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1、,PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC C,HIN,A?The better pork people?,种猪群的营养和管理,怀孕母猪的饲喂,PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC C,HIN,A?The better pork people?,“母猪”饲喂方案,?,
2、怀孕母猪和小母猪应该限料饲喂。,?,但是，要记住两个关键要点：,1),在怀孕和整个生命过程中母猪的体重应该,持续增加。,2),母猪必须有一定量的肌体储备（背膘），,不然无法再配种。,PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC C,HIN,A?The better pork people?,“母猪”饲喂方案,?,怀孕,:,小母猪,母猪,非常瘦的母猪,?,稳定的营养水平或者配种,90,天和,90,天,产仔,PIC CHINA?The be
3、tter pork people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC C,HIN,A?The better pork people?,高产母猪连续胎次增重目标,配种时体重，,公斤,胎次,产窝仔,数,母体增重，,公斤,总增重，,公斤,125,1,10,35,53-58,150,2,11,35,55-60,175,3,12,25,47-52,190,4,12,20,42-47,200,5,12,15,40-45,210,6,11,13,35-38,218,7,10,11,30-34,PIC CH
4、INA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC C,HIN,A?The better pork people?,推荐每日能量和赖氨酸摄入量,胎次,建议净增重，,公斤,消化能，,千卡,/,天,总赖氨酸，,克,/,天,1,35,7,190,12.3,2,35,7,650,12.5,3,25,7,600,12.3,4,20,7,525,11.9,PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?The better po
5、rk people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC C,HIN,A?The better pork people?,胎次,建议净增重，,公斤,消化能，,千卡,/,天,总赖氨酸，,克,/,天,5,15,7,380,11.5,6,13,7,335,11.4,7,11,7,345,11.1,每日能量和赖氨酸推荐摄入量,PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC C,HIN,A?The better
6、pork people?,怀孕期间的饲喂管理,?,偏瘦和非常瘦的母猪,如果小母猪,/,母猪在哺乳期间体重损失很大,（肌体储备,/,背膘），饲料采食量就要相应,大量增加。,?,过多的体蛋白的损耗还会导致母猪返情,的推迟，如果体重损耗太大可能导致母,猪不再发情。,PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC C,HIN,A?The better pork people?,母猪体况评分实例图,瘦,中,良,肥,PIC CHINA?The bet
7、ter pork people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC C,HIN,A?The better pork people?,1,2,3,4,5,最适宜的,3.0,3.5,至少,2.0,平均背膘厚度,:,mm,10,11-15,16-18,19-22,22+,妊娠猪的体况评分标准,PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC C
8、,HIN,A?The better pork people?,评估母猪体况,目标是，各胎次母猪分娩时的,P2,背膘厚都,应为,18-19,毫米（最多,22,毫米）。,PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC C,HIN,A?The better pork people?,妊娠母猪体况评分和背膘厚的关系,肥,4.0,3.5,3.0,2.5,2.0,瘦,1.5,13.5(12-15),14(10-21),10.9(9-14),9.0(4
9、-15),9.7(6-17),7.0(6-8),20.0(19-21),18.9(12-28),16.5(11-28),14.6(10-18),14.0(9-19),13.5(9-18),21.6(17-29.5),19.8(15-29.5),17.1(11-27),15.6(8-24),13.9(8-22),14.1(12-15.5),P2,背膘厚,(,毫米,),猪场,A,猪场,B,猪场,C,体况评分,平均,(,范围,),平均,(,范围,),平均,(,范围,),猪群总平均,10.7(4-21)16.2(9-28)17.6(8-29.5),3.0,分,10.9(9-14)16.5(11-28)
10、17.1(11-27),PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC C,HIN,A?The better pork people?,评估体况,?,评估母猪体况的最佳时间是在配种时、,怀孕,35-40,天、怀孕,90,天和断奶时。,?,背膘测量结果应登记在母猪信息表，用,来确定采食量。,PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?
11、The better pork people?PIC C,HIN,A?The better pork people?,评估体况,?,母猪所需的保持配种时体况分在,2.5-3.0,的基础喂料量（采食量）很大程度上取,决于日粮中的能量和氨基酸（蛋白质质,量）水平。,PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC C,HIN,A?The better pork people?,麸皮对怀孕期间的采食量的影响,日采食量，公斤,麸皮,%,小母猪,2-
12、4,胎,5-7,胎,0,2.16,2.27,3.22,10,2.24,2.34,2.29,15,2.27,2.38,2.32,20,2.30,2.42,2.36,25,2.35,2.46,2.40,PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC C,HIN,A?The better pork people?,调整采食量,?,营养需求量（采食量）根据母猪的体况,差异相当大。,?,小母猪第,1,次配种时,125,公斤,+,母体增重,35,公斤
13、，在第,2,次配种时体重约,150,公斤。,?,在哺乳期间体重下降,20,公斤,必须在下次配种前恢复,20,公斤体重，或者,在下次怀孕期间多增重,20,公斤,(,增重,55,公斤，,而不是,35,公斤,),。,PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC C,HIN,A?The better pork people?,调整采食量,?,在怀孕期间母猪多增重,5,公斤就需要多吃,125,克的饲料。,如果她在哺乳期间体重损耗,10,公斤，那么
14、在,下一个怀孕阶段就需要多采食,250,克饲料,/,天。,体重损耗,15-20,公斤后的体况分相当于,2,，损,耗,25,公斤以上的体况分相当于,1,。,PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC C,HIN,A?The better pork people?,为恢复肌体储备在怀孕期间的最低采食量,平均,P2,背膘,厚度，毫米,到怀孕,65,天时所,需增加,P2,背膘厚,度，毫米,在达到背膘目标每天最,低采食量，公斤,8,11,8,3
15、.45(10,350 kcal DE),12,15,4,2.87(8,610 kcal DE),16-18,0,2.26(6,780 kcal DE),a,以含,20%,麸皮的玉米,-,豆粕型日粮为基础计算（,DE3000,千卡,/,公斤）,PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC C,HIN,A?The better pork people?,怀孕期间的饲喂管理,?,母猪从断奶到产仔可考虑分为,4,个阶段，,可能需要不同的饲喂策略
16、：,PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC C,HIN,A?The better pork people?,怀孕期间的饲喂管理,?,阶段,1,：断奶到配种,?,该阶段用来评估哺乳期间饲喂的效果，,设定肌体恢复的目标。,PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC C,HIN
17、,A?The better pork people?,怀孕期间的饲喂管理,?,阶段,2,：配种,配种后,5,天,?,怀孕前期，关系到胚胎的存活和植入,?,这段时期的饲喂会对胚胎植入子宫壁上,起决定性作用。胚胎着床失败是受精卵,和产仔数间潜在损失的重要原因。一些,研究表明。低饲料水平（后备母猪大约,1.8kg,，经产母猪,2.1kg,）能有效提高胚胎,存活率。,PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC C,HIN,A?The bett
18、er pork people?,怀孕期间的饲喂管理,?,另一项研究表明：授精后,5,天内时很重要,的。如果母猪仍保持良好的体况，即,2.5-,3.0,分时，这段时期的饲喂方法是减少饲,喂量至到妊娠,21,天。但对体况差的猪应,提高饲料水平。,PPT,条例建议体况评分为,2,分时每天饲喂,2.8kg,。体况评分为,1,很时,每天饲喂,3.4kg,，这样持续,60,天到第二次,体况评分，可以保证瘦母猪获得体况恢,复，在分娩时达到所需要的体况。,PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?Th
19、e better pork people?PIC C,HIN,A?The better pork people?,怀孕期间的饲喂管理,?,阶段,3,：配种后,5,天,配种后,90,天,?,在这段妊娠期的目的是通过调整饲喂水,平来保证母猪分娩时有合适的体况,?,饲喂量为后备母猪,2.1kg,，经产母猪,2.3kg,母猪的评分为,2,时的饲喂量为,2.8kg/,天，,评分为,1,分的饲喂量为,3.4kg/,天。采用半,分制评分时，饲料的调节将更灵敏更准,确,PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC C
20、HINA?The better pork people?PIC C,HIN,A?The better pork people?,怀孕期间的饲喂管理,?,阶段,4,：配种后,90,天到,110,天,?,胎儿的快速生长和乳腺生长期,建议无论小母猪还是母猪，应采食,9500,千卡,消化能,/,天（,3.1,公斤含,20%,麸皮的饲料）。,如果没有另外添加饲料，母猪背膘和蛋白质,的储存会代谢掉以弥补能量的不足。,PPT,条,例建议的饲喂水平为后备母猪,2.8kg/,天，经,产母猪,3kg/,天,.,PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?The bette
21、r pork people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC C,HIN,A?The better pork people?,怀孕期间的饲喂管理,?,配种后,110,天到分娩,?,如果由于某些原因，后备母猪或经产母,猪仍然在配种房时，其日粮必须减少到,1.8kg/,天，因为保持,2.8-3.0kg/,天的饲料水,平会导致死胎数增加,PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC C,HIN,A?Th
22、e better pork people?,怀孕期间的饲喂管理,?,建议每低于舒适温度,3,。饲喂量的调整,为后备母猪,0.14kg/,天，经产猪,0.20kg/,天。,PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC C,HIN,A?The better pork people?,怀孕期间的饲喂管理,?,传统的做法是让母猪在哺乳期间大量损,耗体重，体重损耗,25,公斤以上并不少见。,?,假设母猪哺乳期间采食量每天增加,1,公斤,=28,公
23、斤（,28,天断奶）,如果母猪在断奶时体况非常瘦，从断奶后到,配种后,60-90,天每天多喂,0.6-1.2,公斤饲料,=,每,头母猪多吃料达,50-90,公斤。,PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC C,HIN,A?The better pork people?,增加窝仔数,?,怀孕期间的高纤维（,NDF,）日粮,PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?The better por
24、k people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC C,HIN,A?The better pork people?,高纤维对窝仔数的影响,原料,产活仔数,断奶仔猪数,窝数,苜蓿草粉,-0.4,-0.7,269,苜蓿草,+0.5,+0.8,647,玉米蛋白饲料,+0.7,+0.4,229,玉米酒精糟,-0.3,-0.4,118,小麦秸杆,+0.5,+0.7,699,PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?The better pork peopl
25、e?PIC C,HIN,A?The better pork people?,高纤维原料,原料,用量,/,天,(%),原料,用量,/,天,(%),麸皮,30%,小麦秸杆,360 g(16%),豆皮,25%,大豆秸杆,430 g(18%),玉米蛋白,饲料,40%,玉米芯,330 g(14%),玉米秸杆,460 g(19%),PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC C,HIN,A?The better pork people?,怀孕期间
26、的高纤维日粮,?,其它可能的好处,:,有助于在泌乳期间摄入更多的饲料。,母猪的表现更平静（较少咬栏杆、较少磨牙、,不会过多饮水等等）。,PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC C,HIN,A?The better pork people?,怀孕期间的高纤维日粮,?,使用高纤维日粮时有两个关键问题需要,注意：,1.,日粮配方和饲喂管理,2.,饲喂高水平纤维可能存在的限制因素,PIC CHINA?The better pork peo
27、ple?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC C,HIN,A?The better pork people?,日粮配方和饲喂管理,?,通过计算每头母猪每年总的饲料成本,（每吨饲料的价格,?,每头母猪每年吃掉,的吨数）来评估经济效益，而不是简单,地计算饲料价格！,?,吃高纤维日粮的母猪每天必须摄入更多,的饲料,营养。必须给母猪提供更多,的饲料以保证满足其所有营养素的需求,量（蛋白质、能量等）。,PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?The bett
28、er pork people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC C,HIN,A?The better pork people?,饲喂高水平纤维可能存在的限制因素,?,某些饲料混合和加工设备本身无法处理,高纤维的饲料。,?,某些纤维原料的粉碎是很化时间的，而,且粉尘很大。,?,高纤维日粮非常膨松，母猪吃料时会洒,在料槽外面，每天可能需要增加一次喂,料，。,?,粪便处理的成本增加。,PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC CHINA?The better pork people?PIC C,HIN,A?The better pork people?,结论,体况评分并不能准确反映总肥度的背膘水平。,不同的评分员会对同一头母猪的体况打出不同的分数。,同一评分员在不同时间不会总是对同一头母猪打出相同的分数。,无论一个猪群中母猪总的体况如何,评分往往在,1.5-4.0,的范围内,对某一体况评分就给以某种饲喂水平的做法并无任何科学依据。,妊娠母猪供料量的微小差异会导致母猪体增重和背膘水平的巨大差异。,
