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1、2014年争锋软件职称英语考前押题阅读理解：（共6篇，重点4篇） Researchers Discover Why Humans Began Walking Upright（重点） Batteries Built by Viruses（重点） Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as “Ecosystem Engineers”（重点） Teaching Math,Teaching Anxiety（重点）n Cell Phones Increase Traffic,Pedestrain Fatalitiesn U.S.Scientists Comfirm Wa
2、ter On Mars建议对以下文章进行一般性了解：l Defending the Theory of Evolution Still Seems Neededl Renewable Energy Sourcesl Too Little for Global Warmingl Clone Farml Listening Device Provides Landslide Early Warningl Listening to Birdsong购买金牌保过版的客户，请认真学习软件中“名师课堂-阅读理解精讲”中以上相关文章的课程。请尽量将“名师课堂-阅读理解精讲”中的全部课程都学习掌握好，以确保在
3、任何情况下都能轻松应对。完形填空： Free Stains With Fast Food Could Neutrailze Heart Risk “Liquefaction” Key to Much of Japanese Earthquake Damage Sharks Perform a Service for Earths Waters【阅读理解】Researchers Discover Why Humans Began Walking Upright直立（重点掌握）视频课程见：名师课堂-阅读理解精讲 第7讲Most of us walk and carry items in our h
4、ands every day. These are seemingly simple activities that the majority of us dont question. But an international team of researchers, including Dr. Richmond from GWs Columbian College of Arts and Sciences，have discovered that human walking upright, may have originated起源 millions of years ago as an
5、adaptation适应 to carrying scarce稀缺, high- quality resources. The team of researchers from the U. S., England, Japan and Portugal investigated研究考察 the behavior of modern-day chimpanzees黑猩猩 as they competed竞争 for food resources， in an effort to understand what ecological生态 settings would lead a large a
6、pe大猿 one that resembles类似于 the 6 million-year old ancestor祖先 we shared in common共同分享 with living chimpanzees to walk on two legs. “These chimpanzees provide a model of the ecological conditions under which our earliest ancestors might have begun walking on two legs, ，said Dr. Richmond. The research
7、findings suggest that chimpanzees switch to moving on two limbs四肢 instead of four in situations where they need to monopolize独占 a resource. Standing on two legs allows them to carry much more at one time because it frees up their hands. Over time久而久之，intense激烈的 bursts爆发of bipedal双脚 activity may have
8、 led to anatomical解剖学 changes that in turn became the subject of natural selection where competition for food or other resources was strong. Two studies were conducted进行 by the team in Guinea几内亚. The first study was conducted by the team in Kyoto Universitys “outdoor laboratory” in a natural clearin
9、g天然空地 in Bossou Forest博苏森林. Researchers allowed the wild chimpanzees access to有权使用 different combinations of two different types of nut the oil palm nut油棕榈坚果，which is naturally widely available, and the coula nut可乐果, which is not. The chimpanzees behavior was monitored in three situations:(a) when o
10、nly oil palm nuts were available,(b)when a small number of coula nuts were available，and(c) when coula nuts were the majority available resource. When the rare coula nuts were available only in small numbers, the chimpanzees transported more at one time. Similarly, when coula nuts were the majority
11、resource, the chimpanzees ignored the oil palm nuts altogether. The chimpanzees regarded the coula nuts as a more highly-prized珍贵的 resource and competed for them more intensely激烈的. In such high-competition settings，the frequency频率 of cases in which the chimpanzees started moving on two legs increase
12、d by a factor of four四倍. Not only was it obvious that bipedal双足 movement allowed them to carry more of this precious珍贵 resource, but also that they were actively trying to move as much as they could in one go by using everything available - even their mouths. The second study, by Kimberley Hockings
13、of Oxford Brookes University, was a 14-month study of Bossou chimpanzees crop-raiding抢劫粮食, a situation in which they have to compete for rare and unpredictable不可预知的 resources. Here, 35 percent of the chimpanzees activity involved some sort of bipedal双足 movement, and once again, this behavior appeare
14、d to be linked to a clear attempt to尝试 carry as much as possible at one time. 词汇： scarce adj.缺乏的，不足的；稀有的 chimpanzee n.黑猩猩 ape n.无尾猿; 类人猿 bipedal adj. 二足的 anatomical adj.解剖的 coula nuts( coula 也可写作 cola 或 kola)可乐果 注释： 1. GWs Columbian College of Arts and Sciences:乔治华盛顿大学哥伦比亚艺术与科学学 院。乔治华盛顿大学（George Was
15、hington University)的英文简称为GW，是美国顶尖的私立大学之一，于 1821年建校，位于美国首都华盛顿。 2. ecological settings: 生态环境 3. bipedal activity：双足活动 4. anatomical chaiige: 解剖学上的变化 5. Kyoto University:京都大学，是继东京大学之后成立的日本第二所国立大学，于1897 年建校。京都大学主要校区位于日本历史名城京都市。 6. Bossou: 博苏,几内亚的一个地名。博苏森林生活着黑猩猩群落。 7. oil palm nut: 油棕榈坚果 8. increased by
16、a factor of four:增加了四倍 9. in one go: 口气 10. Oxford Brookes University: 牛津布鲁克斯大学，创立于1865 年，是英国最具特色的综合性大学之一。牛津布鲁克斯大学位于世界学术名城牛津。这里学风浓郁、精英荟萃，历来为求学圣地。1.Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the first two paragraphs?A.Many people question the simple human activities of walking and car
17、rying items.B.Chimpanzees behaviors may suggest why humans walk on two legs.C.Human walking upright is viewed as an adaptation适应 to carrying precious resources.D.Our ancestors ecological conditions resembled相似 those of modern-day chimpanzees.2.Dr. Richmond conducted the experiment with the purpose o
18、f findingA.when humans began walking on two legs.B.what made our ancestors walk upright.C.what benefits walking upright brought to our ancestors.D.how walking upright helped chimpanzees monopolize独占 resources.3.Kyoto, Universitys study discovered that chimpanzees.A.regarded both types of nut as pric
19、ed resourcesB.preferred oil palm nuts to coula nuts.C.liked coula nuts better than oil palm nuts.D.ignored both types of nut altogether.4.Why did the chimpanzees walk on two limbs四肢 during Kyoto Universitys experiment?A.Because they imitated模仿 the human way of walking just for fun.B.Because they wan
20、ted to please the researchers to get more coula nuts from them.C.Because they wanted to get to the nut-rich forest faster by walking that way.D.Because they wanted to carry more nuts with two free limbs.5.What can we infer from the reading passage?A.Chimpanzees are in the same process of evolution a
21、s our ancestors were.B.Chimpanzees are similar to humans in many behaviors.C.Walking on two limbs and walking on four limbs each have their advantages.D.Human walking on two legs developed as a means of survival生存手段.答案及解析1、A第一段第一句和第二句说明，大多数人对人类直立行走习以为常,并不质疑这种习惯。而 A的内容正好与此相反，所以是答案。其他选项所述内容均可从第一段和第二段推
22、断出2、B 文章报道，科学家通过实验证实黑猩猩直立行走是为了解放前肢，让前肢搬运对其生命至关重要的资源，从而推断出人类祖先也经历了从四足到二足的进化过程。科学家想通过对黑猩猩的实验解释人类直立行走的成因。所以 B 是答案，A、C、D选项不是科学家进行研究的目的。3、C 第五段明白无误地描述了黑猩猩全然不顾油棕榈坚果（ignored the oil palm nuts altogether),集中精力抢运可乐果。所以 C 是答案，B、C、D 的内容不符合文章原意4、D 黑猩猩用后肢直立行走，搬运资源的效率提高了四倍。选项D符合原意，是答案。选项 A、B、C 的内容文章中没有提到，所以不是答案。5
23、、D 了解了通篇文章的意思，就会选择选项 D。人类直立行走是受生态环境所迫，是人类生存的一种手段，直立行走是自然选择的结果。选项 A 和 C 的内容文章中没有涉及。文章中有选项 B的内容，但它不是文章的主旨。译文研究人员发现人类开始直立行走的原因我们大多数人每天都走路而且手里搬着东西。这样的活动看似太简单，大多数人没有疑问。但是一个国际研究者（包括乔治华盛顿大学哥伦比亚艺术与科学学院的Richmond 博士）团队已经发现了人类直立行走可能源于数百万年以前适应搬运稀有的、高质量的资源。这些来自美国、英国、日本和葡萄牙的研究者研究了当代黑猩猩争抢食物时的行为特征，试图对什么样的生态环境竟然导致大猿
24、（一种我们与现存的黑猩猩一样的 600 万年前的祖先）直立行走作出解释。 “这些黑猩猩居住的生态环境和我们最早的祖先开始直立行走时是相同的，” Richmond 博士说。研究结果显示，当黑猩猩需要独占一种资源时，它们就从四肢行走转换为直立行走。由于直立行走可以解放它们的双手，这使得它们能搬更多的东西。久而久之，双足活动的强烈爆发可能导致了解剖学上的变化，因此这种变化也就成为自然选择的主题，在那种情况下，对食物或其他 资源的争夺是十分激烈的。 有两项研究是在几内亚完成的。第一项研究是在京都大学博苏森林的一块天然空地“室外实验室”进行的。研究者们允许森林里的黑猩猩能得到两种不同的坚果，一种叫油棕榈
25、坚果，自然界随处可见，一种叫可乐果，自然环境中不常见。人们监控黑猩猩在下列三种情形下的行为：(a)只有油棕榈坚果；（b)只有少量的可乐果，大多数是油棕榈坚果;(c)大多数是可乐果，少数是油棕榈坚果。 当稀有的可乐果数量很少时，黑猩猩一次就会拿得多。同样，当大部分是可乐果时，黑猩猩对油棕榈坚果根本视而不见。黑猩猩认为可乐果才是珍贵的资源，并为得到可乐果激烈竞争。 处于这种激烈竞争的环境中，黑猩猩直立行走的频率增加了四倍。很显然，双足行走可以使它们拿走更多的稀有资源，而且，为了尽可能地一口气多拿，它们积极利用可用到的任何方法，甚至嘴巴。 第二项研究是在牛津布鲁克斯大学的 Kimberley Hoc
26、kings 进行的。该研究历时 14 个月，主题是博苏的黑猩猩抢劫粮食，场景是它们不得不为稀有和不可预知的资源竞争。在这项研究中，黑猩猩35%的活动是直立行走。而这一次研究再一次证实了黑猩猩的直立行走与它们试图一次搬走尽可能多的东西有关Batteries Built by Viruses（重点掌握）视频课程：名师课堂-阅读理解精讲 第11讲What do chicken pox水痘, the common cold, the flu流感, and AIDS have in common共有? Theyre all disease caused by viruses, tiny microorg
27、anisms微生物 that can pass from person to person. Its no wonder难怪 that when most people think about viruses, finding ways to steer clear of避开 viruses is whats on peoples minds.Not everyone runs from躲避 the tiny disease carriers, though. In Cambridge剑桥, Massachusetts马萨诸塞州, scientists have discovered that
28、 some viruses can be helpful in an unusual不同寻常 way. They are putting viruses to work, teaching them to build some of the worlds smallest rechargeable充电 batteries.Viruses and batteries may seem like an unusual pair, but theyre not so strange for engineer Angela Belcher, who first came up with提出 the i
29、dea. At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, she and her collaborators合作者 bring together different areas of science in new ways. In the case of the virus-built batteries, the scientists combine结合 what they know about biology生物, technology and production techniques.Belchers t
30、eam includes Paula Hammond, who helps put together the tiny batteries, and Yet-Ming Chiang, an expert on how to store energy in the form of a battery. “Were working on things we traditionally传统上 dont associate with nature,” says Hammond. Many batteries are already pretty small. You can hold A, C and
31、 D batteries in your hand. The coin-like batteries that power watches are often smaller than a penny分币. However, every year, new electronic devices like personal music players or cell phones get smaller than the year before. As these devices shrink收缩，变小, ordinary batteries wont be small enough to fi
32、t inside.The ideal battery will store a lot of energy in a small package. Right now. Belchers model battery, a metallic金属的 disk圆盘 completely built by viruses, looks like a regular watch battery. But inside, its components组件 are very small so tiny you can only see them with a powerful microscope.How
33、small are these battery parts? To get some idea of the size, pluck拔 one hair from your head. Place your hair on a piece of white paper and try to see how wide your hair is pretty thin, right? Although the width of each persons hair is a bit different, you could probably fit about 10 of these virus-b
34、uilt battery parts, side to side, across one hair. These microbatteries may change the way we look at viruses.词汇：Chicken pox 水痘 metallic adj金属的 Microorganism n微生物 collaborator n. 合作者，协作者 pluck v. 拔，摘，采注释:1 No wonder:不足为奇的，难怪2 Steer clear of:避开，绕开3 though：意思为“然而，可是”。在句中使用时通常放在句末。4 Cambridge，Massachus
35、etts：马萨诸塞州的剑桥市。本文第三段提到的the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)in Cambridge即指坐落于剑桥市的麻省理工学院。麻省理工学院于1861年由著名自然科学家威廉巴罗吉杰斯创立。这是美国的一所私立研究型大学，培养高级科技人才和管理人才，是以理工科为主的、世界一流的综合性大学。5 Came up with:提出6 A，C and D batteries: A、C、D均为电池型号。7 These microbatteries may change the way we look at viruses:这些微型电池可能会改变
36、我们看待病毒的方式。作者想表达的意思是：人们一直认为病毒有害无益，现在病毒可用来制作电池，人们对病毒的看法可能会因此而发生变化。1.According to the first paragraph, people try toA.kill microorganisms微生物 related to chicken pox, the flu, etc.B.keep themselves away from viruses because they are invisible.C.Stay away from viruses because they are causes of various di
37、seases.D.Cure治疗 themselves of virus-related diseases by taking medicines2.What is Belchers team doing at present?A.It is finding ways to get rid of virusesB.It is mass-producing大规模生产 microbatteriesC.It is making batteries with virusesD.It is analyzing virus genes.3.What expression below is opposite
38、in meaning to the word “shrink” appearing in paragraph 5?A.Broaden加宽 B.Spread伸展，展开 C.Extend延伸，加长 D.Expand扩大，扩张4.Which of the following is true of Belchers battery mentioned in paragraph 6?A.It is made of metal.B.It is a kind of watch battery.C.It can only be seen with a microscope.D.It is a metallic
39、 disk with viruses inside it.5.How tiny is one battery part?A.Its width is one tenth of a hair.B.It equals the width of a hair.C.It is as thin as a piece of paper.D.Its width is too tiny to measure.答案及解析1、C 短文第一段的大致意思是，许多疾病都由病毒引起，诸如水痘、感冒和艾滋病，所以人们想尽办法躲避病毒。这是c所表达的意思。A不是正确选择，因为文章并没有说人们想方设法去杀死病毒。B的后半句的内
40、容（病毒肉眼看不见）和D的内容（吃药治疗病毒引起的疾病）文中没有提到。2、C 短文的第二段明确提供了答案。3、D 根据上下文，shrink在此的意思是“收缩”，即“缩小”。所以，它的反义词是expand（增大，扩张）。C不是正确选择，因为extend的意思是become longer，即“延伸”或“加长”。A的意思是“加宽”，也不是答案。B的意思是“伸展，展开”，在一定的上下文里也可以做shrink的反义词，但在第五段这个语境里，B不是最佳选择。4、D 第六段第二句中提到的metallic disk是指“金属圆盘”，它是微型电池的外形，其内部是由病毒构成的电池部件。微型电池不是由金属组成的，所
41、以A不是答案。本段提到，这种电池looks like a regular watch battery，与手表电池外形相似，但并不等同手表电池，所以B也不是正确选择。文章只是说电池的部件（但并没有说整个电池）小到只能用显微镜才能看到，所以c也不是正确的选择。D才是第六段所要表达的主要内容，因此是答案。5、A 短文最后一段的第四句（“You could probably fit about 10 of these virus-built battery parts，side to side，across one hair”）提供了本题的答案。译文病毒电池水痘、普通感冒、流感和艾滋病有哪些相似之处呢
42、？这些都是由病毒引起的疾病。病毒是能够在人与人之间传染的微生物。难怪大部分人一提到病毒，首先想到的是如何躲避病毒。然而，并不是每个人都躲避这些疾病携带者。在马萨诸塞州剑桥市，科学家发现有些病毒能起到非同寻常的作用。他们使病毒开始工作，使病毒构成世界上最小的充电电池。病毒和电池的搭档似乎并不常见，但这对于工程师安吉拉，贝尔彻来说却并不陌生。安吉拉，贝尔彻最早产生了这一想法。在位于剑桥市的麻省理工学院，她和合作者一起用新方式融合了不同的科学领域。在由病毒构成的电池里，科学家融合了他们在生物、技术和生产工艺方面的知识。贝尔彻的团队包括帮助组装微型电池的宝拉，哈蒙德和以电池形式存储能量的专家蒋业明。哈
43、蒙德说，“我们现在从事的行业是传统中不会想到的。”许多电池已经很小了。A型、C型和D型电池都可以握在手里。硬币形状的手表电池通常比分币还小。然而，个人音乐播放器和手机等新型电子设备变得越来越小。这些设备变小了，普通理想的电池应当体积小、理想的电池应当体积小、储能多。目前，贝尔彻的电池模型是完全由病毒构成的金属圆盘，看起来就像普通手表电池。但里面的部件却非常小小到用高倍望远镜才能看到。这些电池部件到底有多小呢？从头上拔一根头发，把它放到白纸上，看看头发的宽度是不是很细呢？尽管每个人的头发宽度不同，每个头发上可以并列排放大约10个病毒电池部件。这些微电池可能会改变我们对病毒的看法。Ants Hav
44、e Big Impact on影响 Environment as Ecosystem生态系统 Engineers（重点掌握）视频课程：名师课堂-阅读理解精讲 第5讲Research by the University of Exeter has revealed揭示 that ants have a big impact on their local environment as a result of由于 their activity as “ecosystem engineers” and predators食肉动物. The study, published in the Journal
45、 of Animal Ecology, found that ants have two distinct明显 effects on their local environment.Firstly, through moving of soil by nest building筑巢 activity and by collecting food they affect the level of nutrients营养 in the soil. This can indirectly impact the local populations人口 of many animal groups, fr
46、om decomposers分解者（腐生物） to species much higher up the food chain.Secondly, they prey on捕食 a wide range of other animals, including larger prey猎物 which can be attacked by vast numbers of ant workers工蚁.Dirk Sanders, an author of the study from the universitys Centre for Ecology生态学 and Conservation保护, s
47、aid: “Ants are very effective predators食肉动物 which thrive兴盛 in huge numbers. Theyre also very territorial领地的 and very aggressive侵略性的, defending their resources and territory against other predators. All of this means they have a strong influence on their surrounding area. ”In this research, we studie
48、d for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties微妙之处 of it. What we found is that despite尽管 being predators, their presence出现 can also lead to an increase in density密度 and diversity多样化 of other animal groups. They genuinely真正的 play a key role in the local environment, having a big influence on the grassland草原 food web,” Sanders said.The study, carried out进行 in Germa
