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1、Chapter 10,Capital Budgeting Techniques,Capital Budgeting Techniques,Project Evaluation and Selection Potential Difficulties Capital Rationing Project Monitoring,Project Evaluation:Alternative Methods,Payback Period(PBP)Internal Rate of Return(IRR)Net Present Value(NPV)Profitability Index(PI),Propos
2、ed Project Data,Julie Miller is evaluating a new project for her firm,Basket Wonders(BW).She has determined that the after-tax cash flows for the project will be$10,000;$12,000;$15,000;$10,000;and$7,000,respectively,for each of the Years 1 through 5.The initial cash outlay will be$40,000.,Independen
3、t Project,Independent-A project whose acceptance(or rejection)does not prevent the acceptance of other projects under consideration.,For this project,assume that it is independent of any other potential projects that Basket Wonders may undertake.,Payback Period(PBP),PBP is the period of time require
4、d for the cumulative expected cash flows from an investment project to equal the initial cash outflow.,0 1 2 3 4 5,-40 K 10 K 12 K 15 K 10 K 7 K,(c),10 K 22 K 37 K 47 K 54 K,Payback Solution(#1),PBP=a+(b-c)/d=3+(40-37)/10=3+(3)/10=3.3 Years,0 1 2 3 4 5,-40 K 10 K 12 K 15 K 10 K 7 K,CumulativeInflows
5、,(a),(-b),(d),Payback Solution(#2),PBP=3+(3K)/10K=3.3 YearsNote:Take absolute value of last negative cumulative cash flow value.,CumulativeCash Flows,-40 K 10 K 12 K 15 K 10 K 7 K,0 1 2 3 4 5,-40 K-30 K-18 K-3 K 7 K 14 K,PBP Acceptance Criterion,Yes!The firm will receive back the initial cash outlay
6、 in less than 3.5 years.3.3 Years 3.5 Year Max.,The management of Basket Wonders has set a maximum PBP of 3.5 years for projects of this type.Should this project be accepted?,PBP Strengths and Weaknesses,Strengths:Easy to use and understand Can be used as a measure of liquidity Easier to forecast ST
7、 than LT flows,Weaknesses:Does not account for TVM Does not consider cash flows beyond the PBP Cutoff period is subjective,Internal Rate of Return(IRR),IRR is the discount rate that equates the present value of the future net cash flows from an investment project with the projects initial cash outfl
8、ow.,CF1 CF2 CFn,(1+IRR)1(1+IRR)2(1+IRR)n,+.+,+,ICO=,$15,000$10,000$7,000,IRR Solution,$10,000$12,000,(1+IRR)1(1+IRR)2,Find the interest rate(IRR)that causes the discounted cash flows to equal$40,000.,+,+,+,+,$40,000=,(1+IRR)3(1+IRR)4(1+IRR)5,IRR Solution(Try 10%),$40,000=$10,000(PVIF10%,1)+$12,000(P
9、VIF10%,2)+$15,000(PVIF10%,3)+$10,000(PVIF10%,4)+$7,000(PVIF10%,5)$40,000=$10,000(.909)+$12,000(.826)+$15,000(.751)+$10,000(.683)+$7,000(.621)$40,000=$9,090+$9,912+$11,265+$6,830+$4,347=$41,444Rate is too low!,IRR Solution(Try 15%),$40,000=$10,000(PVIF15%,1)+$12,000(PVIF15%,2)+$15,000(PVIF15%,3)+$10,
10、000(PVIF15%,4)+$7,000(PVIF15%,5)$40,000=$10,000(.870)+$12,000(.756)+$15,000(.658)+$10,000(.572)+$7,000(.497)$40,000=$8,700+$9,072+$9,870+$5,720+$3,479=$36,841Rate is too high!,.10$41,444.05IRR$40,000$4,603.15$36,841 X$1,444.05$4,603,IRR Solution(Interpolate),$1,444,X,=,.10$41,444.05IRR$40,000$4,603.
11、15$36,841 X$1,444.05$4,603,IRR Solution(Interpolate),$1,444,X,=,.10$41,444.05IRR$40,000$4,603.15$36,841($1,444)(0.05)$4,603,IRR Solution(Interpolate),$1,444,X,X=,X=.0157,IRR=.10+.0157=.1157 or 11.57%,IRR Acceptance Criterion,No!The firm will receive 11.57%for each dollar invested in this project at
12、a cost of 13%.IRR Hurdle Rate,The management of Basket Wonders has determined that the hurdle rate is 13%for projects of this type.Should this project be accepted?,IRR Strengths and Weaknesses,Strengths:Accounts for TVM Considers all cash flows Less subjectivity,Weaknesses:Assumes all cash flows rei
13、nvested at the IRR Difficulties with project rankings and Multiple IRRs,Net Present Value(NPV),NPV is the present value of an investment projects net cash flows minus the projects initial cash outflow.,CF1 CF2 CFn,(1+k)1(1+k)2(1+k)n,+.+,+,-ICO,NPV=,Basket Wonders has determined that the appropriate
14、discount rate(k)for this project is 13%.,$10,000$7,000,NPV Solution,$10,000$12,000$15,000,(1.13)1(1.13)2(1.13)3,+,+,+,-$40,000,(1.13)4(1.13)5,NPV=,+,NPV Solution,NPV=$10,000(PVIF13%,1)+$12,000(PVIF13%,2)+$15,000(PVIF13%,3)+$10,000(PVIF13%,4)+$7,000(PVIF13%,5)-$40,000NPV=$10,000(.885)+$12,000(.783)+$
15、15,000(.693)+$10,000(.613)+$7,000(.543)-$40,000NPV=$8,850+$9,396+$10,395+$6,130+$3,801-$40,000=-$1,428,NPV Acceptance Criterion,No!The NPV is negative.This means that the project is reducing shareholder wealth.Reject as NPV 0,The management of Basket Wonders has determined that the required rate is
16、13%for projects of this type.Should this project be accepted?,NPV Strengths and Weaknesses,Strengths:Cash flows assumed to be reinvested at the hurdle rate.Accounts for TVM.Considers all cash flows.,Weaknesses:May not include managerial options embedded in the project.See Chapter 14.,Net Present Val
17、ue Profile,Discount Rate(%),0 3 6 9 12 15,IRR,NPV13%,Sum of CFs,Plot NPV for eachdiscount rate.,Three of these points are easy now!,Net Present Value,$000s,15,10,5,0,-4,Profitability Index(PI),PI is the ratio of the present value of a projects future net cash flows to the projects initial cash outfl
18、ow.,CF1 CF2 CFn,(1+k)1(1+k)2(1+k)n,+.+,+,ICO,PI=,PI=1+NPV/ICO,PI Acceptance Criterion,No!The PI is less than 1.00.This means that the project is not profitable.Reject as PI 1.00,PI=$38,572/$40,000=.9643(Method#1,13-33)Should this project be accepted?,PI Strengths and Weaknesses,Strengths:Same as NPV
19、 Allows comparison of different scale projects,Weaknesses:Same as NPV Provides only relative profitability Potential Ranking Problems,Evaluation Summary,Basket Wonders Independent Project,Other Project Relationships,Mutually Exclusive-A project whose acceptance precludes the acceptance of one or mor
20、e alternative projects.,Dependent-A project whose acceptance depends on the acceptance of one or more other projects.,Potential Problems Under Mutual Exclusivity,A.Scale of InvestmentB.Cash-flow PatternC.Project Life,Ranking of project proposals may create contradictory results.,A.Scale Differences,
21、Compare a small(S)and a large(L)project.,NET CASH FLOWS,Project S Project L,END OF YEAR,0-$100-$100,000,1 0 0,2$400$156,250,Scale Differences,Calculate the PBP,IRR,NPV10%,and PI10%.Which project is preferred?Why?Project IRR NPV PI,S 100%$231 3.31 L 25%$29,132 1.29,B.Cash Flow Pattern,Let us compare
22、a decreasing cash-flow(D)project and an increasing cash-flow(I)project.,NET CASH FLOWS,Project D Project I,END OF YEAR,0-$1,200-$1,200,1 1,000 100,2 500 600,3 100 1,080,D 23%$198 1.17 I 17%$198 1.17,Cash Flow Pattern,Calculate the IRR,NPV10%,and PI10%.Which project is preferred?Project IRR NPV PI,?,
23、Examine NPV Profiles,Discount Rate(%),0 5 10 15 20 25,-200 0 200 400 600,IRR,NPV10%,Plot NPV for eachproject at variousdiscount rates.,Net Present Value($),Fishers Rate of Intersection,Discount Rate($),0 5 10 15 20 25,-200 0 200 400 600,Net Present Value($),At k10%,I is best!,Fishers Rate ofIntersec
24、tion,At k10%,D is best!,C.Project Life Differences,Let us compare a long life(X)project and a short life(Y)project.,NET CASH FLOWS,Project X Project Y,END OF YEAR,0-$1,000-$1,000,1 0 2,000,2 0 0,3 3,375 0,X 50%$1,536 2.54 Y 100%$818 1.82,Project Life Differences,Calculate the PBP,IRR,NPV10%,and PI10
25、%.Which project is preferred?Why?Project IRR NPV PI,?,Another Way to Look at Things,1.Adjust cash flows to a common terminal year if project“Y”will NOT be replaced.Compound Project Y,Year 1 10%for 2 years.Year 0 1 2 3CF-$1,000$0$0$2,420Results:IRR*=34.26%NPV=$818*Lower IRR from adjusted cash-flow st
26、ream.X is still Best.,Replacing Projects with Identical Projects,2.Use Replacement Chain Approach(Appendix B)when project“Y”will be replaced.,0 1 2 3,-$1,000$2,000,-1,000$2,000,-1,000$2,000,-$1,000$1,000$1,000$2,000,Results:IRR*=100%NPV*=$2,238.17*Higher NPV,but the same IRR.Y is Best.,Capital Ratio
27、ning,Capital Rationing occurs when a constraint(or budget ceiling)is placed on the total size of capital expenditures during a particular period.,Example:Julie Miller must determine what investment opportunities to undertake for Basket Wonders(BW).She is limited to a maximum expenditure of$32,500 on
28、ly for this capital budgeting period.,Available Projects for BW,Project ICO IRR NPV PIA$500 18%$50 1.10 B 5,000 25 6,500 2.30 C 5,000 37 5,500 2.10 D 7,500 20 5,000 1.67 E12,500 26 500 1.04 F15,000 28 21,000 2.40 G17,500 19 7,500 1.43 H25,000 15 6,000 1.24,Choosing by IRRs for BW,Project ICO IRR NPV
29、 PIC$5,00037%$5,500 2.10 F15,000 28 21,000 2.40 E12,50026 500 1.04 B 5,00025 6,500 2.30 Projects C,F,and E have the three largest IRRs.The resulting increase in shareholder wealth is$27,000 with a$32,500 outlay.,Choosing by NPVs for BW,Project ICO IRR NPV PI F$15,000 28%$21,000 2.40 G17,50019 7,500
30、1.43 B 5,00025 6,500 2.30Projects F and G have the two largest NPVs.The resulting increase in shareholder wealth is$28,500 with a$32,500 outlay.,Choosing by PIs for BW,Project ICO IRR NPV PI F$15,000 28%$21,000 2.40B 5,000 25 6,500 2.30 C 5,000 37 5,500 2.10 D 7,500 20 5,000 1.67 G 17,500 19 7,500 1
31、.43Projects F,B,C,and D have the four largest PIs.The resulting increase in shareholder wealth is$38,000 with a$32,500 outlay.,Summary of Comparison,Method Projects Accepted Value Added PI F,B,C,and D$38,000 NPV F and G$28,500 IRRC,F,and E$27,000PI generates the greatest increase in shareholder weal
32、th when a limited capital budget exists for a single period.,Biz Training Ltd.is looking at two different systems and the cost&the expected net cash flows(income-expenses)for each system are as follows.The firm is assuming a discount rate of 10%Year 0 1 2 3 4 5 System A-320,000 155,000 95,000 85,000
33、 75,000 25,000System B-185,000 95,000 30,000 30,000 90,000 95,000,Write a report（about 200-400 words）for the firm to use giving recommendations/information as follows:Which system they should use on the basis of method PBP or NPVWhich system would be best overall taking into account the results from the methods The possible limitations of investment appraisal(Hint:PVIF10%,1-5 are 0909,0.826,0.751,0.683,0.621),The End,
