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1、目录Catalog摘要Summary关键词Keywords引言Introduction第一章 母语迁移的概念及影响UNIT 1 The concept and impact of language transfer 1.1母语及迁移的概念1.1 The concept of mother tongue and migration1.1Mother tongue: 1.2母语迁移的概念1.2The concept of language transfer 1.3正迁移和负迁移1.3 Positive and negative transfer1.3.1 The positive transfer
2、1.3.2 The negative transfer 1.4母语迁移对语言学习带来的影响1.4 The impact of language transfer of language learning第二章 母语及英语的对比UNIT 2 Comparison of mother tongue and English1. 语音 Pronunciation2. 词汇Vocabulary 1.1词汇的形态标志Morphological signs of vocabulary 1.2词类的不同 The different word type1.3词义不等同The different meaning
3、1.4词语搭配3. 语法 Grammar4. 文化 Culture第三章 了解差异，取长补短UNIT 3 1. 语音Pronunciation2. 词汇Vocabulary3. 语法Grammar4. 文化Culture 5.总结 Summary 3.5.1 3.5.2 Using a variety of learning methods 3.5.3 Familiar with basic grammar, experience culture结束语Conclusions摘要：母语迁移在英语学习中占重要地位。当今社会， 英语学习中母语对其影响已经被广泛的认识, 并且对其的正负迁移有着不同的理
4、解及立场, 如何在母语迁移下学好英语已经是当今社会一大问题。母语对英语学习有着正反两方面的作用。母语迁移对英语学习者的影响主要表现在语音、词汇、语法以及文化四个方面。因此, 要合理的运用母语的正迁移, 尽全力消除或降低母语的负迁移, 达到促进英语的学习。Summary: Language transfer is an important role in learning English. In modern society, the impact of mother tongue in English language learning has been widely recognized.
5、And the migration of positive and negative mother tongue has a different understanding and position. How to learn English language transfer is a significant problem in todays society. Mother tongue in English learning has a role in both positive and negative side. The impact of language transfer for
6、 English learners mainly in pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar and culture areas .So, the rational use of positive transfer of mother tongue to make every effort to eliminate or reduce the negative transfer of mother tongue and to promote the learning of English.关键词：母语 汉语 正负迁移 英语学习的障碍及解决方式Key words:
7、 mother tongue Chinese positive and negative migration the barriers and solutions of English learning引言：随着经济全球化和世界一体化的不断向前发展,世界各国之间的接触和联系日益密切,英语无论是在人们的日常生活中还是在工作和学习中,它都扮演着极其重要的作用,也是一个不可或缺的组成部分。随着社会的进步，英语的应用也越来越重要，出现了全民学习英语的场面。大多数中国学生是在掌握了母语的情况下才开始学习英语，因此，母语迁移在英语学习中占重要地位。人们对于这种作用看法也不一致。但终归有了一些共识：母语对于
8、英语的学习肯定有一定的影响，可分为正负影响，又叫做正负母语迁移。如何在母语迁移下学好英语已经是当今社会一大问题。任何人学习第二外语时都会遇到母语习惯迁移的问题。所谓语言迁移是指在学习语言的过程中, 母语对所学语言的影响。在语言学习中, 母语对外语学习的影响分为负向迁移和正向迁移两种。母语迁移对英语学习者的影响主要表现在语音、语法、词汇以及文化四个方面。我们有必要对英语负迁移现象做进一步的分析,并加以研究,克服思维定势,加强对比,了解英语文化背景,从而把母语负迁移转化为正迁移,使之产生正面影响。因此, 要合理的运用母语的正迁移, 尽全消除或降低母语的负迁移, 达到促进英语的学习。如何解决这一问题
9、，需要继续的研究与探讨。Introduction: With the developing of economic globalization and integration of the world, the contact is increasingly closed between every country in the world. English both in peoples daily life, work and study that it plays a vital role, is also an integral part. With the social develo
10、pment, the application of English is more and more important. And there has been the scene of the whole people to learn English. Most Chinese students in mastering the mother tongue began to learn English. So, language transfer is becoming an important role in learning English. People have also inco
11、nsistent views for this role. But after all, they have some consensus: Mother tongue must have some impact of learning English. And it can be divided into positive and negative affect, also known as positive and negative language transfer. How to learn English with language transfer is a significant
12、 problem in the society. Anyone learning a second language will encounter language transfer problems. The language transfer is in the process of learning the language, the impact of the mother tongue of language learning. In language learning, the impact of the mother tongue of foreign language lear
13、ning is divided into negative and positive migration to two. The impacts of language transfer for English learners are mainly in pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar and culture areas. We need to make further analysis of the phenomenon of negative transfer of English, and to study, to overcome the min
14、dset, to strengthen contrast, to understand English cultural background, and thus the negative transfer of mother tongue into a positive area. Then we move to make a positive impact. So, the rational use of positive transfer of mother tongues to make every effort to eliminate or reduce the negative
15、transfer of mother tongue and to promote the learning of English. How to solve this problem it needs to continue research and discussion.第一章 母语迁移的概念及影响UNIT 1 The concept and impact of language transfer1.1母语及迁移的概念1.1The concept of mother tongue and migration1.1.1母语：亦称第一语言，是一个人最早接触、学习、并掌握的一种或几种语言。母语一般
16、是自幼即开始接触、并持续运用到青少年或之后；并且，一个人所受的家庭或正式教育中，尤其是早期，有相当部分是通过母语传授的。1.1.1Mother tongue: ones native language; the language learned by children and passed from one generation to the next. It also called maternal language or first language and is the first contact with a person, learning, and mastery of one o
17、r several languages. Also, a considerable part is taught by mother tongue in a person suffered in the especially early family or formal education.1.1.2迁移：作为一个词语时，它的意思是离开原来的所在地而另换地点或由于自然力的作用从一地移向另一地。在心理学中，它指的是是一种学习对另一种学习的影响，指在一种情境中获得的技能、知识或态度对另一种情境中技能、知识的获得或态度的形成的影响。1.1.2 Migration: As a word, it mea
18、ns to leave the original location and the other for role in location or because of natural forces move from one place to another place. In psychology, it refers to a study on the impact of another study, refers to a situation to gain the skills, knowledge or attitudes of another situation in the ski
19、lls, knowledge acquisition or attitude formation impact.1.2母语迁移：一般来说,外语是在母语的环境中学习的一门外国语言。因此,母语起着不可忽视的作用,它势必影响英语的交流模式和话语的形成,这种影响也就是“语言迁移”,即在第一语言习得环境中所获得的知识向第二语言学习过程的迁移。著名的二语习得者Collier把语言迁移定义为:由于目的语和其它任何已经习得的语言之间存在共性和差异,由此对其造成的影响称为语言迁移。在外语习得中，母语对学习者的影响是一个普遍存在的现象，已引起了学术界越来越广泛的关注和重视。 这种现象在心理学上被称为“母语迁移”现
20、象。母语迁移分为正迁移和负迁移。1.2 Language transfer: Generally, foreign language is learned in the mother tongue environment of a foreign language. Therefore, the mother tongue plays an essential role in learning foreign language. It is bound to affect mode of communication and discourse formation of the English
21、, this effect is language transfer, that is the migration of the first language acquisition environment in the knowledge gained to second language learning process. Well-known second language acquisition Collier defined the language transfer as：the impact between the target language and have learned
22、 any other language by similarities and differences is called the language transfer. In the learning of foreign language, the impact of the mother tongue of learners is a common phenomenon; it has caused more and more attention and academic attention. In psychology this phenomenon is called with lan
23、guage transfer phenomenon. Language transfer is into positive and negative transfer.1.3.正迁移和负迁移: 1.3 Positive and negative transfer正向迁移(positive transfer) , 是指对学习有利的语言习惯迁移, 在母语与目的语有相同的形式时会出现这种情况。如英语table 这个词, 与法语table 的意义相同, 所以法国人学英语table 就不难了。中国学生学英语时, 他们会注意到有些汉语句子与英语句子的语法规则相同, 如: 我会说日语。(I can spea
24、k Japanese.) 在这种情况下, 他们就能利用汉语准确分析英语。1.3.1The positive transferThe positive transfer is refers to learning favorable language habits migration. In the mother tongue and have the same form of the target language will appear this kind of circumstance. Such as English table of the word and the significa
25、nce of the French table the same, so the French people learn the table to the word. So the French is not difficult to learn English of table. When Chinese students learn English, they will notice that some Chinese sentences with the same grammatical rules of English sentences, such as: I can speak J
26、apanese. In this case, they will be able to use an accurate analysis of English language.一般说来，语言的普遍特性体现出母语正迁移。英语和汉语都是某种语言形式的事实意味着它们拥有共同的因素。在语言普遍特征的帮助下，汉语的使用有助于英语的学习。母语在外语学习的过程中所起的促进作用得到很多研究的证明。如科德指出学习者的母语能够促进二语习得或外语学习：当学习者的母语与目的语相似时，母语能帮助学习者沿着“普遍”路线前进得更快。埃利斯也指出母语是一种知识资源。学习者会有意识或无意识地使用这种资源来帮助他们审查输入的二
27、语或外语数据从而帮助他们尽量使用目的语。In general, the language reflects the general characteristics of language are positive transfer. English and Chinese is in fact that the form of a language means that they have a common factor. With the help of common feature in the language， Chinese use to help English language
28、learning. Mother tongue in foreign language learning process to play a catalytic role by many studies to prove. Such as Cod that the learners mother tongue to promote second language acquisition or foreign language learning. When the learners mother tongue and target language are similar, it will he
29、lp learners to follow the universal line to go faster. Ellis also pointed out that mother tongue is a resource of knowledge. Learner will consciously or unconsciously use this resource to help them review the input data in second language or foreign language to help them make use of the target langu
30、age.1.3.2 The negative transfer负向迁移(negative transfer) , 也叫做干扰(interference) , 它是由于套用母语模式或规则而产生的不符合目的语规则的用法。大体说来, 中国人在学习英语的时候常见的由汉语干扰所引起的几种错误。Negative migration, also known as interference, it is due to apply the rules arising from mother tongue mode or do not conform to the rules of the target lang
31、uage usage. Generally, Chinese people learn English by the Chinese when the common types of errors caused by interference.从另一方面来说，语言迁移包括正迁移和负迁移,如果旧知识,经验的迁移对新知识的学习起促进作用,它就是正迁移;反之,如果旧知识,经验的迁移妨碍了新知识的获得,它就是负迁移。显而易见,正迁移有利于英语学习者的学习,负迁移则阻止英语学习。因此,我们在学习中要积极地采取相应的方法和措施,有效地把负迁移转化为正迁移,从而更有利于英语学习者的学习。On the oth
32、er hand，language transfer included positive and negative migration. If the migration of old knowledge and experience play a catalytic role to the new knowledge, it is being positive migration. Clearly, the positive migration will help English learners learning, negative transfer is prevented learnin
33、g of English. So we to actively take the appropriate methods and measures to effectively negative migrate into a positive transfer in learning, and thus make it more conducive to the learning of English learners.4.母语迁移对于英语学习带来的问题：1.4 The impact of language transfer of language learning汉语为什么这么难，我们却可以
34、学好，英语却很难学明白呢？为什么在英语学习中学生总是从各个方面如听说读写等方面存在着各种难题？那母语对学习英语有没有有利的方面呢？由于不同的民族具有不同的文化背景及其思维方式,因此,其语言不仅在语言负迁移方面展现出不同的形式,而且在语用负迁移方面呈现出多种变化,前者主要表现在语音,词汇,语法方面;而后者主要是在语篇的迁移上。负迁移是语言学习过程中不可回避的现象,它在一定条件下产生,并有一定的规律可以寻找。一般来说,负迁移是暂时性的,经过练习就可以消除,甚至可以变负迁移为正迁移。 Why we can learn so difficult Chinese ？but we cant learn V
35、ery simple English？Why students have always all kinds of problems in English learning from various aspects such as speaking, reading, listening and writing? Does it have beneficial aspects of English language learning? In a different way of thinking of national culture, the language of the negative
36、transfer of migration can not show the changes. This change mainly in pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar and cultural aspects of drinking. Negative transfer is the phenomenon can not be avoided of the process of language learning. It is produced under certain conditions, and there are certain rules
37、to be found. In general, negative transfer is temporary, and through practice it can eliminated, even though it become positive transfer.第二章母语及英语的对比UNIT 2 Comparison of mother tongue and English1. 语音：2.1 Pronunciation汉字的读音是由拼音构成的音节组成, 拼音分成声母和韵母, 韵母有单韵母和复韵母。英语单词的读音是由音素构成的音节组成, 音标分元音和辅音, 元音有单元音和双元音。汉语
38、的音节中不能缺少韵母, 就像英语的音节中不能缺少元音一样。汉语声母有鼻音边音和翘舌音等,英语辅音也有鼻音, 边音和卷舌音等。The pronunciation of Chinese are composed of syllables from the phonetic. Alphabet is constituted of consonants and vowels. Vowels are component of a single vowel and compound final. Pronunciation of English words is composed of syllables
39、 from the phonemic. Phonetic is composition of the vowels and consonants. Vowel is formed of single vowel and diphthongs. Syllable in Chinese can not do without vowels, just as syllables in English can not do without vowels. Chinese initials have Alice retroflex and nasal, etc. English consonants al
40、so have nasal, edge and retroflex etc.由于英语和汉语属于两种不同的语系,英语是隶属于印欧语系,有词形的变化,对句子的形式要求很高而且词序极其灵活;而汉语是属于汉藏语系,没有词形变化而且词序相对固定。因此,这就导致了它们在发音上存在明显的差异,具体表现形式如下:English and Chinese belong to two different languages. English is part of Indo-European. There is an English word form changes. English is demanding in
41、 the form of sentences. English word order is extremely flexible. The Chinese language belongs to Sino-Tibetan. Chinese has no inflection and word order is relatively fixed. Therefore, it existence of significant differences on pronounce. Concrete manifestations are as follows:(1)在英语中,我们通常把语音分成元音和辅音
42、,而在汉语中则为声母和韵母,两者有本质的区别。例如,汉语中的i(衣)易于与英语中的i:和i混淆,在汉语中无长短音之分,而且还有发音部位的区别,对于初学者来说,我们很容易把英语中的i:读成汉语中的i(衣),同时,汉语中没有p,t,k结尾的词及bl,gr等辅音群,学习者常常把look读成looker, blueblu:读成belu:;(1) In English, we usually divided voice into vowels and consonants. In Chinese, we usually put it into consonant and vowel. They have
43、 the essential difference. For example, Chinese in the i easily confusion with English in the i: and i. Chinese have no long and short sound. There are differences of articulation in Chinese.(2)在音调上,汉语被称为声调语言,有四声之分;而在英语中,音调则随句子或短语的需要而变化,因此被称为声调语言。而对于外语学习者来说,我们很难把握语调,因为英语中的语调表达说话者的口吻情感或其他相关信息。例如,You
44、are right.如果我们读成降调,则表达了说话者与听话者的意见一致;相反,如果把该句读成升调,则使我们觉得说话者否定了听话者的观点和看法。汉语语调受字的声调限制,不像英语那样起伏,因此,学生容易受到汉语语调的影响,读出来的英语句子缺乏韵味。2.词汇：中国人第一语言为汉语，汉语是象形文字转化而来的，而英语则类似于阿拉伯文字。并且运用的规则都不同。学习差异集中表现在某种程度上掌握了母语的英语初学者身上。2.2 Vocabulary:The first language of Chinese people is Chinese, Chinese is transformed from the h
45、ieroglyphs, but English is similar to the Arabic text. And the uses of the rules are different. Difference is manifested in a way to learn to master the English language for beginners body.汉英都有名词、代词、动词、形容词、数词、副词、介词、连词和叹词。但词类中汉语有助词，英语没有；英语有冠词，而汉语没有。即使在相同的词类中，英汉之间仍有相同相异的地方。如英、汉名词都定义为“表示人或事物的名称”，它们在句中都
46、可作主语、宾语和定语。但是，英语名词有所有格，而汉语没有格的变化。汉语中除了表示人的名词后面可加“们”表示复数外，其他均无复数形式。我们可以把“workers”译为“工人们”，但我们不能把“tables”译成“桌子们”。而英语中，除少数不规则变化外，大多数的名词（不论是人或物）可通过屈折后缀“ s”或. es以传递复数的概念，如“worker（ 工人）workers”,table（桌子）tables。再者，汉语中加“们”的名词前就不能再加数量词，不能说“五个工人们”，“三位老师们”；但英语名词的复数前可以直接加数词修饰，如“five workers”“three teachers”。再如汉、英
47、动词都是用来表示动作或存在的状态，在句中都可充当谓语。但英语动词有人称、数、时态、语态等的形态变化，其变化之复杂是汉语动词无法相比的。在英语中，不同时间和不同方式的动作变化，要用不同的形态来表示；而汉语动词没有那么多的形态变化。中英文里都有表示因果和转折的关系连词。在现代汉语里，“因为所以”，“由于因此”经常表示因果关系。“尽管但是”，“虽然可是”则表示转折关系。中文的关系连词一般成对出现。但是英语恰好相反，在一个复合句中，表示因果关系的“because”（因为）和“so”（所以）不能成对出现，也就是说，出现了“because”就不出现“so”，有了“so”就没有“because”。“alth
48、ough”和“but”也是如此。由于受到母语思维方式的影响，中国学生常常在英语里成对地使用这样的关系连词，造成以下的错误通过汉英比较，学习者可以加深对英语名词和英语动词的认识。Chinese and English both have nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, numerals, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjection. But a part of speech in Chinese is particle, neither nor English. There are articles in English, while the Chinese did not. Even in the same parts of speech, English and Chinese still have the same and differences place. Such as English and Chinese nouns are defined as the name of that person or thing, they can be in the sentence as subject, object and attribute.
