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1、 An Analysis of the Religious Cause of the English Revolutionby A thesis presented to the School of English Studies ofXian International Studies Universityin partial fulfillment of the requirementsfor the degree ofBachelor of ArtsMay 18, 2012Class: 2008-21 Advisor: 西安外国语大学毕 业 论 文 开 题 报 告姓名性别男班级2008-
2、21学号0801012126论文题目：An Analysis of the Religious Cause of the English Revolution浅析英国革命的宗教原因任务起止日期: 2011 年8 月29 日 至 2012 年 5月18日论文主要内容：在16世纪的英国爆发了一场宗教改革，由于它的不彻底性导致了一场广泛的清教运动，这场运动愈演愈烈，最终导致了英国革命的爆发。长期的研究表明：宗教问题是引发英国革命的重要原因之一。宗教问题首先源于英国宗教改革的不彻底性，这是宗教问题的根源。宗教问题还体现在国教会的深层次问题上，这些因素构成了影响宗教发展的潜在危机。在查理一世和劳德的宗教
3、高压政策下，复杂的宗教问题迅速深化。至 17世纪30 年代末，宗教危机逐渐政治化，政治也逐渐清教化。在苏格兰宗教革命的冲击下，英国革命终于爆发。英国革命是一场政治革命，同时也是由深刻、复杂的宗教问题引发的宗教革命。参考文献：Collinson, Patrick, English Puritanism. London: The HistoricalAssociation, 1983. Hill, Christopher, The English Revolution 1640: an essay. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1966. Stone, Lawrence
4、, The Causes of the English Revolution. London: Routledge, 1986. 柴惠庭：英国清教，上海：中国上海科学院出版社，1994 年版。 钱乘旦、许洁明：英国通史，上海：中国上海科学院出版社，2002 年版。 指导教师 (签名)年 月 日浅析英国革命的宗教原因摘要：英国革命是英国历史上的重大事件，它对英国的历史发展进程产生了重大影响。 探讨宗教与英国革命爆发之间的关系这一问题一直为西方史学界所关注。长期的研究表明：宗教问题是引发英国革命的重要原因之一。宗教问题首先源于英国宗教改革的不彻底性，这是宗教问题的根源。宗教问题还体现在国教会的深层
5、次问题上，这些因素构成了影响宗教发展的潜在危机。在查理一世和劳德的宗教高压政策下，复杂的宗教问题迅速深化。至 17 世界 30 年代末，宗教危机逐渐政治化，政治也逐渐清教化。在苏格兰宗教革命的冲击下，英国革命终于爆发。英国革命是一场政治革命，同时也是由深刻、复杂的宗教问题引发的宗教革命。 关键词：英国革命;安立甘宗国教;清教;劳德;查理一世 An Analysis of the Religional Cause of the English RevolutionAbstract：The English Revolution was a major event in the history of
6、 England, which made an important influence on the development of English history. The research concentrating on the relationships between the religious problems and the break out of the English Revolution attracts many historians relevant researches. The longterm achievements in this field show tha
7、t the religious problem is one of the complex origins of the Revolution. The religious problems derived from the English Reformation, which reserved many religious traditions，and this moderate reformation left England the roots of religious problems. Moreover, it is the Anglican Churchs deep-rooted
8、problems that attributed the potential religious crises. Under the high pressure religious policies conducted by King Charles I and Archbishop Laud, the religious problems deepened and incurred new crises. In the late 30s of the seventeenth century, the religious problems were politicized and the po
9、litical affaires were puritanized. Infused by the Scottish religious revolution, the English Revolution triggered. It is obvious that the English Revolution is a political revolution, and meanwhile a religious revolution precipitated by the profound and complex religious troubles. Key Words: the Eng
10、lish Revolution;the Anglican Church;Puritanism :Laud;King Charles ITable of Content1. Introduction.12. The Hidden Religious Contradiction in England.33. The Appearance of Religious Contradiction in England.63.1 The position of Religion in English People.63.2 The decline of Anglican Churchs secular p
11、ower and authority.73.3 Serious economic problems of Anglican Church.83.4 The differentiation of Anglican Church and the development of Puritanism.94. The Intensification of Religious Contradiction in England.11 4.1 High-handed Measure in Anglican Church.11 4.2 The division of Anglican Church itself
12、 and Intensification of Religious Contradiction.12 4.3 The Religious Problems of Scotland.135. C0nclusion.14Works cited.151. Introduction The relationships between Religion and English Revolution are alaways hotspots in current history study(Gong Yanli 97). In the end of 19th century, Samuel R. Gard
13、iner who is English Whigs historian said that the English Revolution was a puritan revolution people strived for freedom and rebellioned against the King of England in his book History of the Great Civil War. In order to elaborate clearly this question, Gardiner analysed the relationships between Re
14、ligion and English Revolution deeply. He held that the politicalization of Religion issues was the direct cause of this revolution and the puritan problems was the primary element the revolution broke out. The research caused a longterms doubt and debate in west historians at that time. Enters to th
15、e 20th century, the study of this area was made deeper than before. In this time, scholors focused on the macro social and economic background before or after the revolution, R. H. Tawney and Chistopher Hill of marxims were the two outstanding representatives of them. Their research scope was not li
16、mited the area of Religion and Politics, but attached the importance to the social and economic influences. They thought that the religious features of English Revolution mainly showed the social and economic crisis, the religious crisis was only the superficial factor. In the end of 20th century, t
17、he revisionist school rose in history sthdy, the school revised and even negated the traditional social and economic views. Conrad Russell and John Morrill represented by the revisionism negated the social and economic factors of the Revolution, thought that the breaking out of the Revolution mainly
18、 originated from some occasional elements, in this situation, the religious contradiction was the direct and primary cause(Hill 68). Morril even suggested that the English Revolution was not the first European revolution but the very last religious war(Morill 178). Longterms research showed that ana
19、lyzing the religious contradiction before the revolution was an indispensable work for probing into the origion of this Revolution. For current chinese historians, the history of English Revolution has been a research focus. However the scholars often pay too little attention to the religous factors
20、 of the Revolution, even if in some professional works, this research was rarely mentioned. This paper will mainly studies the entire development history of the English Religion and Reformation before the Revolution and discusses the direct influence of religious contradiction to the English Revolut
21、ion, and try to figure out the relationships between the Religion and the English Reformation. 2. The Hidden Religious Contradiction in England The English religious problems have long been clear and its origions can trace back to the English Reformation. After 1527, King Henry the Eighth asked the
22、pope to agree that his divorce with the Queen Katherine because she was incapable of giving birth to a son, but her demands was rufused time and again, hence Henry decided to break the popes authority, English Reformation has began.At the begining of the English Reformation, Henry forced the parliam
23、ent to make laws, took the measures of compulsory dissolution of monasteries and built many new episcopates, by doing theses matters to make himself the only Churchs authority and lead the Church of England divorced from Roman Catholic Church. However, the Church of England was different from the co
24、ntinental Protestantism, Henry did not want to abondon the Catholic Church and only wanted the Church of England to be a Catholic Church without pope, so Henrys Reformation went no further(Roberts 245).During the instant rules of King Edward the Sixth( 1547-1553), the English Reformation went furthe
25、r again. In 1548, the Archbishop of Canterburg Cranmer complet the book Common Prayer written in English, the book adopted the intermediate form, but in substance it was protenstantism. Edward asked the whole English priests to use this book in religious service(Roberts 289). In 1552, the second edi
26、tion of Common Prayer published and its protestant ideas was more than the first edition.Edwards early death and Mary Is coming to the throne led the English political situation to the turbulence, the English Reformation suffered an setback. Mary I recovered the Catholic church in England and the pr
27、otestants was persecuted and suppressed, England faced the danger of war because of religious contradiction.Mary I died, Elizabeth I ascend the throne. Elizabeth I decided to stablize the domestic political situation firstly. In order to safeguard national unity and ethnic solidarity, she chose to c
28、arry out the Reformation . She held the parliament passed Act of Supremacy and Act of Uniformity in 1559, the Act of Supremacy confirmed that Elizabeth was the only governor of Church of England, the Act of Uniformity required that every episcopates used the new revised Common Prayer of 1552. The tw
29、o laws reflected the Church of England tended to be protestant. In 1563, the conference of priests passed the revised Thirty-nine Articles based on the Forty-two Articles, which showed the tendency of Calvins protestantism. General speaking, the Church of England was the combination of Catholicism,
30、Calvinism and loyalty to the King of England.In 1571, the parliament passed the Act of Subscription, it required that every priest must obeyed the Thirty-nine Articles, otherwaise would be fined(Morgan 303). Since Elizabeth Is first parliament began in1559, the application and implementation of thes
31、e church rules and documents was historically known as the Elizabethan settlement. It was the reflection of half-measured, which based on the complex political situation and religious contradiction, and mediated the contradictions of every parties. On one hand, it continuously carried out the Reform
32、ation and got out of Roman Catholic Churchs control; on the other hand, it prevented the Reformation from radicalization , and made the religious contradiction relieved and avoided the nation divided.The half-measured policy was known as the middle road(Collinson 13), thus, throughout forty years fr
33、ustration, the English Reformation has finished, the self-governed Anglican Church was established.Elizabeth Is rules in forty years proved that the middle road was correct from political perspective. It made England avoided a civil war and led the Dudor to the stablity and prosperity. Although the
34、Anglican Church showed the strong tolerance and compromise , it was favourable to maintain the national stablity. Genarally, the Reformation was not incompleted.The incompleteness of English Reformation mainly showed in two aspects. First, it concentrated on the conservativeness of the Anglican Chur
35、ch. Specifically, in doctrine,the traditional etiquette and system of Catholicism was reserved in Reformation. Thirty-nine Articles adopted the doctotrine of continental protestantism such as justification, redemption, tritheism, incarnation and resurrection of Jesus Christ, especially took the core
36、 of calvinism. In institution, the Catholic Episcopacy has been maintained completely and the Holy Order was also reserved. Thirty-nine Articles stated clearly that the Holy Order was consist of archbishop, bishop, archdeacon and deacon(Chai Huiting 69). In etiquette, the Church of England reserved
37、the catholic tradition, Common Prayer II tended to simplify the etiquette of catholicism, meanwhile, it persisted that believer must wear robe, take communion by keeling, use candle camp in religious service. In addition, Common Prayer II added to large numbers of ceremonial day about religious serv
38、ice. It recovered and contaning catholicism, to some extent, which reflected the incompletiveness of Reformation and the respect for tradition. Second, the tolerance , which showed in the doctrine of Anglican Church, was the mixed stew of the dissident sects of Christian. The doctrine of Thirty-nine
39、 Articles mainly contained the Calvinism, the Lutheranism and the Zwinglianism. Thirty-nine Articles did not cite the Protestantism, but also inherit some theologistsideas such as Augustine. The doctrine of Anglican Church had the strong features of tolerance and uiversality, which showed the immatu
40、rity of Anglican Churchs doctrine(Chai Huiting 70).The incompletiveness of English Reformation made the Redicals of Anglican Church unsatisfatory, in the end of Elizabethan region, the Puritan problem appeared. The Puritan belonged to the Redical and they were not satisfied with the Anglican Church
41、and were eager to flush out the few remined Catholic of Anglican Church. The puritan established a set of movements to push the Reformation, which was known as the Prophetic movement and the Brownian movement, but Elizabeth I refused to adjust the Reformation and looked upon the puritan as the threa
42、t of national stablity, thus, she suppressed firmly the movements, however, the puritan movement still spreaded over the low class of citizens, slowly developed a serious crisis in Dudor.3. TheAppearance of Religious Contradiction in England In order to explore the influence and function of religiou
43、s crisis, there is necessary to research the position of Religion in social life of England at that time.3.1 The position of Religion in English People After the Reformation, England established the Anglican Church. Generally, the power of Roman Catholic Church was heavily decreased, but during the
44、17th century of England the church still had an very important position and influence in normal peoples life. This importance of Church mainly showed in two aspects. First, almost everyone of England believed in Christian, religious activity was the most important thing in peoples daily life. Acoord
45、ing to the religious laws, “every believer must attend the religious service on Sundays, otherwise, would be fined; every believer must contribute to tithe, otherwise, would be seen as illegal. In addtion, by Inquisition Church supervised and regulated peoples says and moves, if there were believers, who were seen as the heathen, or were absent from the important religious activities, or did not contribute to the tithe, or did the housework on Sundays and so on,would be punished.In some remote and poor villages, the par
