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1、学校代码：10904学 士 学 位 论 文Impacts of Cultural Differences on International姓 名：学 号：指导教师：学 院：专 业：完成日期：学 士 学 位 论 文Impacts of Cultural Differences on International姓 名：学 号：指导教师：学 院：专 业：完成日期：摘 要不同文化条件下的商务谈判就是跨文化谈判。在世界经济日趋全球化的今天，随着国际间商务交往活动的频繁和密切，各国间的文化差异就显得格外的重要，否则将会引起不必要的误会，甚至可能直接影响商务交往的实际效果。这意味着如何化解各国不同文化背景在
2、国际商务谈判中是非常重要的。文章从文化差异的类型入手，然后解释了这些文化差异对国际商务谈判的影响，最后分析了如何正确解决谈判过程中文化差异的问题。文章强调了这样一个观点，在不同国家商务谈判中，谈判员应该接受对方的文化，并试图使自己被对方所接受，然后在有效沟通的帮助下做出正确评估，并找出它们之间的真正利益。此外，我们应该尽可能的清楚的了解并发现对方的文化。这对文化谈判的成功至关重要。关键词：文化；文化差异；商务谈判；影响AbstractThe business negotiations under different cultural conditions come to cross- cult
3、ural negotiations. With the economic globalization and the frequent business contacts, cultural differences seem to be very important; otherwise they could cause unnecessary misunderstanding, even affect the result of the business negotiations. This means it is very important to know the different c
4、ulture in different countries and the ways to avoid the culture conflicts in the international business negotiations. The article commences from the types of culture differences, then it explains the impacts of these culture differences on international business negotiation and finally it analyzes h
5、ow to deal with the problem of the cultural differences correctly in negotiation process. Such a standpoint is emphasized: In the business negotiations between different countries, negotiators should accept the other partys culture, and try to make him be accepted; then make a correct evaluation wit
6、h the help of valid communication and discover their real benefits between them. Besides, we should know clearly and try to accept the culture differences as possible as we can. It is very important for the success of culture negotiations.Key words: Culture; Cultural differences; Business negotiatio
7、n; ImpactContents1. Types of Cultural Differences11.1 Value View11.2. Negotiating Style11.3. Thinking Model12. Impact Of Cultural Differences on International Business Negotiations32.1 Impact of Value Views Differences on International Business Negotiations32.1.1 Impact of Time View Difference on Ne
8、gotiation.32.1.2 Impact of Equality View Difference on Negotiation.42.1.3 Impact of Objectivity Difference on Negotiation.52.2 Impact of Negotiating Style Differences on International Business Negotiations.52.3 Impact of Thinking Model Differences on International Business Negotiation.73. Coping Str
9、ategy Of Negotiating Across Cultures.83.1 Making Preparations before Negotiation.83.2 Overcoming Cultural Prejudice.83.3 Conquering Communication Barriers.9CONCLUSION10BIBLIOGRAPHY.11ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.12Impacts of Cultural Differences on International1. Types of Culture DifferencesThe east countries a
10、nd west countries have produced different cultures on the different continents. Among the different cultures, value views, negotiating style and thinking model appear more obvious.1.1Value ViewValue view is the standard that people use to asses objective things. It includes time view, equality view
11、and objectivity. People may draw a different or even contradictory conclusion about the same thing. Value view is one of the most important differences among the many factors. It can influence the attitude, needs and behavior of people. The value view varies from nation to nation, people know that t
12、he eastern person focus on collectivism, while the western people pay more attention to individualism.1.2. Negotiating StyleNegotiating style refers to the tolerance and graces which the negotiator shows in the negotiation. The negotiators show their negotiating style through behavior, manners and t
13、he method of controlling negotiation process during the negotiation. The negotiators negotiating style has a bearing on their culture background. According to the culture differences, negotiating style falls into two types: the east negotiating style pattern and the west negotiating style pattern.1.
14、3. Thinking ModelThinking model reflects the culture. Because of the influences of history background, continents, words and living method, different nations generate different thinking models. Surely, there is more than one thinking model of a nation, but one is more obvious compared with others. A
15、s a whole, east people, especially Chinese have strong comprehensive thinking, image thinking and curved thinking, while analytical thinking, abstract thinking and direct thinking are possessed by the west people. 2. Impact of Cultural Differences on International Business NegotiationsWith the rapid
16、 development of economy, we need to do business with businessmen under different culture background, so in order to reach trade agreement, it is necessary for us to study the impact of culture differences on international negotiation in global business activities. The impact of culture differences o
17、n international negotiation is extensive and deeply. Different cultures divide the people into different group and they are also the obstacles of peoples communication. Accordingly, it is required that the negotiator should accept the culture of each other. Furthermore, through culture differences,
18、it is important that the negotiator reveal and understand the other partys goal and behavior and make him or herself be accepted by the opponent to reach agreement finally2.1 Impact of Value Views Differences on International BusinessNegotiationsValue Views Differences on International Business Nego
19、tiations fall into three types: time view, negotiation style, thinking model. Each has big influences on business negotiation 2.1.1 Impact of Time View Difference on Negotiation. The time view which affects the negotiators behavior varies from east countries to west countries. The oriental or the Ch
20、inese negotiators are usually cautious and patient. They need to go through the phrases of coming up with proposes, bringing up objections and ending the trade which takes a longer time. And they hope to arrange rich time to go on a negotiation, thus knowing more about the opponent .They are good at
21、 long and continuous battle. While west people or we could say American people, consider time is precious. They tend to resolve problems swiftly. So, in business negotiation, American businessmen often complain about the delay and the lack of efficiency of negotiators from other countries, while the
22、se countries also make a complaint that the Americans lack patience. There is a popular saying among American negotiators and businessmen: It is prohibited to steal time. That shows the time view of Americans. To them, time means money. The time view of Chinese is cyclic. They use long-term and syst
23、ematic viewpoints to value the importance of the topic. A famous people classify the time view into two kinds: straight-line time viewand cyclic time view. The former pay more attention to concentration and speed, and the later stress doing many things at one time. That they insist on different time
24、 view leads to different negotiating style and method. The American people represent the straight-line time view and they have a strong awareness of modern competition. They look for speed and efficiency. So they value time badly and consider time as a special commodity whose value could be assessed
25、. They often use minute to calculate time .They hope to reduce negotiation time at every phrase and want to complete the negotiation quickly. But the Chinese time view is cyclic and they place emphasis on unity. Moreover, it is necessary to be punctual at negotiations. West people have a strong time
26、 view, if you dont comply with the appointment time, they may give you a punishment and they will regard you as unreliable and irresponsible person. Being late for negotiation will give the west businessmen opportunities to exert pressure onyou, and then you will lose the status of being initiative.
27、 2.1.2 Impact of Equality View Difference on NegotiationAmerica went through the bourgeoisie revolution of striving for the equality and freedom, so they take equality into their heart. Americans stick to equality and fairness in business, and hope that both could gain benefit. When introducing the
28、topic or situation, the west people would like to use concrete method, particularly data. Their negotiating method is that they will describe their viewpoint and propose at the beginning in order to get initiative. Under this principle, they would come up with a reasonable resolution which they thin
29、k is very fair. In business relationship, the sellers from America regard the buyer as a counterpart. Americans are fairer than Japanese is sharing benefits. A lot of American managers think fair division of profits is more important than how much they could get. At this point, the east people are d
30、ifferent. Because of the deeply influence of class view, they dont pay much attention to equality. They usually adopt single-win strategy in business negotiations. When involving economic benefits they think much about their own benefits and profits and dont give so much attention to the benefit of
31、their partners. The market economic system of developed countries is quite mature, so west countries take win-win strategy more in negotiation; basically, they could take the benefits of both into consideration.2.1.3 Impact of Objectivity Difference on NegotiationThe objectivity in international bus
32、iness negotiation reflects the degree to which people treat any things. West people especially Americans have a strong objectivity on the understanding of issues. At negotiation table, Americans dont care much about relationship between people. They dont care if the status of the opponent is equal t
33、o theirs. They make decision based on facts and data, not people. The saying that public things use public ways is a reflection of American objectivity. Therefore，Americans emphasize that Businessmen should distinguish people and issues, what they are really interested in is the actual problems. But
34、 in the other parts of the world, it is impossible for them to distinguish people and issues.2.2 Impact of Negotiating Style Differences on International Business NegotiationsThe impacts of negotiating style differences on international business negotiation mainly exist in negotiating method and neg
35、otiating structure. Take the negotiation between America and China as a example, since the oriental care more about unity in thinking, they method they adopt in negotiation is from unity to parts, from the big to little, from the abstract to the concrete, that is to say they should each agreement on
36、 general terms, then begin to talk about the concrete terms. And usually not until the end of the negotiation do they make compromise and promise based on all the items, and then to reach agreement. The west people are influenced by analytic thinking, so pay more attention to logical relations betwe
37、en things. They consider more about concrete things than integrity. And they tend discuss the concrete items at the beginning of negotiation, so they often resolve the price, delivery and issuance respectively at first. And they may make compromise at every detail, so the final contract is the combi
38、nation of many little agreements. The negotiating structure is linked with cultures. Negotiating structure mostly refers to the number of the participants. In business negotiation, the foreign delegation is usually composed by 3-5 people, while the Chinese one could be more 15 people. The foreign ne
39、gotiators not only need to negotiate with their counterparts but also need to discuss with related person in charge or the government. When making the final decisions, the Chinese negotiators often discuss the results repeatedly from the workers to the board to avoid being decided by a single person
40、. That results from the influence of collectivism. So they often said to their partners: Let us think about it. Let us discuss it. But the west negotiators could make the final decision without going back for discussion. That because their admire individualism and hard working. They have strong inde
41、pendence. They would carry on according to the best ways after knowing their goals. Whats more, most west people think that they have the ability to deal with the negotiation situation on their own. And truly, they are brave enough to take responsibility.2.3 Impact of Thinking Model Differences on I
42、nternational Business NegotiationThe thinking model of Chinese tends to be comprehensive, concrete and curved, while the Americans are usually analytic, abstract and straight-line. We Chinese are accustomed to talking about general principles at first and then move onto details. To Chinese negotiato
43、rs, the core is the general guideline, and the details are subject to the guideline. After figuring out the big picture, other problems are easier to resolve. It is the most obvious feature of Chinese negotiators. But west businessmen, especially Americans are likely to discuss the details first and
44、 try to avoid the principle. They value details very much and think noting about the unity. Accordingly, they want to discuss the details at the beginning of negotiation. They are direct and simple in negotiation. As a matter of fact, many facts show that General principles first have impact of cons
45、triction on the parts and details. For instance, our government insists on the principle that Hong Kong and Macao are undivided parts of Chinas territory. In the important diplomatic negotiations such as Entering into relationship with America, Hong Kongs and Macaos Coming back into their motherland
46、. It is under such principle that we established the tone of the negotiation and controlled the skeleton of the negotiation, thus we get the advantage and prompt the success of negotiation. 3. Coping Strategy of Negotiating across CulturesThe culture differences in cross-cultural communication have
47、various impacts on operation of enterprises. These differences will influence negotiation and management of transnational operation; whats more, it may have bad effects on the harmonious relationship between our country and foreign countries. Maybe that will lead to the missing of market opportuniti
48、es, the increase of trade cost and the low efficiency of company management. So, it is really necessary for us all to eliminate and avoid disadvantageous effects.3.1 Making Preparations before Negotiation. The negotiators must make good preparations if they want control the development of negotiation successfully in the complex situation. Only do they make good preparations can they make chan
