mechatronics word first generally is accepted in Japan, probably obtains the quite widespread acknowledgment to 1980s last stages in the worldwide scale ;The integration of machin
32、ery technology and the product obtained the enormous development ;The various countries start to the integration of machinery technology and the product give the very big attention and the support. 1990s later periods, started the integration of machinery technology the new stage which makes great s
33、trides forward to the intellectualized direction, the integration of machinery enters the thorough development time .At the same time, optics, the communication and so on entered the integration of machinery, processes the technology also zhan to appear tiny in the integration of machinery the foot,
34、 appeared the light integration of machinery and the micro integration of machinery and so on the new branch; On the other hand to the integration of machinery system modeling design, the analysis and the integrated method, the integration of machinery discipline system and the trend of development
35、has all conducted the thorough research .At the same time, because the huge progress which domains and so on artificial intelligence technology, neural network technology and optical fiber technology obtain, opened the development vast world for the integration of machinery technology .These researc
36、h, will urge the integration of machinery further to establish the integrity the foundation and forms the integrity gradually the scientific system. Our country is only then starts from the beginning of 1980s in this aspect to study with the application .The State Council had been established the in
37、tegration of machinery leading group and lists as 863 plans this technology .When formulated 95 the plan and in 2010 developed the summary had considered fully on international the influence which and possibly brought from this about the integration of machinery technology development trend .Many un
38、iversities, colleges and institutes, the development facility and some large and middle scale enterprises have done the massive work to this technical development and the application, does not yield certain result, but and so on the advanced countries compared with Japan still has the suitable dispa
39、rity. 3. Integration of machinery trend of development integrations of machinery are the collection machinery, the electron, optics, the control, the computer, the information and so on the multi-disciplinary overlapping syntheses, its development and the progress rely on and promote the correlation
40、 technology development and the progress .Therefore, the integration of machinery main development direction is as follows:3.1 Intellectualized intellectualizations are 21st century integration of machinery technological development important development directions .The artificial intelligence obtai
41、ns day by day in the integration of machinery constructors research takes, the robot and the numerical control engine bed intellectualization is the important application .Here said the intellectualization is to the machine behavior description, is in the control theory foundation, the absorption ar
42、tificial intelligence, the operations research, the computer science, the fuzzy mathematics, the psychology, the physiology and the chaos dynamics and so on the new thought, the new method, simulate the human intelligence, enable it to have abilities and so on judgment inference, logical thinking, i
43、ndependent decision-making, obtains the higher control goal in order to .Indeed, enable the integration of machinery product to have with the human identical intelligence, is not impossible, also is nonessential .But, the high performance, the high speed microprocessor enable the integration of mach
44、inery product to have preliminary intelligent or humans partial intelligences, then is completely possible and essential.In the modern manufacture process, the information has become the control manufacture industry the determining factor, moreover is the most active actuation factor .Enhances the m
45、anufacture system information-handling capacity to become the modern manufacture science development a key point .As a result of the manufacture system information organization and structure multi-level, makes the information the gain, the integration and the fusion presents draws up the character,
46、information measure multi-dimensional, as well as information organizations multi-level .In the manufacture information structural model, manufacture information uniform restraint, dissemination processing and magnanimous data aspects and so on manufacture knowledge library management, all also wait
47、 for further break through.Each kind of artificial intelligence tool and the computation intelligence method promoted the manufacture intelligence development in the manufacture widespread application .A kind based on the biological evolution algorithm computation intelligent agent, in includes the
48、scheduling problem in the combination optimization solution area of technology, receives the more and more universal attention, hopefully completes the combination optimization question when the manufacture the solution speed and the solution precision aspect breaks through the question scale in pairs the restriction .The manufacture intelligence also displays in: The intelligent dispatch, the intelligent design, the intelligent processing, the robot study, the intelligent control, the intelligent craft plan, the intelligent diagnosis and so on are various
