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1、文献翻译英文原文：Solar electrical energy generationAlong with economical development, societys progress, the people to the energy proposed that more and more high request, seeks for the new energy to become the urgent topic which the current humanity faces. The existing energy mainly has 3 kinds, namely the
2、rmal power, water and electricity and nuclear power.The thermal power needs to burn fossil fuels and so on bunker coal, petroleum. On the one hand the fossil fuel reserves limited, the fever are less, is facing the danger which dries up. It is estimated that the world oil resource will have 30 years
3、 then to dry up again. On the other hand the combustion fuel will discharge CO2 and the sulfur oxide compound, will therefore cause the greenhouse effect and the acid rain, will worsen the terrestrial environment.The water and electricity must submerge the massive lands, has the possibility to cause
4、 the ecological environment to destroy, moreover large reservoir, once collapses, the consequence will be inconceivable. Moreover, countrys hydro-electric resources are also limited, moreover must receive the season influence.The nuclear power in the normal condition no doubt is clean, but has the n
5、uclear leakage accidentally, the consequence is similarly fearful. The former Soviet Union Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station accident, has caused 9,000,000 people to receive the varying degree harm, moreover this influence has not terminated.These force the people to seek for the new energy. The new e
6、nergy must simultaneously meet two conditions: First, the implication rich will not dry up; Second, is safe, is clean, will not threaten the humanity and the destruction environment. At present found the new energy mainly had two kinds：first, solar energy; second, fuel cell. Moreover, the wind power
7、 generation may also be the auxiliary new energy. And, the most ideal new energy is greatly positive energy.1. The solar electrical energy generation is the most ideal new energyShines is huge on Earths solar energy, about 40 minutes shine on Earths solar energy, then sufficiently supplies global hu
8、manity one year energy the expense. It can be said that the solar energy is true inexhaustible, the inexhaustible energy. Moreover the solar electrical energy generation is absolutely clean, does not have the environmental damage. Therefore the solar electrical energy generation is honored as is the
9、 ideal energy.Obtains the electric power from the solar energy, must carry on the electro-optical transformation through the greatly positive battery to realize. It completely was formerly different with other power source electricity generation principle, has the following characteristic: Non-deple
10、tion danger; Clean (does not have environmental damage) absolutely; It is not distributed the resources the region the limit; But is using electricity place nearby generates electricity; The energy quality is high; The user easy to accept from the sentiment; The gain energy expenditures time is shor
11、t. The deficiency is: The illumination energy distribution density is small, namely must take the huge area; Obtains the energy with four seasons, the day and nights and cloudy clear and so on meteorological conditions concerns. But generally speaking, the flaw does not cover the fine jade, takes th
12、e new energy, the solar energy has the enormous merit, therefore receives various countries the value.Must enable the solar electrical energy generation to achieve the practical level truly; first, must raise the solar energy electro-optic conversion efficiency and reduce its cost; second, must real
13、ize the solar electrical energy generation with presents electrical network networking.At present, solar panels mainly has the mono-crystalline silicon, the polycrystalline silicon, the amorphous state silicon three kinds. The mono-crystalline silicon solar cell conversion efficiency is highest, has
14、 reached above 20%, but the price is also the most expensive. The amorphous state silicon solar cell conversion efficiency is lowest, but the price is the cheapest, from now on most will be hopeful uses in generally generating electricity will be this kind of battery. Once its big area module electr
15、o-optic conversion efficiency achieves 10%, each watt generating set price falls to 1-2 US dollars, then sufficiently compete with presents electricity generation way. It is estimated that at the end of this century it may achieve this level.Certainly, in the special use and the laboratory uses the
16、solar cell efficiency must be much higher, if the US Boeing develops by the gallium arsenic semiconductor with the positive electricity place which too the stibium gallium semiconductor overlaps becomes, the electro-optic conversion efficiency may reach 36%, has caught up with the coal-burning elect
17、ricity generation efficiency quickly. But because it is too expensive, at present can only be restricted on the satellite uses.2. Solar electrical energy generation applicationAlthough solar electrical energy generation day and nights, clear and rain, season influence, but may carry on scattered, th
18、erefore it is suitable for various each household minute to carry on the electricity generation severally, moreover must join in the power supply network, causes each family when the electric power is wealthy may sold it to the Electricity company, when the insufficiency be possible from the Electri
19、city company to buy up. Realizes this points technology not to be difficult to solve, the key lies in must have the corresponding legal safeguard. Now the US, Japan and so on developed country has made the corresponding law, guaranteed that carries on the solar electrical energy generation the famil
20、y benefit, encourages the family to carry on the solar electrical energy generation.Japan has realized the solar electrical energy generation system the same electricity company electrical networks networking in April, 1992, had some families to start to install the solar electrical energy generatio
21、n equipment. The Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry started from 1994 take individual housing as an object, implemented to purchases the solar electrical energy generation equipments expense to subsidize 2/3 systems. Requests the first year had 1000 households families, when 2000
22、to have 70,000 households families to install the solar electrical energy generation equipment.According to the Japanese Department concerned estimates in the Japanese 21,000,000 households individual housing, if has 80% to install the solar electrical energy generation equipment, then may satisfy 1
23、4% which the national total power needs, if units and so on factory and office building also carry on the solar electrical energy generation with the room, then the solar electrical energy generation will occupy the national electric power 30%-40%. The current hindrance solar electrical energy gener
24、ation popular most primary factor is the expense is expensive In order to satisfy the general family power requirement 3 kilowatt generating system, needs 6,000,000 to 7,000,000 Japanese Yen, has not included the installment wages. The concerned expert believed that when must fall at least to 1,000,
25、000 to 2,000,000 Japanese Yen, the solar electrical energy generation only then can popularize truly. The key to reduce the expense lie in the solar cell to raise the conversion efficiency and to reduce the cost.Some time ago, the US Texas Instruments Company and SCE Corporation announced that they
26、develop one kind of new solar cell, each unit is the diameter less than 1 millimeter bead, they distribute regularly densely and numerously on the soft aluminum foil, looks like many silkworm eggs to cling on the paper is the same. Then distributes in about 50 square centimeters area has 1,700 such
27、units. This kind of new batterys characteristic is, although the conversion efficiency has 8%-10%, but the price is cheap. Moreover aluminum foil bottom bush soft solid, may look like the cloth to fold equally at will, and durable, hangs in toward the sun place then may generate electricity, is conv
28、enient. It is said that uses this kind of new solar cell, so long as each watt power capacity equipment 1.5 to 2 US dollars, moreover each round of once electricitys expense might also fall to 14 cents about, definitely may compete with the ordinary power plant. Each family hangs this kind of batter
29、y on the roof, the wall toward the sun, every year may obtain 1,000-2,000 degrees electric powers.3. Solar electrical energy generation prospectThe solar electrical energy generation has a more exciting plan. First, Japan proposes creates the century plan. Prepares the desert and the sea area carrie
30、s on the electricity generation using the ground, and through superconducting cable whole world solar power station connection unification electrical network in order to global. According to reckoning, to 2000, in 2050, in 2100, even if all uses the solar electrical energy generation supplies the wh
31、ole world energy, the occupying land area is also 651,100 square kilometer, 1,867,900 square kilometer, 8,291,900 square kilometers. 8,291,900 square kilometers only occupy the complete sea area 2.3% or the complete desert area 51.4%, even is the Sahara area 91.5%. Therefore this plan has the possib
32、ility to realize.Another one is the space electricity generation plan. As early as in 1980 the NASA and Department of Energy proposed that in the spatial construction solar power station tentative plan, prepares on the synchronous orbit to put one long 10 kilometers, to extend 5 kilometer big plates
33、, above covers entirely the solar cell, like this then may provide 5,000,000 kilowatts electric powers. But this needs to solve to the ground wireless electric transmission question. Already proposed with the micro wave beam, the laser beam and so on each kind of plan. At present although has realiz
34、ed the short distance, the short time, the low power microwave wireless electric transmission with the mockup, but to true practical also has the long distance.Along with our country technologys development, in 2006, China had three enterprises to enter global first ten, symbolizes that China will b
35、ecome one of global new energy science and technology central, in the world the solar energy light bends down widespread application, what caused present to be deficient was raw material supply and the price rise, we needed dissemination of technology at the same time, to use the new technology, wit
36、h the aim of reducing the cost large scale, was this new energy long-term development provides the driving force!The solar energy use mainly divides into several aspects: The family with the small solar energy power plant, the large-scale incorporation power plant, the building integration light ben
37、ds down the glass curtain wall, the solar energy street light, the scenery supplementary street light, the scenery supplementary power supply system and so on, now main application way for construction integration and scenery supplementary system.The world present had the nearly 200 companies to pro
38、duce the solar cell, but produces the plants mainly hand in the Japanese business.Recent years the South Korean Tri-star, LG expressed the positive participations desire, China two sides across the Taiwan Strait are similarly very warm-hearted. It is reported that our country Taiwan in 2008 crystall
39、izes the silicon solar cell productivity to reach 2.2GW, later will expand by every year 1GW productivity in the past and started to produce the thin film solar cell, this year will strengthen vigorously, Taiwan anticipated that “the solar cell great nation” emulated to Europe. in 2010 various count
40、ries and the area have above 1GW the productive plan solar cell manufacturer to have Japanese Sharp, German Q-Cells, SchoSolar, turns 5 prestige RWE Solar, Chinese Suntech Power and so on 5 companies, above other 7 500MW productivity company.Recent years the world solar cell market advanced triumpha
41、ntly, an excellence, but the rare financial storm brought the economic crisis, was similarly presses in solar cell market on dark clouds, the Major enterprise like Germany Q-Cells achievement declined accordingly, because pre-year the world too positive electricity market also the demand will be thi
42、s year worn out, the petroleum price dropped, but the competitive power counter-promotion and so on disadvantage factor loweredBut at the same time, the people also see the US. After the Obama comes on stage, soon applies the Green New Deal policy, may have 150,000,000,000 US dollar subsidy funds in
43、cluding the among them green energy program, Japan will also carry out the subsidy system to continue to popularize solar cells application4. Solar cell electricity generation principle:The solar cell is pair of light has the response and can transform the energy of light the electric power the comp
44、onent. Many kinds of materials can produce the light to bend down the effect, for example: Mono-crystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, gallium arsenic, selenium indium copper and so on. Their electricity generation principle basic same, presently take crystal as example des
45、cription light electricity generation process. The P crystalline silicon may result in the N silicon after the doping phosphorus, forms the P-N knot.When light illumination solar cell surface, part of photons by silicon material absorption; The photon energy transfer has given the silicon atom, caus
46、ed the electron to occur more moved, becomes the free electron to tie the both sides in P-N to gather has formed the potential difference, when exterior key-on, under this voltages function, will have the electric current to wind through the exterior electric circuit to have certain output. This pro
47、cesss essence is: The photon energy transforms the electrical energy the process.5. Crystalline silicon solar cells manufacture process:The silicon is on our star preserves one of most abundant quantity materials. Had discovered after the 19th century scientists crystalline silicon semiconductor cha
48、racteristic, it changed all nearly, even humanitys thought. 20 centurys ends, in our life everywhere obviously “silicon” the form and the function, the crystalline silicon solar cell is in the recent 15 years forms the industrial production to be quickest. The production process may divide into five
49、 steps approximately: a、depuration process. b、pulls good process. c、slice process. d、system battery process. e、and the seal process.6. Solar cells application: In the 1960s, the scientists already applied the solar cells in the spatial technology-communication satellite power supply, on the centurys end, in the human self-introspections process, bends down unceasingly regarding the light generates electricity this kind so clean and the direct energy form already even more kind, not only in the
