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1、2014年高考英语真题上海卷（含答案详解）补全短文（共16小题；共16.0分）AMy Stay in New York After graduation from university, I had been unable to secure a permanent job in my small town. So I decided to leave home for New York, 1. I might have a better chance to find a good job. 2. (earn) some money to pay the daily expenses, I s
2、tarted work in a local caf as a waiter. I believed that 3. I was offered a good position, I would resign at once. Over time, the high cost of living became a little burden on my already 4. (exhaust) shoulders. On the other hand, my search for a respectable job had not met with much success. As I had
3、 studied literature at university, I found it quite difficult to secure a suitable job in big companies. Mother had said that 5. I wanted to have a better career advancement, I had to find work in the city. Perhaps, 6. my mother had told me was deeply rooted in my mind. I just did as she had expecte
4、d. Soon I had lived in the city for over six months but I still did not like it. Apparently, I had difficulty 7. (adapt) myself to life in the city, let alone finding a job to my delight. After nine months of frustration, I eventually decided to go back to my small town. Not until I returned 8. I re
5、alize that a quiet town life was the best for me.BThe giant vending machine (自动售货机) is a new village shop Villagers have long been used to facing a drive when they run out of basic supplies. However, help is now nearer at hand in form of the countrys first automatic push-button shop. Now residents i
6、n the Derbyshire Village of Clifton can buy groceries around the clock after the huge vending was installed outside a pub in the village this week. Peter Fox, who is 9. electrical engineer, spent two and a half years working on the project. The machine10. (equip) with securing cameras and alarms, an
7、d looks like a mini shop with a brick front, a grey roof and a display window. Mr. Fox said he hoped his invention, 11. is set to be installed in other villages in the area over the coming months, will mark a return to convenience shopping for rural communities. He said, I had this idea a few years
8、ago but I couldnt find a manufacturer who could deliver what I wanted, so I did it by 12. . The result is what amounts to huge outdoor vending machine. Yet I think the term automatic shop is far 13. (appropriate). In recent years, the commercial pressure from supermarket chains 14. (force) village s
9、hops across the country to close. In 2010, it was estimated that about 400 village shops closed, 15. (urge) the local government to give financial support to struggling shops or set-up new community stores. Hundreds of communities have since stepped in and opened up their own volunteer-run shops, bu
10、t Mr. Fox hopes his new invention will offer a solution 16. those villages without a local shop.选词填空（共10小题；共10.0分）Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.alertclassifycommitdelicatelygen
11、tleimposelabelsmoderationrelievesignalssimply Lets say youve decided you want to eat more healthfully. However, you dont have time to carefully plan menus for meals or read food 17. at the supermarket. Since you really 18. yourself to a healthier lifestyle, a little help would come in handy, wouldnt
12、 it? This is where a choice architect can help 19. some of the burden of doing it all yourself. Choice architects are people who organize the contexts in which customers make decisions. For example, the person who decides the layout of your local supermarketincluding which shelf the peanut butter go
13、es on, and how the oranges are piled upis a choice architect. Governments dont have to 20. healthier lifestyles through lawsfor example, smoking bans. Rather, if given an environment created by a choice architectone that encourages us to choose what is bestwe will do the right things. In other words
14、, there will be designs that gently push customers toward making healthier choices, without removing freedom of choice. This idea combines freedom to choose with 21. hints from choice architects, who aim to help people live longer, healthier, and happier lives. The British and Swedish governments ha
15、ve introduced a so-called traffic light system to 22. foods as healthy or unhealthy. This means that customers can see at a glance how much fat, sugar, and salt each product contains 23. by looking at the lights on the package. A green light 24. that the amounts of the three nutrients are healthy; y
16、ellow indicates that the customer should be 25. ; and red means that the food is high in at least one of the three nutrients and should be eaten in 26. . The customer is given important health information, but is still free to decide what to choose.完形填空（共15小题；共22.5分） Research has shown that two-thir
17、ds of human conversation is taken up not with discussion of the cultural or political problems of the day, not heated debates about films weve just watched or books weve just finished reading, but plain and simple 27 . Language is our greatest treasure as a species, and what do we 28 do with it? We
18、gossip. About others behaviour and private lives, such as whos doing what with whom, whos in and whos outand why; how to deal with difficult 29 situations involving children, lovers, and colleagues. So why are we keen on gossiping? Are we just natural 30 , of both time and words? Or do we talk a lot
19、 about nothing in particular simply to avoid facing up to the really important issues of life? Its not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar. In fact, in his latest book, Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language, the psychologist says gossip is one of these really 31 issues. Dunbar 32 t
20、he traditional view that language was developed by the men at the early stage of social development in order to organize their manly hunting activities more effectively, or even to promote the exchange of poetic stories about their origins and the supernatural. Instead he suggests that language evol
21、ved among women. We dont spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just because we can talk, argues Dunbar 33 , he goes on to say, language evolved specifically to allow us to gossip. Dunbar arrived at his cheery theory by studying the 34 of the higher primates(灵长类动物) like monkeys. By means of grooming
22、cleaning the fur by brushing it, monkeys form groups with other individuals on whom they can rely for support in the event of some kind of conflict within the group or 35 from outside it. As we human beings evolve from a particular branch of the primate family, Dunbar 36 that at one time in our hist
23、ory we did much the same. Grouping together made sense because the bigger the group, the greater the 37 it provided; on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others. Grooming helped to 38 the pressure and calm everybody down. But as the groups got bigger a
24、nd bigger, the amount of time spent in grooming activities also had to be 39 to maintain its effectiveness. Clearly, a more 40 kind of grooming was needed, and thus language evolved as a kind of vocal(有声的) grooming which allowed humans to develop relationship with ever-larger groups by exchanging in
25、formation over a wider network of individuals than would be possible by one-to-one 41 contact.27.A.claimB.descriptionC.gossipD.language28.A.occasionallyB.habituallyC.independentlyD.originally29.A.socialB.politicalC.historicalD.cultural30.A.admirersB.mastersC.usersD.wasters31.A.vitalB.sensitiveC.idea
26、lD.difficult32.A.confirmsB.rejectsC.outlinesD.broadens33.A.for instanceB.in additionC.on the contraryD.as a result34.A.motivationB.appearanceC.emotionD.behavior35.A.attackB.contactC.inspectionD.assistance36.A.recallsB.deniesC.concludesD.confesses37.A.prospectB.responsibilityC.leadershipD.protection3
27、8.A.measureB.showC.maintainD.ease39.A.savedB.extendedC.consumedD.gained40.A.commonB.efficientC.scientificD.thoughtful41.A.indirectB.dailyC.physicalD.secret阅读理解（共12小题；共24.0分）A Most people agree that honesty is a good thing. But does Mother Nature agree? Animals cant talk, but can they lie in other wa
28、ys? Can they lie with their bodies and behavior? Animal experts may not call it lying, but they do agree that many animals, from birds to chimpanzees, behave dishonestly to fool other animals. Why? Dishonesty often helps them survive. Many kinds of birds are very successful at fooling other animals.
29、 For example, a bird called the plover sometimes pretends to be hurt in order to protect its young. When a predator(猎食动物) gets close to its nest, the plover leads the predator away from the nest. How? It pretends to have a broken wing. The predator follows the hurt adult, leaving the baby birds safe
30、 in the nest. Another kind of bird, the scrub jay, buries its food so it always has something to eat. Scrub jays are also thieves. They watch where others bury their food and steal it. But clever scrub jays seem to know when a thief is watching them. So they go back later, unbury the food, and bury
31、it again somewhere else. Birds called cuckoos have found a way to have babies without doing much work. How? They dont make nests. Instead, they get into other birds nests secretly. Then they lay their eggs and fly away. When the baby birds come out, their adoptive parents feed them. Chimpanzees, or
32、chimps, can also be sneaky. After a fight, the losing chimp will give its hand to the other. When the winning chimp puts out its hand, too, the chimps are friendly again. But an animal expert once saw a losing chimp take the winners hand and start fighting again. Chimps are sneaky in other ways, too
33、. When chimps find food that they love, such as bananas, it is natural for them to cry out. Then other chimps come running. But some clever chimps learn to cry very softly when they find food. That way, other chimps dont hear them, and they dont need to share their food. As children, many of us lear
34、n the saying You cant fool Mother Nature. But maybe you cant trust her, either.42. A plover protects its young from a predator by .A.getting closer to its youngB.driving away the adult predatorC.leaving its young in another nestD.pretending to be injured43. By Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sne
35、aky (paragraph 5), the author means .A.chimps are ready to attack othersB.chimps are sometimes dishonestC.chimps are jealous of the winnersD.chimps can be selfish too44. Which of the following is true according to the passage?A.Some chimps lower their cry to keep food away from others.B.The losing c
36、himp won the fight by taking the winners hand.C.Cuckoos fool their adoptive parents by making no nests.D.Some clever scrub jays often steal their food back.45. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A.Do Animals Lie?B.Does Mother Nature Fool Animals?C.How Do Animals Learn to L
37、ie?D.How does Honesty Help Animals Survive?B Lets say you want to hit the gym more regularly this year. How do you make that happen? Consider putting the habit loop to use.Heres how it works: A habit is a 3-step process. First, theres a cue, something that tells your brain to operate automatically.
38、Then theres a routine. And finally, a reward, which helps your brain learn to desire the behavior. Its what you can use to createor breakhabits of your own.Heres how to apply it: Choose a cue, like leaving your running shoes by the door, then pick a rewardsay, a piece of chocolate when you get home
39、from the gym. That way, the cue and the reward become interconnected. Finally, when you see the shoes, your brain will start longing for the reward, which will make it easier to work out day after day. The best part? In a couple of weeks, you wont need the chocolate at all. Your brain will come to s
40、ee the workout itself as the reward. Which is the whole point, right?46. Which of the following best fits in the box with a ? in THE HABIT LOOP?A.Pick a new cue.B.Form a new habit.C.Choose a new reward.D.Design a new resolution.47. According to THE HABIT LOOP, you can stick to your plan most effecti
41、vely by .A.changing the routineB.trying it for a weekC.adjusting your goalD.writing it down48. Whats the purpose of putting the habit loop to use?A.To test out different kinds of cues.B.To do something as a habit even without rewards.C.To work out the best New Years resolution.D.To motivate yourself
42、 with satisfactory rewards.49. This year when I see the Harry Potter poster, I will read 30 pages of an English novel or an English newspaper in order to watch TV for half an hour. What is the cue in this resolution?A.The Harry Potter poster.B.Reading 30 pages of an English novel.C.An English newspa
43、per.D.Watching TV for half an hour.C If you could be anybody in the world, who would it be? Your neighbour or a super star? A few people have experienced what it might be like to step into the skin of another person, thanks to an unusual virtual reality (虚拟现实) device. Rikke Wahl, an actress, model a
44、nd artist, was one of the participants in a body swapping experiment at the Be Another lab, a project developed by a group of artists based in Barcelona. She swapped with her partner, an actor, using a machine called The Machine to Be Another and temporarily became a man. As I looked down, I saw my
45、whole body as a man, dressed in my partners pants, she said. Thats the picture I remember best. The set-up is relatively simple. Both users wear a virtual reality headset with a camera on the top. The video from each camera is sent to the other person, so what you see is the exact view of your partn
46、er. If she moves her arm, you see it. If you move your arm, she sees it. To get used to seeing another persons body without actually having control of it, participants start by raising their arms and legs very slowly, so that the other can follow along. Eventually, this kind of slow synchronised(同步的) movement becomes comfortable, and participants really start to feel as though they are living in another persons body. Using such technology promises to alter peoples behaviour afterwardspote
