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1、Grammar,sentences,start!,句子成份,句子一般由两个部分组成：,主语部分（subject group）,谓语部分（predicate group）,句子成份：,主,谓,宾,表,补,定,状,Members of sentence:S-subjectP-predicative O-objectAttri.-attributeAdv.-adverb Oc-object complement,主,宾,表,补,定,状,1)主语（subject）,I like football.,The boy needs a pen.,句子的主体，全句述说的对象。一般由 担任,常置于句首。,2)谓
2、语（predicate）,说明主语的动作或状态。由 担任。常置于主语后。,The train leaves at 6 oclock.,I want a ticket.,动词不定式,动名词 或从句,名词,主格代词,动词,(一）指出下列句中主语的中心词 The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.There is an old man coming here.The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.To do todays homework
3、 without the teachers help is very difficult.,(二).选出句中谓语的中心词 I dont like the picture on the wall.A.dont B.like C.picture D.wall The days get longer and longer when summer comes.A.get B.longer C.days D.summer Do you usually go to school by bus?A.Do B.usually C.go D.bus There will be a meeting at the
4、library this afternoon.will be B.meeting C.the library D.afternoon,Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?A.Did B.twins C.have D.breakfast Tom didnt do his homework yesterday.A.Tom B.didnt C.do D.his homework What I want to tell you is this.A.want B.to tell C.you D.is,We had better send for
5、 a doctor.A.We B.hadC.send D.doctor He is interested in music.A.is B.interested C.in D.music Whom did you give my book to?A.give B.didC.whom D.book,3)宾语（object）,He won the game.On the desk,表示vt.的动作对象或prep.所联系的对象。由n.或相当于n.的词担任。置于vt.或prep.后。,Tome lost his life in the big fire.,(四)挑出下列句中的宾语 My brother
6、hasnt done his homework.People all over the world speak English.You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.How many new words did you learn last class?Some of the students in the school want to go swimming,how about you?,4)表语（predicative）,用以表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。由n.或adj.担任。置于系动词之后。,He is a student.,
7、除了be 系动词外，还有一些动词也可以用作系动词，1)表感官的动词:2)表转变变化的动词:3)表延续的动词,feel,smell,taste,sound,look,appear,seem 等。,become,get,grow,turn,go,等,remain,keep,hold,stay,rest等。,(三)挑出下列句中的表语 The old man was feeling very tired.Why is he worried about Jim?The leaves have turned yellow.Soon They all became interested in the sub
8、ject.She was the first to learn about it.,5)宾补（objective complement）,补充说明宾语的情况。由n./adj./介宾/分词/不定式等担任。,They made him king.,I consider the book too expensive.,高考常考的宾补通常是考：使役动词感官动词后边跟复合宾语,四周都很黑，但我能看见一个人躺在地板上，被绳子捆着。,句中的lying on the floor 为现在分词，作宾语补足语.,使役动词let;make;have 及感官动词hear;see;notice;feel;watch;ob
9、serve;find等后面可接动词原形;现在分词及过去分词，考试一般考查宾补用do/doing/done的哪种形式。+动词原形强调动词与宾语之间存在主动关系及动作的全过程;+现在分词强调动作与宾语之间存在主动关系,及动作正在进行;+过去分词强调动作与宾语之间存在被动关系,及动作已经完成.如:,1.I must see my child cross the street.（cross 与宾语 my child 之间存在主动关系；且看到了cross 的全过程）2.I saw the thief stealing her money.(stealing与宾语 the thief 之间存在主动关系；且
10、与 saw 同时发生。）3.You will see many problems settled in this way.(settled与宾语 many problems之间存在被动关系,且发生在 see 之前）,1The teacher made the boy standing for a whole class as a punishment.2.They saw a young man enter the old building.3.He saw an old man knocked by a big truck yesterday.4.We had built and let t
11、he raft sail down the river 5.But I could see a man lying on the floor,tied up with rope.6.And we found the mens boat tied to the other side of the steamboat.,找出句中的宾补：,附属成分,基本成分的修饰语。可以是：定语：即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句 状语：即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、短语或从句。,定 语Poor John tottered toward a hospital nearbyShe likes oranges im
12、ported from the USA.John gave Mary many books，which are full of illustrationsHave you seen the book on the desk?The boy playing over there is my brother.People there like sports.,说明1：当定语修饰不定代词如：nothing,anything,everything,something 等时，定语要放在其后作后置定语 我告诉他一些有趣的事情。I tell him something interesting.说明2：不定式
13、、短语或从句作定语时，也放在被修饰的名词之后。这间屋子里的男孩子们是10班的。The boys in the room are in Class Ten.,(六)挑出下列句中的定语 They use Mr.,Mrs.with the family name.What is your given name?On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.The man downstairs was trying to sleep.,7)状语（adverbial）,
14、用以修饰adj./v./adv.及全句,位置灵活。通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首；修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，一些表示不确定时间（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。,I am very sorry.We often help him.When I grow up,I am going to be a teacher.（从句作时间状语),John often came to chat with meJohn likes oranges very
15、muchWhenever he gets drunk，John makes Mary very angryHearing the news,he jumped with joy.As he was ill,he didnt come to class yesterday.She is sitting at the desk,doing her homework.My father worked in this school ten years ago.Youd better stay here.,状 语,(七)挑出下列句中的状语 There was a big smile on her fac
16、e.Every night he heard the noise upstairs.He began to learn English when he was eleven.The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast.With the medicine box under her arm,Miss Li hurried off.,She loves the library because she loves books.I am afraid that if youve lost it,you must pay for it.The stu
17、dents followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.,句子类型,简单句,并列句,复合句,简单句,简单句只有一个限定动词（即只有一个主谓结构），它是最小的句子单位。主要起下列四种作用中的一种。作一种陈述 提出一个问题 发出一种命令或请求 表示一种感叹,Examples:The boy hit the dog./The dog bit the boy.The girl read the books./The books pleased the girl.Stephen apologized at once.Does the shop close a
18、t 7 tonight?Shut the door.What a slow train this is!,句型归纳简单句共有以下五种基本句型：,基本句型一：主语+系动词+表语,S(主语）+V（系动词）+P(表语）主系表结构用以说明主语的特征，类属，状态，身份等。系动词不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语。,典型例句(1)He is a boy.(2)You look interested in the story.(3)The weather became warmer.(4)He is not in.(5)A park lies near our scho
19、ol.,(6)Please keep quiet.(7)The reason for my failure was that I hadnt put my heart into my studies.,表语可以由名词，代词，形容词，副词，介词短语和分词等充当，,特别说明常用的系动词有：系动词be。表示“起来”的感官系动词，如sound(听起来)，taste(尝起来)，smell(闻起来)，feel(摸起来)，look(看起来)，seem(似乎)，appear(显得)等。,表变化的系动词，如become，get，turn，grow，come，go，fall，run等。表持续的系动词，如remai
20、n，keep，stay，lie,stand等。(5)其他：turn out,prove,即时练习请用本句型翻译下列句子。,1.这台机器的情况良好。2.丝绸摸起来又软又滑。3.他突然病倒了。,He has suddenly fallen ill.,This machine is in good condition.,Silk feels soft and smooth.,4.他静静地站着。5.电梯坏了。6.未来几天天气将持续寒冷。,He stood quite still.,The lift is out of order/has gone wrong.,It will stay/remain
21、cold(for)several days.,基本句型二：主语+不及物动词,S（主语）（谓语）（）（状语）,此句型的句子有一个共同特点，谓语动词是不及物动词，能表达完整的意思,后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。谓语的修饰语叫状语,状语可以出现在句首或句末，有时无状语。,典型例句 The machine works smoothly.They stopped to take a short rest.He is standing by the window.(4)Great changes have taken place（谓语）in my home town（状语）in the past
22、ten years（状语）.(5).She sat（谓语）there alone,reading a novel.,即时练习请用本句型翻译下列句子。,1.太阳在照耀着。2.我们学习很努力。3.他们谈了半个小时。,The sun is shining.,We study very hard.,They talked for half an hour.,4.这支笔书写流利。5.2010年4月14日，玉树发生了一场地震。6.五年前我住在北京。,The pen writes smoothly.,A big earthquake happened in Yushu on Apr.14，2010.,I l
23、ived in Beijing five years ago.,7.他昨晚很晚回家。8.在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。,Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past ten years.,He returned home late last night.,基本句型三：主语+及物动词+宾语,S(主语)V(谓语)O(宾语）此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都是及物动词，都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。而宾语成分的多样化使得这一结构异常复杂。,典
24、型例句Mary enjoys music.He loves her.I want to get your help.,I dont know what to do.He enjoys reading.I dont think hes right.,及物动词本身需要一个动作的接受者(宾语)，才可以表达一个完整的意思。做宾语的可以是名词、代词、动名词、不定式、从句等。,活学活用 请划分以下句子的成分：（1）Who knows the answer?（2）She smiled her thanks.（3）He has refused to help them.（4）He enjoys reading
25、.（5）I am considering changing my job next month.,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,基本句型四：主语+及物动+间宾+直宾,+Vt.（及物）+IO+DO此句型的句子有一个共同特点：谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。间接宾语(人）一般在前面，直接宾语（物）在后面。但若要先说出直接宾语（事物），后说间接宾语（人），则要借助于介词to或for。,如：He brings me cookies every day.He brings cookies to me
26、 every day.She bought me a beautiful skirt.She bought a beautiful skirt for me.,用 to 侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。用 for 侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。,常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助to的）bring,give,lend,hand,offer,pass,pay,promise,return,send,show,teach,tell,write,ask等；（需借助for 的）buy,call,cook,choose,draw,find,get,make,order,sing,sav
27、e,spare等。,活学活用 请划分以下句子的成分：(1)She ordered herself a new dress.(2)She cooked her husband a delicious meal.(3)I gave my car a wash.(4)He showed me how to run the machine,划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语 Please tell us a story.My father bought a new bike for me last week.Mr Li is going to teach us history next term.Here
28、is a pen.Give it to Tom.Did he leave any message for me?,基本句型五：主语+及物动词+宾语+宾补,+（及物）+（宾语）+（宾补）此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。这就叫复合宾语结构。宾语与宾语补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系或主表关系。,典型例句 We elected Li Yang our monitor.The news made us sad.I found myself in dark.,He encouraged me to study
29、 harder.The boss made him work overtime.I heard my name called.,Dont leave the water running after you have washed your hands.I found it very pleasant to be with your family.,找出例句(2)-(8)宾语和宾补间的逻辑关系 The news made us sad.I found myself in dark.,He encouraged me to study harder.The boss made him work o
30、vertime.I heard my name called.,Dont leave the water running after you have washed your hands.I found it very pleasant to be with your family.,There be 结构,there+be+主语用以表达存在关系。它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，there 仅为引导词，并无实际语意。一般地说，全句意为：“某地有某物/某人。”,如：There are about four thousand students in our school.,温
31、馨提示：学生受汉语的干扰，会运用一些汉式表达。请观察下列句子：,有两个男孩儿正在等你。2.公园里每天有很多人做早操。,There are two boys are waiting for you.,错,改为,There are two boys waiting for you.,There are many people do exercises in the park every morning.,错,改为,Many people do exercises in the park every morning.,特别说明1.be 与其后的主语在人称和数上保持一致，有时态和情态变化。2.此句型有
32、时不用be动词，而用 live，stand，come，go，lie，remain，exist，arrive等不及物动词。,典型例句 There are still many things for us to do.There are many students holding an opposite view.There are trees planted by students all over the mountain.,There are many people who dont agree.There will be a meeting tomorrow.There used to b
33、e a well in the village.,There must be some job I could do.There is likely to be a serious mistake in the decision.There happens to be a classmate of mine in this school.,(10)Near our school there stands a high building.(11)Once there lived a good doctor in a small town.,即时练习一、单句翻译请用There be句型翻译下列句子
34、。1.二月份有二十八天。2.下午将有大风。,Therere 28 days in February.,Therell be strong winds in the afternoon.,复习简单句：对下列句子的成份进行划分,.简单句,1.Things changed.2.Trees are green.3.We dont beat children.4.He gave his sister the piano.5.I found the book easy.,主+谓,主+谓+表,主+谓+宾,主+谓+间接宾语+直接宾语,主+谓+宾+宾补,Nobody went.She became a doct
35、or.The car caught fire.I will write you a long letter.I will let him go.,Practice,主+谓,主+谓+表,主+谓+宾,主+谓+间接宾语+直接宾语,主+谓+宾+宾补,连接成分实际上是一个连词，用来连接两个或几个平行的词、短语和分句。这种连词叫做并列连词。另一类连接成分是用来连接两个句子、且一个句子从属于另一个句子（即从句）的连词。这类连词叫从属连词。从属连词主要用于引导各种从句。,连接成分,并列句：,复合句：,并列句,需把几个意思连接在一起时，可用分号或把两个或几个简单句用并列连词连接起来，这种结构即构成一个并列句。,
36、用分号：We fished all day;we didnt catch a thing.,用分号，后跟一个连接副词：We fished all day;however,we didnt catch a thing.,用并列连词（如and、but、so、yet等）We fished all day,but(we)didnt catch a thing.,并列句,常用并列连词coordinating conjunctions,平行并列连词:转折并列连词：因果并列连词:选择并列连词:,and,bothand,not onlybut also,neithernor,and then,but,howe
37、ver,while,yet,for,so,or,eitheror,.并列句,This is me and these are my friends.They must stay in water,or they will die.Its not cheap,but it is very good.It was late,so I went to bed.,and,or,but,so,He knocked at the door;there was no answer.Youre alive!And shes dead.,由一个主句和一个或者一个以上从句所构成的句子。在英语书面语中应用广泛。主句
38、是一个完整的句子,它可以独立存在。从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个主句连用，不能独立存在。复合句可以通过把两个以上简单句连接在一起构成,但复合句的各组成部份并非同等重要，其中一个句子由从属连词引导（从句），用以修饰另一句子（主句）。复合句=主句+从句,复合句,复合句是在简单句的基础上，通过从属连词将两个或两个以上简单句连接在一起而构成。从属连词所引导的从句起形容词、名词、副词的作用。复合句主要包含以下类型从句：1.主语从句 2.宾语从句3.表语从句 4.定语从句5.状语从句 6.同位语从句,英文写作中最常使用的从句宾语从句状语从句 定语从句,复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句
39、,He told me,the news.,that the match had been cancelled.,宾语,how much he was prepared to pay for my car.,that I could have the money without delay.,how much he was prepared topay for my car and that I couldhave the money without delay.,when he was leaving for Paris.,that his fatherwas working in that
40、 school.,宾语从句,复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句,I dont know,him.,He has finished his work,that he has finished his work.whether he has finished his work.,宾语从句,He is leaving for Washington.,that he is leaving for Washington.when he is leaving for Washington.why he is leaving for Washington.how he is leaving f
41、or Washington.whether he is leaving for Washington.,宾语从句,*I understand that he is well qualified.*He said that he didnt like her.I dont know if you can help me.They want to know where you are going.The students has decided when they hold the meeting.,复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句,the people,surprised,Tha
42、t,What he saidwhat he did,主语,That he didnt know the answer,in the room.,定语,who were sitting in the room.who were present.whose sons were at war.who had signed the contract.,1)主语从句,*What he said is not known.*That we shall be late is certain.*It is certain that we shall be late.*How strange it is tha
43、t the children are so quiet!,2)定语从句,A plane is a machine that can fly.,He said he knew the boy who was sitting by the window.,The picture which is on the wall is drawn by my father.,复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句,That,is,the fact.,表 语,what he needs.what he gave me.why he was late.because he was ill.what h
44、as happened.,2）表语从句,*That is what he wants to buy.*The problem is that who we can get to replace her?*The reason is that he has lied to me several times.,复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句,He worked,in that factory,three years ago.,地点状语,时间状语,where his father worked,in that factory,where I lived,when he lived
45、there,His father worked there.,I lived there.,He lived there three years ago.,复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句,Put the book,on the desk.,where you took it.,where it was.,地点状语,where you found it.,You cant camp,here.,where there are a lot of trees.,wherever you like.,状语从句,分为九类：时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、方式、程度,1)时间状
46、语从句,Wait until you are called.When spring came,leaves turn green.,常用的关联词有：as,after,before,since,till/until,when,while,as soon as,whenever等,2)地点状语从句,Put it where you found it.Sit down wherever you like.,常用的关联词有：where,wherever,anywhere,3)原因状语从句,As I didnt know the way,I asked a policeman,常用的关联词有：becau
47、se,as,since,4)结果状语从句,I was in the bath so that I didnt hear the telephone.,常用的关联词有：so,so that,such that,that,5)目的状语从句,Ill show you so you will see how its done.,常用的关联词有：so,so that,in order that,6)条件状语从句,If it snows tomorrow,we will build a snowman.,常用的关联词有：if,unless,in case that,on condition that,常用
48、的关联词有：though,although,if even if,even though,7)让步状语从句,Though Im fond of music,I cant play any instrument.,常用的关联词有：as,as if,as though,how,常用的关联词有：so,so that,as far as,so long as,8)方式状语从句,He did just as you told him.,9)程度状语从句,So long as you need me,Ill stay.,指出下列各从句的类型,I believe that everything is goi
49、ng on well.She was reading a novel when I came in.She is the girl who sings best in my class.,宾语从句,状语从句,定语从句,Practice,He has found out why she was late.,I still remember the day when I first went to York.,He didnt come yesterday because he was ill.,宾语从句,状语从句,定语从句,1.The reason why he was dismissed is
50、 that he didnt work hard.2.I doubt whether he will succeed.I dont know if you can help me.3.That the earth is round is well-known.4.They believed that they would win the game.5.When we were at school,we went to the library every day.6.Do you know the woman who is talking to Mr Green?,划出从句，并判断从句的种类。,
