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1、独立学院大学物理激励式课堂教学初探龙卧云(湖南农业大学 应用物理系,湖南长沙 410128)摘要:激励式课堂教学是指在教学过程中教师运用鼓励的方法教育学生,这能活跃课堂气氛,融洽师生情感,充分调动起学生的学习热情。在大学物理课堂教学中运用激励的方式有利于课堂教学目标的实现,大大提高课堂教学的效率。关键词:独立学院;大学物理;激励式课堂教学;教学目标;教学效率【中图分类号】G 420 【文献标识码】A Reform and Exploration on the College Physics Teaching in Independent CollegeLong Wo-yun(Departmen
2、t of Applied Physics, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China)Abstract: The incentive classroom teaching method is refers to that teacher educate students by hortative way in the process of teaching. Using this teaching method can create active classroom atmosphere, harmonize the rela
3、tion of teacher and students, inspire students learning interest. Using excitation methods in college physics teaching can help to achieve the aim of classroom teaching and improve the efficiency of classroom instruction greatly. Key words: independent college, college physics, incentive classroom t
4、eaching method, teaching goal, teaching efficiency物理学是自然科学和现代工程技术的基础,是高素质人才培养必不可少的一部分。独立学院是按照新的机制和模式举办的本科层次的二级学院,其出现对实现高等教育大众化、深化高等教育改革发挥了重要作用。目前很多独立学院还处于初创阶段,但随招生规模的迅速扩大,如何针对独立学院的特点来提高课堂教学质量,达到独立学院的人才培养目标已迫在眉睫。下面笔者结合自己的教学实践就我校二级学院大学物理课堂教学,谈谈自己的看法。一、当前独立学院大学物理课堂教学中存在的主要问题1. 教师观念陈旧独立学院发展初期其授课教师基本上都来源
5、于母体高校。由于常年工作在普通高校,所以在独立学院授课时很多教师未能将观念转换过来,还是沿用以前母体高校的教学方式进行授课,而没有考虑到独立学院学生的实际情况,造成教学效果不佳。2. 学生素质良莠不齐由于独立学院的录取分数线普遍低于普通高校几十分甚至上百分,学生的整体基础相对较差,加之社会环境、考试制度等的影响,很多学生没有养成良好的学习习惯,更有少数学生完全没有自制能力,扰乱课堂秩序,即便老师多次强调也无济于事。3. 学生自卑心理由于社会功利性的影响,目前社会上对独立学院还存有偏见,少数学生对于身处独立学院而感到自卑。这在课堂上表现为课堂气氛不热烈,学生学习兴趣不高,提问者寥寥无几。二、独立
6、学院大学物理激励式课堂教学初探课堂教学是我国目前大学教学的基本形式,由于独立学院的学生基础相对较差,而且自学能力有所欠缺,课堂教学显得尤为重要。德国教育家第斯多惠说:“教学的艺术不在于传授的本领,而在于激励、唤醒、鼓舞。”教育必须激发主动性,课堂教学需要教师把学生充分调动起来,使学生从过去的被动接受知识转化为自主探索学习。课堂教学首先需要学生愿学、愿想、愿做,拥有自我学习的内部动力,以达到主动参与的目的。因此如何在课堂上调动学生学习热情,激发学生内在学习动力,是教师目前教学过程中必须首先解决的问题1。激励理论的研究表明:一个人受到充分激励时发挥的能力,能从通常情况下约30%跃升到90%2。显然
7、,解决这一问题的有效手段就是激励。教师的激励是最有效的“催化剂”,它可以使学生在微笑中找到自己的不足,在关怀中汲取前进的动力1。所谓激励就是激发和鼓励,激励式课堂教学是一种能给学生以情感感染、激起学生对知识的强烈需求、积极思考、主动探索的一种优化的课堂教学方法3。针对独立学院大学物理的教学现状以及学生的具体情况,应改变以往的课堂教学方式。结合学生基础相对较差的特点,采取激励式课堂教学方式来激发学生的学习积极性,增加课堂活力,提高教学效率。1. 以趣味性的教学内容激励学生由于大学物理课程难度相对较大,许多基础差的学生往往是物理学成绩较差,如不及时适当加以引导,久而久之容易产生厌学情绪,上课昏昏欲
8、睡,不能振作精神。此时教师应以新颖的教学内容来吸引学生,给学生展示多姿多彩的物理学。教育心理学告诉我们,学习动机中最积极、最活跃的因素是学习的兴趣和求知欲望,兴趣和欲望是接受知识内在心理特征和思维活动的基本条件。生活中处处有物理,教师应改变教学思路,使抽象的概念具体化、枯燥的内容趣味化、深奥的道理形象化4,这样,即便成绩差的学生也会被吸引住。例如,对于农科类学生来说,伯努利原理较为抽象,不便理解。为此,可从足球比赛中的直接任意球出发,适时地插入一段视频“香蕉球的奥秘”,让学生对足球运动中的香蕉球有所认识,巧妙地设置疑问:为什么旋转的足球不走直线?“学起于思,思起于疑”,这样可充分激发起学生的求
9、知激情,鼓励他们大胆猜想与思考。引导学生根据所学的流体力学知识进行讨论分析,在学生思考的时候,适时根据学生的思维情况适当进行提示。通过这种方式,大部分学生都能正确利用伯努利方程分析出香蕉球的力学原理。最终老师进行归纳总结,以加深学生的理解。如此下来,不仅使学生充分理解了伯努利原理,而且充分调动了学生的学习兴趣,提高了教学效率。2. 尽量多鼓励学生,平等对待学生课堂教学是一种双边的交流活动,在缺乏激情的情况下,人的精神处于一种昏睡状态,难以进行正常的工作5。上课需要激情,但现在很多教师上课却像在演独角戏,面无表情,课堂温如死水,波澜不惊,听了就让人想睡觉。知识不是教师直接输送给学生,而是引导学生
10、学习而来的,这样的教学方式不可能引发教与学的共鸣。教师要充分认识到独立学院的学生基础相对较差,更需要鼓励。应改变以往遇见学生没学好的时候就皱眉头,简单地加以否定。对待独立学院的学生应以鼓励为主,尽量不批评,以免挫伤学生的积极性,因为他们本来对物理学兴趣就不是很高。即便需要批评时也应措辞委婉,点到即可。多给学生微笑以及激励的话语,通过语言激励可达到师生心灵上的共鸣,课堂气氛自然就会和谐、轻松,学生的参与意识、表现欲望自然会得到最大限度地发挥6。对少数不听话的学生可以单独面谈,避免当众批评伤其自尊,影响学习情绪。鼓励学生踊跃提问,鼓励学生勇于表达自己的思想和感受,鼓励积极进行探索,那怕是不正确的。
11、必须摒弃以往教师主导一切的教学方式,而应以学生为主体,教师只作适当引导,通过激励式课堂教学,引导学生积极主动参与学习过程,使学生发现自己的长处,认识到自己的进步,促进学生对物理学的自信心,从而激发出蕴藏在学生内心深处那无限的学习热情,使之真正成为学习的主人。同时,作为教师,既要严格要求学生,又要热爱、尊重学生5。教师不是发号施令者,师生之间需要平等对话,这样才能使学生感受到被尊重。3. 幽默的语言教育家苏霍姆林斯基说:“教师的语言是一种什么也代替不了的影响学生心灵的工具。”语言是教学思想的直接体现,是知识的传递、学生接受知识情况的反馈,师生间的情感交流等的途径。语言是成功实施教学过程的关键。教
12、育家斯维特洛夫说:“教育家最主要的,也是第一位的助手是幽默。”幽默的语言不仅能引起学生注意,激发学习兴趣,而且可调节学生情绪,活跃课堂气氛,从而改善师生关系,增强教学效果7。例如冬天上课时,学生都不愿意把手从温暖的口袋里拿出来记笔记或进行计算,此时,教师可根据实际情况利用幽默的语言加以调节,“伸出你毛茸茸的双手”一句话,学生都被逗乐了,手也不觉得拿起笔来。再如有时学生瞌睡的情况很严重,一句“有同学已经承受不了地球引力作用,跟书桌亲密接触了”往往比老师在讲台上不断地强调不能睡觉效果更好。当然,不只是口头语言,教师在课堂上还应结合物理课程的性质充分发挥自己的形体语言,有时一个微笑,一个动作,一个眼
13、神,就能让学生明白很多,无声更胜有声!4. 教与学的交流“感人心者,莫先乎情”,课堂教学不应只强调知识的传授,还要注意教师与学生的情感交流。课堂教学中教师不应被禁锢在三尺讲台,而应多走到学生中去,多进行师生互动。只有多走近学生,多激励他们,才能够自由地与学生交流,充分了解到学生的具体学习情况及其所需所想,这样能使学生充分感受到教师的关心,逐步改变一些学生的自卑心理,同时也有助于教师适当调整教学内容及方式,满足学生所需。三、小结对独立学院的大学物理教学应结合学生的实际情况,多采取激励式教学。适当的激励式教学不仅可活跃课堂气氛,融洽师生情感,而且有助于课堂的管理,更重要的是激发了学生的学习积极性、
14、主动性,使学生主动地参与到教学过程中来,充分发挥学生的主体作用,激发了学生内心的潜能,使之真正成为学习的主人,大大提高了课堂教学的效率。【参考文献】1 浅谈激励在课堂教学中的实践与运用EB/OL. :85/blog/user1/zcmaling/archives/2008/41771.html,2008-5-6.2 曹静. 采取激励式教学,使数学课堂“活”起来EB/OL. 3 孙元山. 激励教学法的研究与应用论室内制图教学中的激励教学与创新意识的培养J. 辽宁经济职业技术学院学报,2006,3:7677.4 张京海. 课堂教学应灵活组合教学内容J. 山东省农业管理干部学院学报,2001,4:1
15、30131.5 时显群. 课堂教学中的激励艺术J. 教学与管理(理论版),2008,10:135136.6 李丽丽. 课堂教学中的激励艺术J. 职业技术,2003,7:52.7 张立涛,陈向飞. 轻松教与学谈幽默在课堂教学中的作用J. 教育与职业,2003,5:28.Editors note: Judson Jones is a meteorologist, journalist and photographer. He has freelanced with CNN for four years, covering severe weather from tornadoes to typho
16、ons. Follow him on Twitter: jnjonesjr (CNN) - I will always wonder what it was like to huddle around a shortwave radio and through the crackling static from space hear the faint beeps of the worlds first satellite - Sputnik. I also missed watching Neil Armstrong step foot on the moon and the first s
17、pace shuttle take off for the stars. Those events were way before my time.As a kid, I was fascinated with what goes on in the sky, and when NASA pulled the plug on the shuttle program I was heartbroken. Yet the privatized space race has renewed my childhood dreams to reach for the stars.As a meteoro
18、logist, Ive still seen many important weather and space events, but right now, if you were sitting next to me, youd hear my foot tapping rapidly under my desk. Im anxious for the next one: a space capsule hanging from a crane in the New Mexico desert.Its like the set for a George Lucas movie floatin
19、g to the edge of space.You and I will have the chance to watch a man take a leap into an unimaginable free fall from the edge of space - live.The (lack of) air up there Watch man jump from 96,000 feet Tuesday, I sat at work glued to the live stream of the Red Bull Stratos Mission. I watched the ball
20、oons positioned at different altitudes in the sky to test the winds, knowing that if they would just line up in a vertical straight line we would be go for launch.I feel this mission was created for me because I am also a journalist and a photographer, but above all I live for taking a leap of faith
21、 - the feeling of pushing the envelope into uncharted territory.The guy who is going to do this, Felix Baumgartner, must have that same feeling, at a level I will never reach. However, it did not stop me from feeling his pain when a gust of swirling wind kicked up and twisted the partially filled ba
22、lloon that would take him to the upper end of our atmosphere. As soon as the 40-acre balloon, with skin no thicker than a dry cleaning bag, scraped the ground I knew it was over.How claustrophobia almost grounded supersonic skydiverWith each twist, you could see the wrinkles of disappointment on the
23、 face of the current record holder and capcom (capsule communications), Col. Joe Kittinger. He hung his head low in mission control as he told Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunday.The weather plays an important role in this missio
24、n. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb h
25、igher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause), he can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will
26、 slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet (22.7 miles/36.53 kilometers). Here, Fearless Felix will unclip. He will roll back the door.Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.Below, the Earth becomes the concrete bottom of a swimming
27、 pool that he wants to land on, but not too hard. Still, hell be traveling fast, so despite the distance, it will not be like diving into the deep end of a pool. It will be like he is diving into the shallow end.Skydiver preps for the big jumpWhen he jumps, he is expected to reach the speed of sound
28、 - 690 mph (1,110 kph) - in less than 40 seconds. Like hitting the top of the water, he will begin to slow as he approaches the more dense air closer to Earth. But this will not be enough to stop him completely.If he goes too fast or spins out of control, he has a stabilization parachute that can be
29、 deployed to slow him down. His team hopes its not needed. Instead, he plans to deploy his 270-square-foot (25-square-meter) main chute at an altitude of around 5,000 feet (1,524 meters).In order to deploy this chute successfully, he will have to slow to 172 mph (277 kph). He will have a reserve par
30、achute that will open automatically if he loses consciousness at mach speeds.Even if everything goes as planned, it wont. Baumgartner still will free fall at a speed that would cause you and me to pass out, and no parachute is guaranteed to work higher than 25,000 feet (7,620 meters).It might not be
31、 the moon, but Kittinger free fell from 102,800 feet in 1960 - at the dawn of an infamous space race that captured the hearts of many. Baumgartner will attempt to break that record, a feat that boggles the mind. This is one of those monumental moments I will always remember, because there is no way Id miss this.