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1、第三章生产和成本理论一、生产者的组织形式和企业理论（一）生产者及其组织形式掌握生产者的组织形式：生产者即企业或厂商，企业的主要形式包括个人企业、合伙制企业和公司制企业。掌握生产者的基本假设：在生产者行为的分析中，一般假设生产者或企业的目标是追求利润最大化。（二）企业形成的理论掌握科斯的企业理论：企业是为了节约市场交易费用或交易成本而产生的，企业的本质或者显著特征是作为市场机制或价格机制的替代物。企业产生以后，社会上就形成了两种交易，即企业外部的市场交易和企业内部的交易。两种交易方式都要支付交易费用或成本。当企业交易方式的交易费用小于市场交易方式的交易费用时，企业就产生了。交易成本的节约是企业存
2、在的根本原因，即企业是市场交易费用节约的产物。导致市场机制和企业的交易费用不同的主要因素在于信息的不完全性。【例题单选题】企业存在的根本原因是（）。A.交易成本的节约B.外部性C.市场失灵 D.企业内部可以构造权力制衡机制答疑编号2883030101正确答案A 二、生产函数和生产曲线（一）生产及相关概念生产要素一般被划分为劳动、资本、土地和企业家才能四种类型。从较长时期来看，企业的各项投入都是可以改变的；但在短期内，企业的投入分为不变投入和可变投入。（二）生产函数掌握生产函数的含义：在一定时期内，在技术不变的情况下，生产中所使用的各种生产要素的数量与所能生产的最大产量之间的函数关系。生产函数是
3、最大产量与投入要素之间的函数关系。（三）一种可变要素的生产函数及其曲线考试内容：掌握一种可变要素的生产函数的各种曲线的基本形状和特征1.一种可变要素的生产函数一种可变要素的生产函数也称短期生产函数，其基本形式：该函数表示资本量固定不变，这时总产量的变化只取决于劳动量L的变化。2.总产量、平均产量和边际产量总产量（TP）：生产出来的用实物单位衡量的产出总量。平均产量（AP）：总产量除以总投入的单位数，或者说是每单位投入生产的产出。边际产量：在其他投入保持不变的条件下，由于新增一单位的投入而多生产出来的产量或产出。教材20页表3-1。【例题单选题】某企业的工人人数为10人时，其总产量为2100个；
4、当工人人数为11人，其总产量为2200个，则工人人数为11人时，该企业的边际产量是（）个，平均产量是（）个。A.100 200B.200 100C.210 105D.100 210答疑编号2883030102正确答案A 3.总产量、平均产量和边际产量曲线及其位置关系教材21页图3-1。（1）边际产量曲线的图形及边际产量递减规律劳动的边际产量先递增，劳动投入达到一定程度L1后，MP最大，然后递减，继续增加劳动投入到L3，MP=0。如果再增加劳动投入，边际产量为负。掌握边际产量递减规律的含义：也称为边际报酬递减规律，在技术水平和其他投入保持不变的条件下，连续追加一种生产要素的投入量，总是存在着一个
5、临界点，在这一点之前，边际产量递增，超过这一点之后，边际产量将出现递减的趋势，直到出现负值。【例题单选题】边际产量递减规律的基本含义是（）。A.在技术水平和其他投入保持不变的条件下，连续追加一种生产要素的投入量，总是存在着一个临界点，在这一点之前，边际产量递增，超过这一点之后，边际产量将出现递减的趋势，直到出现负值。B.在技术水平和其他投入变动的条件下，连续追加一种生产要素的投入量，总是存在着一个临界点，在这一点之前，边际产量递增，超过这一点之后，边际产量将出现递减的趋势，直到出现负值C.在技术水平和其他投入保持不变的条件下，连续追加一种生产要素的投入量，边际产量总是递增的D.在技术水平和其他
6、投入保持不变的条件下，连续追加一种生产要素的投入量，边际产量总是递减的答疑编号2883030103正确答案A （2）总产量曲线的图形 根据MP曲线的图形可以给出TP曲线。总产量曲线先以递增的速度上升（此时MP递增），后以递减的速度上升（此时MP下降，但MP0），总产量达到最大值后下降。MP0时，TP上升； MP=0，TP最大；MPAP，AP上升；相交之后，MPAP，AP下降。【例题1多选题】下面关于总产量、边际产量、平均产量的说法，正确的是（ ）。A.MP上升时，TP增加B.MP下降时，TP下降C.MP=0时，TP最大D.MP曲线与AP曲线交于AP曲线的最高点E.MP曲线与AP曲线交于MP曲线
7、的最高点答疑编号2883030104正确答案ACD 【例题2单选题】（2009年）在其他条件不变的情况下，如果连续增加劳动的投入，在总产量达到最大值时，劳动的边际产量（）。A.大于零B.小于零C.等于零D.等于平均产量答疑编号2883030105正确答案C答案解析当边际产量等于0时，总产量达到最大值。（四）规模报酬规模报酬也称规模收益，是指在其他条件不变的情况下，企业内部各种生产要素按照相同比例变化时所带来的产量的变化。规模收益研究的是企业的长期生产决策问题。 根据生产规模和产量的变化比例的比较，可以将规模报酬分为三类：（1）规模报酬不变，就是产量增加的比例等于各种生产要素增加的比例。（2）规
8、模报酬递增，即产量增加的比例大于各种生产要素增加的比例。（3）规模报酬递减，即产量增加的比例小于各种生产要素增加的比例。多数行业会有一个适度最佳规模或适度规模，此时企业的单位生产成本最小。三、成本函数和成本曲线（一）成本的含义（掌握）1.机会成本：当一种生产要素被用于生产单位某产品时所放弃的使用相同要素在其他生产用途中所得到的最高收入。2.显成本与隐成本显成本是指企业购买或租用生产要素所实际支付的货币支出。隐成本是指企业本身所拥有的、并且被用于该企业生产过程的那些生产要素的总价格。实际上是自有要素的机会成本。3.经济利润在经济学中，企业所有的显成本和隐成本之和构成了企业的总成本。企业的经济利润
9、是指企业的总收益和总成本之间的差额。企业所追求的最大利润，指的是最大的经济利润。经济利润也称为超额利润，企业的隐成本一般称为正常利润。【例题1单选题】（2007、2008年）机会成本是指当一种生产要素被用于生产某产品时所放弃的使用该生产要素在其他生产用途中所得到的（）。A.最高收入B.最低收入C.平均收入D.超额收入答疑编号2883030106正确答案A 【例题2单选题】（2010年）企业使用自有的资金应计算利息，从成本角度看，这种利息属于（）。A.固定成本B.显成本C.隐成本D.会计成本答疑编号2883030107正确答案C 【例题3单选题】经济利润也称为（）。A.超额利润B.正常利润C.会
10、计利润D.隐成本答疑编号2883030108正确答案A 【例题4多选题】关于成本和利润的正确表述是（）。A.企业所有的显成本和隐成本共同构成企业的总成本 B.在成本下降时利润一定是增加的 C.企业所追求的最大利润，指的是最大的经济利润D.企业所追求的最大利润，指的是最大的正常利润E.经济利润中包括正常利润答疑编号2883030109正确答案AC （二）成本函数（掌握）1.成本函数的含义和类型成本函数：表示企业总成本与产量之间关系的公式。由于考察期的不同，分为短期成本函数和长期成本函数。短期成本函数：有固定成本与可变成本之分。C=b+f（q）长期成本函数：无固定成本， C=f（q）短期成本函数和
11、长期成本函数的区别在于是否含有固定成本，是否有固定成本和可变成本之分2.短期成本函数分析（1）短期总成本 短期总成本=总固定成本+总可变成本 TC=TFC+TVC 固定成本是指在短期内不随产量增减而变动的那部分成本，如厂房和设备的折旧、管理人员的工资费用等。（2）平均成本平均成本（平均总成本，单位产品成本）分为平均固定成本与平均可变成本 ATC= TC /Q=AFC+AVC=TFC/Q+TVC/Q（3）边际成本边际成本是增加一个单位产量时总成本的增加额。边际成本是产量变动引起的可变成本的变动。【例题1单选题】短期成本函数和长期成本函数的区别在于是否含有（）。A.固定成本B.可变成本C.边际成本
12、D.隐成本答疑编号2883030110正确答案A 【例题2多选题】（2008年）下列各项中，属于企业固定成本的有（）。A.厂房和设备折旧B.管理人员工资C.原材料费用D.燃料和动力费用E.生产工人工资答疑编号2883030111正确答案AB 【例题3单选题】增加一个单位产量时总成本的增加额称为（）。A.总成本B.可变成本C.边际成本D.显成本答疑编号2883030112正确答案C 【例题4单选题】（2008年）当某企业的产量为2个单位时，其总成本、总固定成本、总可变成本、平均成本分别是2000元、1200元、800元和1000元；当产量为3个单位时，其总成本、总固定成本、总可变成本、平均成本分
13、别是2100元、1200元、900元和700元，则该企业的边际成本是（）元。A.0B.150C.100D.300答疑编号2883030113正确答案C （三）短期成本曲线（熟悉）1.总成本、总固定成本和总可变成本曲线在成本曲线中，横轴时表示产量，纵轴表示成本。（1）总固定成本曲线是一条平行于横轴的直线。（2）总成本曲线是从纵轴一个截点，即产量为零时总成本等于固定成本的那个点开始，随产量增加而逐步上升的曲线。刚开始以递减的速度上升，之后以递增的速度上升。（3）总可变成本曲线从原点出发，之后随产量增加而上升。总可变成本曲线和总成本曲线的变动规律是一致的。2.平均总成本、平均固定成本、平均可变成本、
14、边际成本曲线（1）平均固定成本曲线随产量的增加而下降，逐渐接近横轴（2）平均总成本、平均可变成本、边际成本曲线都是先下降后上升的U型曲线（3）边际成本曲线与平均总成本曲线交于平均总成本曲线的最低点。相交之前，MCATC，ATC上升。（4）边际成本曲线与平均可变成本曲线交于平均可变成本曲线的最低点。相交之前，MCAVC，AVC上升。（5）无论上升或下降，边际成本曲线的变动快于平均可变成本曲线。（6）注意24页图3-3中三个最低点的关系边际成本曲线最低点最先出现，其次是平均可变成本曲线最低点，最后是平均总成本曲线最低点。【例题1单选题】成本曲线是用图形反映的成本与（）之间的数量关系。A.价格B.产
15、量C.收益D.利润答疑编号2883030114正确答案B 【例题2单选题】总可变成本曲线是（）。A.从原点开始，随产量的增加而逐步上升的B.从纵轴一个截点即产量为零时总成本等于固定成本的那个点开始，随产量的增加而逐步上升C.与横轴平行的一条直线D.先下降后上升的曲线答疑编号2883030115正确答案A 【例题3单选题】当边际成本与平均可变成本正好相等时，（）处于最低点A.边际成本B.平均可变成本C.平均总成本D.平均固定成本答疑编号2883030116正确答案B 【例题4多选题】下列关于成本曲线的说法，正确的是（）。A.平均总成本是先下降后上升的曲线 B.平均可变成本是先下降后上升的曲线 C
16、.边际成本曲线是先下降后上升的曲线 D.平均固定成本是先下降后上升的曲线E.无论上升或下降，平均可变成本曲线的变动快于边际成本曲线答疑编号2883030117正确答案ABC 【例题5多选题】（2009年）关于短期成本曲线的说法，正确的有（）。A.总成本曲线从原点开始，并随产量的增加而逐步上升B.总成本曲线从纵轴一个截点即产量为零时总成本等于固定成本的那个点开始，并随产量的增加而逐步上升C.总可变成本曲线从原点开始，并随产量的增加而逐步上升D.总可变成本曲线从纵轴一个截点即产量为零时总成本等于固定成本的那个点开始，并随着产量的增加而逐步下降E.总固定成本曲线是平行于横轴的一条直线答疑编号2883
17、030118正确答案BCE 【例题6单选题】（2010年）关于短期总成本曲线的说法，正确的是（）。A.总成本曲线从原点开始，随产量的增加而逐步上升B.总成本曲线从纵轴一个截点即产量为零时总成本等于固定成本的那个点开始，随产量的增加而逐步上升C.总成本曲线不随产量的变动而变动D.总成本曲线从纵轴一个截点即产量为零时总成本等于可变成本的那个点开始，随产量的增加而逐步下降答疑编号2883030119正确答案BIf we dont do that it will go on and go on. We have to stop it; we need the courage to do it.His
18、comments came hours after Fifa vice-president Jeffrey Webb - also in London for the FAs celebrations - said he wanted to meet Ivory Coast international Toure to discuss his complaint.CSKA general director Roman Babaev says the matter has been exaggerated by the Ivorian and the British media.Blatter,
19、 77, said: It has been decided by the Fifa congress that it is a nonsense for racism to be dealt with with fines. You can always find money from somebody to pay them.It is a nonsense to have matches played without spectators because it is against the spirit of football and against the visiting team.
20、 It is all nonsense.We can do something better to fight racism and discrimination.This is one of the villains we have today in our game. But it is only with harsh sanctions that racism and discrimination can be washed out of football.The (lack of) air up there Watch mCayman Islands-based Webb, the h
21、ead of Fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in London for the Football Associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend Citys Premier League match at Chelsea on Sunday.I am going to be at the match tomorrow and I have asked to meet Yaya Toure, he told BBC Sport.For me its about how he felt and
22、 I would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.Uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against CSKAfor the racist behaviour of their fans duringCitys 2-1 win.Michel Platini, president of European footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the
23、referees actions.CSKA said they were surprised and disappointed by Toures complaint. In a statement the Russian side added: We found no racist insults from fans of CSKA.Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunda.The weather plays an impo
24、rtant role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weath
25、er lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turb
26、ulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.Below, the Earth becomes the concrete bottom of a swimming pool that he wants to land on, but not too hard. Still, hell be tr
27、aveling fast, so despite the distance, it will not be like diving into the deep end of a pool. It will be like he is diving into the shallow end.Skydiver preps for the big jumpWhen he jumps, he is expected to reach the speed of sound - 690 mph (1,110 kph) - in less than 40 seconds. Like hitting the
28、top of the water, he will begin to slow as he approaches the more dense air closer to Earth. But this will not be enough to stop him completely.If he goes too fast or spins out of control, he has a stabilization parachute that can be deployed to slow him down. His team hopes its not needed. Instead,
29、 he plans to deploy his 270-square-foot (25-square-meter) main chute at an altitude of around 5,000 feet (1,524 meters).In order to deploy this chute successfully, he will have to slow to 172 mph (277 kph). He will have a reserve parachute that will open automatically if he loses consciousness at ma
30、ch speeds.Even if everything goes as planned, it wont. Baumgartner still will free fall at a speed that would cause you and me to pass out, and no parachute is guaranteed to work higher than 25,000 feet (7,620 meters).cause thereWinger Tuivasa-Sheck, who scored two tries in the Kiwis 20-18 semi-fina
31、l win over England, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injury, while Slater has been named at full-back but is still recovering from a knee injury aggravated against USA.Both sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but Australia have not conceded a try since Josh Charnleys effort in t
32、heir first pool match against England on the opening day.Aussie winger Jarryd Hayne is the competitions top try scorer with nine, closely followed by Tuivasa-Sheck with eight.But it is recently named Rugby League International Federation player of the year Sonny Bill Williams who has attracted the m
33、ost interest in the tournament so far.The Kiwi - with a tournament high 17 offloads - has the chance of becoming the first player to win the World Cup in both rugby league and rugby union after triumphing with the All Blacks in 2011.Id give every award back in a heartbeat just to get across the line
34、 this weekend, said Williams.The (lack of) air up there Watch mCayman Islands-based Webb, the head of Fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in London for the Football Associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend Citys Premier League match at Chelsea on Sunday.I am going to be at the match t
35、omorrow and I have asked to meet Yaya Toure, he told BBC Sport.For me its about how he felt and I would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.Uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against CSKAfor the racist behaviour of their fans duringCitys 2-1 win.Michel Platini, presid
36、ent of European footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.CSKA said they were surprised and disappointed by Toures complaint. In a statement the Russian side added: We found no racist insults from fans of CSKA. Baumgartner the disappointing news:
37、 Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunda.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached,
38、will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the s
39、tratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.They blew it in 2008 when the
40、y got caught cold in the final and they will not make the same mistake against the Kiwis in Manchester.Five years ago they cruised through to the final and so far history has repeated itself here - the last try they conceded was scored by Englands Josh Charnley in the opening game of the tournament.
41、That could be classed as a weakness, a team under-cooked - but I have been impressed by the Kangaroos focus in their games since then.They have been concentrating on the sort of stuff that wins you tough, even contests - strong defence, especially on their own goal-line, completing sets and a good k
42、ick-chase. Theyve been great at all the unglamorous stuff that often goes unnoticed in the stands but not by your team-mates.It is as though their entire tournament has been preparation for the final.In Johnathan Thurston, Cooper Cronk, Cameron Smith and either Billy Slater or Greg Inglis at full-ba
43、ck they have a spine that is unmatched in rugby league. They have played in so many high-pressure games - a priceless asset going into Saturday.The Kiwis are a lot less experienced but winning a dramatic match like their semi-final against England will do wonders for their confidence.They defeated Australia in the Four Nations final in 2010 and the last World Cup, and know they can rise to the big occasion.
