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1、基于工作过程的高职数字化测图技术课程的改革与实践王万平 （陕西交通职业技术学院 公路工程系，西安 710018；）摘要：为了使学生更好的掌握数字化测图技术这门课程,以工作过程为导向对数字化测图对课程内容进行了重组，并设计了和职业岗位相对应工作任务，对教学模式和课程考核和评价方式进行了相应改革，取得了好的教学效果,实现了职业能力培养和理论知识学习的双赢。关键词：工学结合；课程设计；改革；数字化测图职业教育作为一种教育类型，有其自身的特点，因此对职业教育的课程内容体系和教学模式要进行改革，以适应职业教育的发展的需要，而工学结合技能人才的培养模式改革是其核心内容，也是职业教育课程内容体系改革的重点。
2、数字化测图技术是高职工程测量技术专业非常重要的专业技能课。为了探索工学结合技能人才的培养模式改革，笔者以数字化测图技术课程基进行了积极的实践。一、以工作过程为导向，开发课程内容体系为开发以工作过程为导向、以职业能力培养为重点、以理实一体化教学活动为载体、以职业素养和职业技能为主旨构建课程内容体系，充分体现课程职业性、实践性和开发性，课程建设小组在陕西省内测绘企业、勘测设计单位、国土资源单位等用人单位针对专业就业的方向、专业人才职业岗位、核心技能等方面进行了深入调研，在此基础上聘请行业企业和有关教育专家共同组成的专家组对数字化测图技术课程进行了分析研讨。通过岗位分析，从工作领域、工作任务、职业能
3、力要求三个方面对数字测图技术进行分解，按照基于工作过程、任务引领知识的教学思路整合课程内容，针对大比例尺数字地形图测绘这一工作领域，凝练设计出与工作任务相对应的4 个项目。如图1所示。图1 基于工作过程的课程内体系在项目教学实施中，将4个项目进一步分解成10个工作任务。见表1表1 数字化测图技术课程内容设计项目工作任务数字测图准备数字测图技术设计书编写测图准备数字测图控制测量全站仪三维导线布设和施测导线平差数字测图实施野外数据采集矢量化数据采集数据处理地形图绘制与成果输出数字测图成果检査数字地形图应用数字地形图应用二、课程教学模式改革(一)、建立了校园控制网为了能使新的课程体系相关内容得以实施
4、，建立了校园控制网（见图2），并和西安城市独立坐标系进行了联测，共布设了22个控制点，采用城市一级导线进行施测，平差处理后得到了22个准确坐标。控制点既可以作为学生编写技术设计书的已知资料，也可以作为判断学生数字测图控制成果准确性的依据。图1 控制网位置略图（二）、以工作任务为驱动，以小组为单位，培养学生的职业能力数字化测图技术课程是工程测量技术专业的一门专业核心技课程之一，其主要技能包括：数字测图技术设计书的编写能力、三维导线布设、施测和记录计算能力、测量仪器进行碎步点的野外采集和数据传输能力、纸质地形图矢量化能力、数字化测图技术软件进行数字地形图编辑、成图和成过输出能力、数字图进行基本要素
5、查询和纵横断面图绘制及土方量计算能力和正确应用现行各类国家标准、行业标准或规范的能力，这些能力的培养需要在各项任务完成过程中去实现。课程结合数字化测图过程中的职业岗位设计了9个专项实训项目：数字化测图技术设计书的编写、三维导线的布设和施测、导线平差、测量仪器野外数据采集、地形图矢量化、数字化测图技术软件进行数字地形图编辑和成图、数字测图成果检査、成果的输出、数字地形图的应用，这些任务既体现了数字化测图技术课程的自身特点、又与控制测量、工程测量等课程互为补充，达到对学生数字化测图能力的培养。在具体的实施过程中，第一次课就以5人为单位将学生分为不同的小组，这样既能满足数字化测图需要多人协作的要求，
6、又能使教学过程学生们形成竞争和互帮互助的局面。教师通过课堂进行理论知识讲解和实训操作演示，然后各组根据任务单执行具体任务的操作，接着教师对每个小组的完成情况进行检查，不足之处进行讲解，最后对本次工作任务完成情况进行评述。在完成课程学习之后，学生要进行为期3周的数字化测图实训，学生可以进入学校校企合作单位进行实践锻炼，也可以在学校内利用校内实训基地进行练习，并在第三学年进行顶岗实习环节到实习单位进行顶岗实习锻炼，这些措施都可使学生的职业能力得到很好的培养。三、课程考核与评价的改革数字化测图技术课程是一门集理论教学与实践教学为一体的技能型应用课程，因此课程考核与评价应课程考核和职业技能认证两个方面
7、进行考核。（一）、课程考核课程考核时按照任务分别考核，在每个任务完成后即可进行。课程考核成绩则是任务考核成绩的累计，满分为100分。每一个工作任务成绩在课程成绩中均占有一定权重，每个工作任务成绩都是从知识、技能、态度三方面考核，考核方式采用卷面、计算机模拟和实操，其中知识考核方式为卷面；技能考核方式为实践操作，具体实施：以组为单位的个人轮考；态度考核方式主要从团队精神、工作态度、出勤、安全等方面考核，具体实施：小组互评、小组内同学互评和教师评价相结合。（二）、职业技能认证本课程是获取测绘行业地形测量工职业资格证书的证书课程之一，我校与测绘行业特有工种职业技能鉴定站（陕西站）进行合作。通过本课程
8、的学习，可掌握测绘行业地形测量工考核认证相关内容。基于工作过程和职业岗位重新构建了数字测图技术课程内容体系，校园控制网的建立促进了教学模式的改革，实现了理实一体化的教学模式。课后的集中实训和毕业顶岗实习等环节保障了职业能力的培养。课程考核和职业技能认证两方面评价体系激发了学生自主学习的主动性，取得了好的教学效果，使数字化测图技术课程在工学结合模式下取得职业能力培养和理论知识学习的双赢。参考文献： 1史士本.构建高等职业教育人才培养模式的探讨J.教育科学研究,2001,(6).2郭卫林，黄奕。工学结合模式下建设类专业课程改革J。职业技术教育，2008(14).3吴启迪.在全国职业教育半工半读试点
9、工作会议上的讲话R.中国职业技术教育,2006,(33).4王春花等.高职院校实训基地建设探讨J.职业技术教育,2004,(2).Editors note: Judson Jones is a meteorologist, journalist and photographer. He has freelanced with CNN for four years, covering severe weather from tornadoes to typhoons. Follow him on Twitter: jnjonesjr (CNN) - I will always wonder wh
10、at it was like to huddle around a shortwave radio and through the crackling static from space hear the faint beeps of the worlds first satellite - Sputnik. I also missed watching Neil Armstrong step foot on the moon and the first space shuttle take off for the stars. Those events were way before my
11、time.As a kid, I was fascinated with what goes on in the sky, and when NASA pulled the plug on the shuttle program I was heartbroken. Yet the privatized space race has renewed my childhood dreams to reach for the stars.As a meteorologist, Ive still seen many important weather and space events, but r
12、ight now, if you were sitting next to me, youd hear my foot tapping rapidly under my desk. Im anxious for the next one: a space capsule hanging from a crane in the New Mexico desert.Its like the set for a George Lucas movie floating to the edge of space.You and I will have the chance to watch a man
13、take a leap into an unimaginable free fall from the edge of space - live.The (lack of) air up there Watch man jump from 96,000 feet Tuesday, I sat at work glued to the live stream of the Red Bull Stratos Mission. I watched the balloons positioned at different altitudes in the sky to test the winds,
14、knowing that if they would just line up in a vertical straight line we would be go for launch.I feel this mission was created for me because I am also a journalist and a photographer, but above all I live for taking a leap of faith - the feeling of pushing the envelope into uncharted territory.The g
15、uy who is going to do this, Felix Baumgartner, must have that same feeling, at a level I will never reach. However, it did not stop me from feeling his pain when a gust of swirling wind kicked up and twisted the partially filled balloon that would take him to the upper end of our atmosphere. As soon
16、 as the 40-acre balloon, with skin no thicker than a dry cleaning bag, scraped the ground I knew it was over.How claustrophobia almost grounded supersonic skydiverWith each twist, you could see the wrinkles of disappointment on the face of the current record holder and capcom (capsule communications
17、), Col. Joe Kittinger. He hung his head low in mission control as he told Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunday.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds le
18、ss than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drif
19、ting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause), he can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet (22.7 miles/36.53
20、kilometers). Here, Fearless Felix will unclip. He will roll back the door.Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.Below, the Earth becomes the concrete bottom of a swimming pool that he wants to land on, but not too hard. Still, hell be trav
21、eling fast, so despite the distance, it will not be like diving into the deep end of a pool. It will be like he is diving into the shallow end.Skydiver preps for the big jumpWhen he jumps, he is expected to reach the speed of sound - 690 mph (1,110 kph) - in less than 40 seconds. Like hitting the to
22、p of the water, he will begin to slow as he approaches the more dense air closer to Earth. But this will not be enough to stop him completely.If he goes too fast or spins out of control, he has a stabilization parachute that can be deployed to slow him down. His team hopes its not needed. Instead, h
23、e plans to deploy his 270-square-foot (25-square-meter) main chute at an altitude of around 5,000 feet (1,524 meters).In order to deploy this chute successfully, he will have to slow to 172 mph (277 kph). He will have a reserve parachute that will open automatically if he loses consciousness at mach
24、 speeds.Even if everything goes as planned, it wont. Baumgartner still will free fall at a speed that would cause you and me to pass out, and no parachute is guaranteed to work higher than 25,000 feet (7,620 meters).It might not be the moon, but Kittinger free fell from 102,800 feet in 1960 - at the dawn of an infamous space race that captured the hearts of many. Baumgartner will attempt to break that record, a feat that boggles the mind. This is one of those monumental moments I will always remember, because there is no way Id miss this.
