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1、从发电集团公司和电力设计院的角度看KKS编码系统发表时间:2006-6-28作者：焦党育摘要：一、发电企业KKS编码系统实施的基本现状1.1 老发电企业设备编码系统的建设 老发电企业中有一类机组属于进口机组，例如国华三河发电公司，引进日本三麦金套机组主设备，在电厂建设结束时，设计方和供货方将KKS编码系统会同实际机组一同移交业主。这样的企业在日后进行EAM系统实施和设备管理工作时会非常轻松，只是引用原来己经具备的KKS编码系统。 另一部分属于机组年限长、没有规范的设备编码系统的老发电企业。这样的企业在设备管理体系改革时，大多采用集中编制KKS编码的做法，通常是集中公司的机、炉、电、控等专业人员
2、，组成KKS编码编制小组，利用脱产或半脱产的方式，进行突击性编制，一般1台机组的编码系统可在几个月内编制完毕，例如国华盘电公司和国华绥电公司，就是采用这样的方法。1.2 新建发电企业的KKS编码系统的建设 新建发电企业在电厂设计阶段，通常将KKS编码系统委托给设计院进行设计，标注在系统和设备的设计蓝图中。在设计院内部一般有一个KKS编码协调小组，对KkS编码的规则进行研究，负责培训设计院各级专业人员，使其能在每一个电厂的设计工作中完成KKS编码的设计工作，小组还负责协调KKS编码体系的相关工作，包括编码段的划分。而每一个项目组基本都是从设计院内各专业室抽调人员组成设计团队，在设计院内部属于最典
3、型的矩阵式管理模式。每个专业设计人员在规划的编码段内完成设计工作，遵守统一的编码规则。设计院负责系统级编码设计，设备级编码由供货厂商负责编制，编码规则和编码段来自于设计院。二、发电领域实施KKS编码系统所存在的问题2.1 设计院在进行KKS编码系统设计时存在的问题 设计院能为新建电厂设计较专业的KKS编码系统。但是KKS编码清册是伴随着系统的设计过程逐渐积累起来的，只能在设计结束的时候将KKS编码汇编成册，移交电厂。目前电厂实施EAM设备资产管理系统往往要求在基建期开始，在机组安装调试阶段就投人使用EAM系统，这样可以积累设备的原始缺陷记录，而KKS编码是先决条件，所以设计院的设计进度和电厂对
4、 KKS编码的需求存在时间差，国华台山电厂和国华定州电厂在实施BFS+系统过程中就遇到了这样的问题。电厂建设时间紧迫，设计院往往降低了KKS编码的质量，急于分步交付，KKS编码一旦被蓝图引用或被控制系统引用，将不能更改，因需要协调的单位太多。 一个电厂的主机系统往往由一家具备资质的主设计单位进行，辅助系统往往委托不同的设计单位，这样在KKS编码设计中存在交叉带和真空带的问题，也就是有些系统没人管，有些系统2个专业都管，这样导致有些系统设备在整个电厂设计过程中存在l个KKS编码，有些系统和设备没有KKS编码。 供货厂商因为对编码规则的理解很少，同时主要问题是能否尽快供货，满足现场的设备安装，所以
5、基本忽略KKS编码的编制。导致这一部分编码实际属于空白，为日后设备维护埋下了隐患。 设计院在进行相关机组的设计时，相同机组内设计工程师不同，导致编码不同，没有编码工具和形成针对不同机组的KKS编码库，效率低下。2.2 发电集团公司在进行KKS编码系统管理时存在的问题 从集团公司的角度看，如果相同机组的KKS编码不同、编码深度不同、对编码理解不同，对日后的设备管理存在很多不便。特别是集团公司要求管理解决方案统一，基础数据统一，而电厂的设计者不同，KKS编码则不同。例如国华台电和国华定电两个同属于国华电力公司新建电厂，机组主要设备完全相同，但是国华定电两台机组的KKS编码达到l0万条，台山电厂两合
6、机组KKS编码为4万多条，这种不规范、不统一的现状在集团公司内尚存。 集团公同相同机组的KKS编码系统委托不同的设计院进行设计还存在重复投资、重复建设的问题。集团公司必须担负起协调的责任，国华电力认识到了问题的严重性，并采取了行动，以国华台电公司的60OMW机组KKS编码为原型，编制了国华公司600MW机组KKS编码标准库，并在相继建设的宁海、黄桦、锦界、太仓等电厂实施。 2.3 国内设计院进行KKS编码存在的管理问题 国内对KKS编码系统研究比较早的设计院有西北、西南、广东电力设计院等，目前每一个设计院在承担电厂设计的同时都要进行相关机组设备的KKS编码设计，不同的设计院对KKS编码系统的理
7、解和认识不同，不统一和不规范的现状一定会出现在国内同类型机组。同时从全国的角度看也存在重复投资、重复设计的问题。目前中国电力工程顾问集团公司的协调统一工作已经初见成效，并初步开发了编码工具和标准KKS编码库。三、电力企业关于KKS编码系统的合理做法3.1 对集团公司的推荐做法 理想的做法是按机组类型进行典型KKS编码系统规划，推荐给电厂和设计院使用，做到最大限度地规范统一，并减少设计成本。但是随着发电集团的解体，规模和利益的拆分，这样的做法基本不现实。 推荐的做法是在集团公司内部尽可能统一管理平台和编码系统，做到同类型机组KKS编码系统一致，集团公司可以编制不同类型机组的推荐KKS编码系统，来
8、规范统一所属电厂的KKS编码，同时可以减少资金浪费和重复设计。 3.2 对设计院的推荐做法 由于KKS编码系统属于新生事物，存在严重不统一、不规范现象。中国电力工程顾问集团公司在KKS编码工作中尽可能做到不同设计院设计的同类型机组KKS编码系统系统和主设备基本相同，如果有难度，可以退而求其次，在设计院内部尽可能规范统一KKS编码系统，做到同类型机组KKS编码系统相同，提高效率，降低成本。四、KKS编码工具和标唯编码库 目前对于KKS编码工具和标准 KKS编码库的研究在国内已经成熟，这样的工具如果用在突击集中编制KKS工作中，可以快速生成，并与国内先进成熟的系统保持接近。用于集团公司，可以规范统
9、一发电厂的编码系统，同样可以与国内先进成熟的编码系统接近，并降低投资成本。用于设计院，可以提高设计效率，规范统一。五、结语 2005年6月28日至29口，中国电力企业联合会、国家电网公司、国电信息中心、各发电集团公司、各设计院、主机制造厂等相关单位在北京召开电厂标识系统实施细则(送审稿)的审查会，此举标志着国家行业主管部门在电站标识系统规范化工作的开始。 KKS编码是发电企业管理基础数据中一个重要的部分，它对于基础信息的采集、分类、分析、处理至关重要。随着标识(电厂标识系统实施细则)的发布，有望解决该领域缺乏统一规范和标准的问题，这也将极大地推进发电企业信息管理系统的建设，最大限度地减少重复建
10、设，二次建设等现实问题。Editors note: Judson Jones is a meteorologist, journalist and photographer. He has freelanced with CNN for four years, covering severe weather from tornadoes to typhoons. Follow him on Twitter: jnjonesjr (CNN) - I will always wonder what it was like to huddle around a shortwave radio and
11、 through the crackling static from space hear the faint beeps of the worlds first satellite - Sputnik. I also missed watching Neil Armstrong step foot on the moon and the first space shuttle take off for the stars. Those events were way before my time.As a kid, I was fascinated with what goes on in
12、the sky, and when NASA pulled the plug on the shuttle program I was heartbroken. Yet the privatized space race has renewed my childhood dreams to reach for the stars.As a meteorologist, Ive still seen many important weather and space events, but right now, if you were sitting next to me, youd hear m
13、y foot tapping rapidly under my desk. Im anxious for the next one: a space capsule hanging from a crane in the New Mexico desert.Its like the set for a George Lucas movie floating to the edge of space.You and I will have the chance to watch a man take a leap into an unimaginable free fall from the e
14、dge of space - live.The (lack of) air up there Watch man jump from 96,000 feet Tuesday, I sat at work glued to the live stream of the Red Bull Stratos Mission. I watched the balloons positioned at different altitudes in the sky to test the winds, knowing that if they would just line up in a vertical
15、 straight line we would be go for launch.I feel this mission was created for me because I am also a journalist and a photographer, but above all I live for taking a leap of faith - the feeling of pushing the envelope into uncharted territory.The guy who is going to do this, Felix Baumgartner, must h
16、ave that same feeling, at a level I will never reach. However, it did not stop me from feeling his pain when a gust of swirling wind kicked up and twisted the partially filled balloon that would take him to the upper end of our atmosphere. As soon as the 40-acre balloon, with skin no thicker than a
17、dry cleaning bag, scraped the ground I knew it was over.How claustrophobia almost grounded supersonic skydiverWith each twist, you could see the wrinkles of disappointment on the face of the current record holder and capcom (capsule communications), Col. Joe Kittinger. He hung his head low in missio
18、n control as he told Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunday.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and
19、limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commer
20、cial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause), he can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet (22.7 miles/36.53 kilometers). Here, Fearless Felix will unclip. He wil
21、l roll back the door.Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.Below, the Earth becomes the concrete bottom of a swimming pool that he wants to land on, but not too hard. Still, hell be traveling fast, so despite the distance, it will not be l
22、ike diving into the deep end of a pool. It will be like he is diving into the shallow end.Skydiver preps for the big jumpWhen he jumps, he is expected to reach the speed of sound - 690 mph (1,110 kph) - in less than 40 seconds. Like hitting the top of the water, he will begin to slow as he approache
23、s the more dense air closer to Earth. But this will not be enough to stop him completely.If he goes too fast or spins out of control, he has a stabilization parachute that can be deployed to slow him down. His team hopes its not needed. Instead, he plans to deploy his 270-square-foot (25-square-mete
24、r) main chute at an altitude of around 5,000 feet (1,524 meters).In order to deploy this chute successfully, he will have to slow to 172 mph (277 kph). He will have a reserve parachute that will open automatically if he loses consciousness at mach speeds.Even if everything goes as planned, it wont.
25、Baumgartner still will free fall at a speed that would cause you and me to pass out, and no parachute is guaranteed to work higher than 25,000 feet (7,620 meters).It might not be the moon, but Kittinger free fell from 102,800 feet in 1960 - at the dawn of an infamous space race that captured the hearts of many. Baumgartner will attempt to break that record, a feat that boggles the mind. This is one of those monumental moments I will always remember, because there is no way Id miss this.
