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1、词类,英语中的单词可以分为十大词类：1 名词 n.teacher,book等。2 代词 pron.we,me,he 等。3 数词 num.two,fifth 等。4 动词 v.work,study,live 等。5 形容词 adj.good,big,beautiful 等。6 副词 adv.fast,quickly等。7 冠词 art.a,an,the等。8 介词 prep.in,on,by,with等。9 连词 conj.and,but等。10 感叹词 interj.Oh,ah等。,3,名词表示人、事物和抽象概念的词。（一）分类,专有名词：Mary Beijng China,普通名词,可数名
2、词,不可数名词,个体名词：book pen man,集体名词：family police,物质名词：water air oil,抽象名词：happiness sadness,4,Words:noun,（二）名词的数1、可数名词（countable noun）可以用数来计算的名词叫可数名词，一般有单数和复数两种形式。规则变化：一般直接在名词后加“-s”:girls,wars：以-s,-sh,-ch,-x结尾的加“-es”:buses,boxes,inches：以-o结尾的，加“-es”或“-s”:-es:heroes,echoes,potatoes,tomatoes-s:bamboos,radi
3、os,zoos：以-f或-fe结尾的变f或fe为v再加“-es”:leafleaves,thiefthieves,shelfshelves,knifeknives 但是：belief-beliefs roof-roofs：以辅音字母加-y结尾的，边y为i再加“-es”。partyparties,factoryfactories,familyfamilies对比：plays,boys,guys,toys,名词复数的不规则变化,1）child-children foot-feet man-men tooth-teeth mouse-mice womanwomen2）单复同形，如deer，sheep
4、，fish，Chinese，Japanese，3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。例如：people,police,cattle 等本身就是复数4）以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：maths，politics，physics学科名词,news等；,冠词,不使用冠词,定冠词,不定冠词,aan,the,零冠词,冠词的分类,在下列字母前加a/an a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z,an,a,a,a,an,an,a,an,an,a,a,an,an,an,an,a,a,an,an,a,a,a,a,an,a,a,代词一.概念:代词是
5、代替名词的词,按其意义、特征及其在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、不定代词和关系代词等。二.相关知识点精讲1.人称代词1)人称代词的人称、数和格，如下表所示。,10,4.反身代词 英语中用来表示我自己，你自己，他自己，我们自己，你们自己等意义的代词称为反身代词，也有人称之为自身代名词，其形式如表所示。,I me my mine myself,we us our ours ourselves,you you your yours yourself,you you your yours yourselves,he him his his himself,
6、she her her hers herself,it it its its itself,they them their theirs themselves,数 词,（1）基数词表示数量的多少 one,two ten（2）序数词表示数的顺序 first,second,third,fourth twelfth 其前要加上冠词the或代词。序数词的缩写形式如 first-1stsecond-2nd thirty-first-31st,介词at,on,in,for,over,with,from,to,up,of,Conjunction,连词,一、并列连词 1.表示平行或对等关系的并列连词：and,
7、as well as,“和”；bothand“和两个都”；not onlybut also“不但而且”neithernor“既不也不”等。,2.表示转折关系的并列连词：but“但是”；however“然而”；while“而”；yet“然而”；nevertheless“然而”等。He worked hard,but he failed at last.She failed many times.Nevertheless,she went on with experiment.,3.表示选择关系的并列连词：or“或者”；eitheror“要么要么”whether.or等。We will die w
8、ithout air or water.不是你对，就是我对。,形容词,定义:adjective 简称adj.形容词用来修饰名词或代词,表示人或事物的性质,状态,和特征。,副词,副词adverbs缩写 adv.，是用来修饰或说明动词、形容词或其他副词的词类。说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。如：often经常，there那里，very很，slowly慢慢地,（一）定义,（二）副词的分类,副词分类,例词,时间副词,地点副词,方式副词,程度副词,now,then,often,early,never,still,rather,much,hardly,well,slowly,hard,badly,the
9、re,here,below,above,关系副词,疑问副词,连接副词,其他副词,also,not,only,too,when,where,why,whether,how,when,where,why,when,where,why,动词,根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为四类，,实义动词（Notional Verb）make,系动词（Link Verb）助动词（Auxiliary Verb）情态动词（Modal Verb）,系动词亦称联系动词它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。,1）状态系动词 用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，2）持续系动词用
10、来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep,remain,stay,3）表像系动词用来表示看起来像这一概念，主要有seem,appear,look,4）感官系动词感官系动词主要有feel,smell,sound,taste 5）变化系动词这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有become,get,助动词,协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词（Auxiliary Verb）。最常用的助动词有：be,have,do,shall,will,should,would等,英语的句子成分一般包括主语谓语宾语定语补语状语表语同位语,主语(Subject)主语是句子的主体，是句子所要说明的人或事物。
11、书本是知识的源泉。Book is the resource of knowledge.主语通常是一些代表事物性或实体性的名词。除了名词可担任主语外，还有 代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词、从句均可作主语.What he has said is true.,谓语(Predicate)谓语说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”,由动词来担任.I like apple.我喜欢苹果 They are student.他们是学生。实义动词（Notional Verb）+系动词（Link Verb）+,宾语,表语,宾语(Object)宾语表示动作的对象，是主语的动作的承受者，有宾语的动词称为及物动词，宾
12、语一般在及物动词之后，作宾语的词有名词，代词,数词、动词不定式、动名词、从句等，如：I like English very much.We must find out who signed the contract.,Predicative(表语)表语用以说明主语的身份,特征和状态,它一般位于系动词(如 be,become,get,look,turn,seem 等)之后.He is an astronaut(宇航员).His job is to teach English.What I want to know is when we will have the sports meeting.表
13、语一般由名词,代词,形容词,数词,不定式,动名词,过去分词,以及表语从句表示.,定语(Attribute)定语是用来修饰名词或代词的,如：I like red apple.我喜欢红苹果一般为形容词。除形容词之外，数词、名词、动词不定式、动名词、从句等，都可作定语。They made paper flowers.他们生产纸花。I have something to tell you.我有事要告诉你。,状语(Adverbial)状语是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词的，时间,地点,原因,结果,目的,方式,伴随,条件,程度,让步,频率等.I waited to see you.He often went
14、to school by bus.Please call me if it is necessary.This book is very interesting.He always comes late to school.作状语的词有副词或相当于副词的短语、从句。,补语(Complement)英语中有些及物动词虽然有了宾语，但句子的意思仍不完整，还需要在宾语之后增加一个成分以补足其意义，这种成分叫宾语补语。I found the book interesting.He made himself known to them.能作宾语补语的有名词、形容词、介词短语、副词、动词不定式、分词。,同位
15、语(Appositive)同位语用来对一个词或词的内容加以补充和说明。它通常位于其说明的词或词组之后。We Chinese are hard-working.You two are very lazy.The truth that he has never been abroad makes me suprised.,I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday.,主语,谓语,定语,宾语,同位语,状语,英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。英语五种基本句型列式如
16、下：一：（主谓）二：（主谓宾）三：（主谓表）四：（主谓间宾直宾）五：（主谓宾宾补）,1.S(主）+Vi（不及物动词）（谓）Time flies.1)S+Vi+adverbial(状语）Birds sing beautifully.2)S+Vi+prep Phrase（介词短语）He went on holiday.3)S+Vi+Infinitive(不定式）We stopped to have a rest.4)S+Vi+Participle(分词）Ill go swimming.,2.S(主）+Vt（及物动词）（谓）+O（宾）We like English.1)S+VT+N/PronI li
17、ke music.2)S+VT+infinitive(不定式）I want to help him.常用于这句型的动词有：attempt,dare,decide,desire,expect,hope,intend,learn,need,offer,pretend,propose,purpose,refuse,want,等。3)S+VT+Wh-Word+InfinitiveI dont know what to do.常用于这句型的动词有：ask,consider,decide,discover,explain,find out,forget,guess,inquire,know,learn,o
18、bserve,remember,see,settle,tell,think,understand,wonder等。,4)S+VT+GerundI enjoy living here.常用于这句型的动词有：admit,advise,avoid,consider,defend,enjoy,excuse,finish,forbid,mind,miss,practise,risk,suggest,give up,cant help等。5)S+VT+That-clauseI dont think(that)he is right.常用于这句型的动词有：Admit,believe,command,conf
19、ess,declare,demand,deny,doubt,expect,explain,feel(觉得）,hear（听说）,hope,imagine,intend,know,mean,mind（当心）,notice,propose,request,report,say,see（看出），show,suggest,suppose,think,understand,wish,wonder(觉得奇怪）。,3.S(主）+V（谓）（lv)(系动词）+P（表）We are Chinese.除了be 系动词外，还有一些动词也可以用作系动词，1)表感官的动词，feel,smell,taste,sound,lo
20、ok,appear,seem 等。2)表转变变化的动词，become,get,grow,turn,go,等。3)表延续的动词 remain,keep,seem,hold,stay,rest等。4)表瞬时的动词 come,fall,set,cut,occur等 5)其他动词 eat,lie,prove,ring,run,shine,sit,stand,continue,hang等。,1)S+Lv+N/Pron(名词/代词）He is a boy.This is mine.2)S+Lv+Adj（形容词）She is beautiful.3)S+Lv+Adv(副词）Class is over.4)S+Lv+Prep PhraseHe is in good health.5)S+Lv+Participle(分词）He is excited.The film is interesting.,4.S(主）+VT（谓）+In O（间接 宾）+D O（直接 宾）I give you help.1)S+VT+N/Pron+NI sent him a book.I bought May a book.2)S+VT+N/Pron+To/for-phraseHe sent a book to me.He bought a coat for me.,
