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1、1.一般情况下,物质名词,抽象名词为不可数名词。物质名词无法分为个体 的事物,通常不能与不定冠词连用,自身不能表示具体的数量,如;water,coffee,time,money,bread,milk,gas,air,wind,等;抽象名词表示的是可感觉却触摸不到的性质,动作,状态,感情等抽象的概念,如;kindness(仁慈),information(信息),advice(建议),happiness(幸福),progress(进步)等。1. 常用how much,much,alittle,little,a lot of,some,any等来修饰不可数名词。2. 不可数名词无复数,作主语时常看成
2、单数。但它们可借助某些表示单位的词来表示一定的量。其单复数的变化与这些表示量的词有关。如;a glass of water(一杯水),two pieces of advice(两条建议),a bottle of orange(一瓶橙汁),two glasses of water(两杯水),five cups of tea(五杯茶),100 bags of rice(100袋大米)等。4.常用的不可数名词有;ice meat metal milk money music mutton news paper pork rice salt sand air beef bread chalk coal
3、 coffee cotton food hair health homework housework wind wood wool work silk snow tea teamwork temperature time treasure water weather。易错提醒可修饰可数名词的词有;a few, few, many, a great many, several, a great number of。可修饰不可数名词的词有;little, a little, much, a great deal of, a great amount of。即可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词的词有;
4、a lot of,lots of,some,any,more,most,plenty of,a large quantity of ,enough。Many与much不定代词 用法 例句 manyMany修饰可数名词,还可以与表示程度的副词so,too,as,how,连用。There are many people in the market,市场上有多少人。 muchMuch修饰不可数名词,也可以与表示程度的副词so too as how 连用。We have too much homework to do,我们有太多的家庭作业要做。a few ,a little, few, 与little
5、不定代词 用法 例句a few用来修饰或代替可数名词,表示有一些,其意义是肯定得的。 I have a few question 我有一些问题。 a little用来修饰或代替不可数名词,表示有一些,其意义是肯定的。 Dont worry,you still have a little time.别担心,你还有点儿时间。 few用来修饰或代替可数名词,表示几乎没有,其意义是否定的。Many know him but few like to made friends with him.很多人认识他,但很少有人愿意跟他交朋友 。 little用来修饰或代替不可数名词,表示几乎没有,其意义是否定的。
6、I know little of American culture,对美国文化,我了解很少。Both either与neither不定代词 用法 例句 bothBoth表示两者都,与复数连用。固定搭配both。And。表示既。又。的意思,连接名词或代词作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。You and I are both right .你和我都是对的。Both the boys are clever.两个男孩都很聪明。 eithereither指两个人或物中的一个,与单数连用;either.or.意为或者。或者。Eitherneither of +名词或代词的复数+谓语动词(第三人称单数形式)Ei
7、ther of the two boys is clever,两个男孩都很聪明。Either mum or Dad is going to come here.要么妈妈,要么爸爸要来这儿 neitherNeither指两个人或物中一个也不;neither.nor.意为既不。也不。当either.Or.和neither.or.连接两个主语时,谓语动词应与离它最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。Neither of the twins likes singsing,这对双胞胎都不喜欢唱歌。Other,the other,the others,other与another不定代词 用法 例句otherOt
8、her作形容词,意为别的,其他的,常用在单数或复数名词的前面。I dont have other friends except you.除了你,我没有其他朋友。The otherThe other 表示已知两个人或事物中的另外一个,表示特指,one.the other.一个。另一个。(两件事物或两个人中)I have two books.one is blue,the other is green.我有两本书。一本是蓝色的,另一本是绿色的。表示时间的介词介词 用法 例句表示时间点。at six oclock 在六点at用于三餐,年龄,节日及固定搭配。at breakfast 在早餐时间;at
9、the age of在。岁时;at Christmas在圣诞节;at noon在中午;at night 在晚上;at the end of在。的结尾in可用于表示从现在起,多长时间以后或多久以后的短语He will be back in a week,他一个星期后回来在某个世纪,某年,某月,某个季节以及早晨,上午,下午,晚上。In may在五月;in winter在冬天;in the morning在早上;in the afternoon在下午。;介词 用法 例句on表示具体的某一天和每一天的上午,下午,晚上。On Monday 在星期一;on July 1st 在7月1日;on Sunday
10、 evening在星期天晚上;on the evening of October 31st在10月31日晚上;on a cold winter morning在一个寒冷的冬天早晨。before在。之前。Before 7 oclock在7点前;before he was born 在他出生前。after表示以过去为起点的某一段时间之后,常用于一般过去时。The boy came back after five days,五天后这个男孩回来了。与时间点连用,表示将来的某个时间之后。Mum will take you to the park after 3 oclock,妈妈3点后将带你去公园。介词
11、 用法 例句for指过去,现在或将来,着重说明多久,后面接时间段。He has lived here for 2 weeks,他在这儿住了两个星期。since意为自从。起,多与完成时连用,后面接时间点或从句。Since引导的从句通常为一般过去时。Since引导从句时,主句 的动作是持续性的。He has lived here since 2 weeks ago ,他两周前就住这儿了。Its five years since he left school.他毕业五年了。byby+时间点,表示到。以前为止,如果by后跟的是将来的时间点,用一般将来时;如果by后跟一个过去的时间点,用过去完成时。We
12、ll have an English exam by the end of this week,这一周周末前,我们要进行一次英语测验。By the end of last week ,we had finished learning Unit 5,截止到上周周末,我们结束了第5单元的学习。untilUntil+时间点,表示到。为止,句中的谓语动词是非延续性动词,构成not.until.(直到。才)结构。We stayed there until the sun set.我们一直待到太阳落山。We wont have dinner until Dad comes back.爸爸回来后我们才吃饭。
13、during在。期间Nanjing changed a lot during these years.南京在这些年里改变了许多。At .in.on表示在。位置介词 用法 例句at一般指小地方。They arrived at a small village before dark.天黑前,他们到达了一个小村子。in一般指大地方或某个范围之内。He arrived in Shanghai yesterday .昨天他到达了上海。on通常表示在某个物体的表面。The teacher put up a picture on the wall .这个老师在墙上贴了一张画。Across, through表
14、示通过。介词 用法 例句across表示从物体表面通过,与on有关。The boy ran across the street.这个男孩跑过了街。through表示通过一个空间,与in有关。Look ,the train is going through the tunnel.看,火车正在穿越隧道。Between,among 表示在。之间介词 用法 例句betweenBetween指两者之间This is the secret betwween you and me.这是你我之间的秘密。amongAmong 指三者或三者以上的人或事物之间。Jack swims fastest among al
15、l the students.在所有学生中,杰克游得最快。注意下列词组的用法;On the tree 树本身固有的东西在树上,如;果实等In the tree 外来物在树上,如;小鸟等On the wall 在墙的表面,如;图画等In the wall 嵌在墙里,如;窗户或洞等特别提醒;部分介词短语与时态相对应 介词短语 时态From time to time,at times ,on sundays, at weekends 一般现在时In thepast,in 1997一般过去时At the moment ,at present现在进行时At nine yesterday evening
16、,from 8 to 10 yesterday moring过去进行时For two years ,since two years ago ,since 2008 ,over these years,by now ,from then on ,in the past few years 现在完成时By last term 过去完成时In the future ,in 2020 ,in tree months一般将来时 Alive livin live lively形容词 用法 例句aliveAlive是表语形容词。用作活着解释,通常用来形容人,很少用于形容物或比喻场合。The child wa
17、s still alive by the roadside.路边的这个孩子还活着。livingLiving意为活着的,现存的,作表语或定语。of all living writers,I admire Mr Shaw most。在所有在世的作家中,我最钦佩萧先生liveLive读laiv,仅作定语。意为现场直播和活的。It was a live broadcast ,not a recording .它是现场直播的,不是录播的。livelyLively表示活泼的,有生气的。Miss He always her class lively.何老师总是让她的课堂生动有趣。Good ,well形容词
18、用法 例句goodGood,好的,优秀的,有益的,是形容词,用来修饰名词。She is a good singer.她是一个好歌手。well表示身体健康要用well,不用good,这时Well是形容词。Im feeling very well today,我今天感觉身体好好。Also,too,either副词 用法 例句alsoAlso通常放在居中,位于系动词,情态动词或助动词后面,实意动词前面,He is also good at English .他也擅长英语。tooToo通常用在肯定句中,放在句末She can play chess ,too.t她也会下棋eitherEither用在否定
19、句中,放在句末。I cant agree with you ,either .我也不同意你的意见。Sometime, sometimes ,some time ,some times副词/名词短语 用法 例句sometime某一时间,某一时刻(可指将来,也可指过去)I will go there sometime next week下周的某个时间我將 去那儿sometimes有时,不时的He sometimes plays basketball with us .他有时和我们一起打篮球。Some time一段时间We have lived here for some time .我们在这儿已经
20、住了一段时间。Some times几次;几倍He has been there some times他去过那儿几次。Too much,much to形容词/副词 用法 例句Too much意为太多,用作副词词组,修饰动词。用作形容词词组,修饰不可数名词Dont speak too much.别讲得太多。I dont like winter because theres too much snow and ice.我不喜欢冬天,因为雪和冰太多了。Much too意为太,非常,用作副词词组,修饰形容词或其他副词。Its much too cold today,今天天气太冷了。The old man
21、 walked much to slow.这位老人走得太慢了。形容词,副词比较级和最高级的构成规则变化类别 构成方法 原级 比较级 最高级单音节直接加-er, -est tall taller tallest词和部以e结尾的加-r, -st nice nicer nicest分双音节词以y结尾的,y前为辅音字母的变y为i+-er/-estheavy heavier heaviest以辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节单词,双写尾字母+-er/-estSlimthin Slimmer thinner Slimmest thinnest类别 构成方法 原级 比较级 最高级多音节词More/most+形容词/
22、f副词原级InterestingbeautifullyMore interestingMore beautifullyMost interestingMost beautifully不规则变化 原级 比较级 最高级 good/well better bestMany/much more mostBad/ill/badly worseworst little less least far Farther/further Farthest/furthest old Older/elder Oldest/eldest1.介词与动词搭配arrive in/at 到达,抵达 ask for请求 do w
23、ell in擅长 hear from收到。来信Hear from收到。来信 hear of听说 help 。With。帮助。做。Laugh at嘲笑 learn from向。学习 leave for动身去。 Talk to与。谈话 look at看 speak to同。讲话 Send for派人去叫 shout at对。大声叫喊 think of认为Turn。Into。把。变成。 Wait for等待 listen to听。Look after照看照顾 look for寻找 look like看起来像Get to到达 fill。With。用。装满 begin with以。开始Deal/do w
24、ith对付,处置 worry about为。担心 belong to属于Write to给。写信 call on短暂拜访(某人) depend on依赖;依。而定Prefer。to。宁愿选择。而不选择。;比起。更喜欢。Regard。As。把。看做。Provide sb with sth/provide sth for sb给某人提供某物2. 介词与名词搭配 In time及时 in bed躺在床上 in life一生中On time准时 in front of在。前面 on foot步行By bus坐公共汽车 at home在家 in English用英语说In the middleof在。中
25、间 at night在夜间 at noon在中午with a smile微笑着 in a hurry匆匆忙忙地 in a minute一会儿后By the way顺便问一下 at first起初,首先 at the meeting在会议上 at last最后,终于 at least至少 at once立刻,马上 at work在工作At dinner在吃饭 at school在学校 at the back of在。后面At the end of在。结尾 at the begining of在。开始时 by hand手工At the same time同时 by the end of到。为止 b
26、y train坐火车By spaceship坐宇宙飞船 in a low voice低声 in a word总而言之In trouble处于困境中 in fact实际上 in the end最后 in all总计In the day在白天 in public公开到 in surprise吃惊到 on duty值日Out of breath上气不接下气 out of work失业 on the left/right在左/右边On ones way to在某人去。的路上On the hand。On the other hand一方面。另一方面To ones surprise/joy令某人吃惊地/高
27、兴地 3. 介词与形容词,过去分词和动词等搭配 Be born in出生于 be good at擅长于 be made of由。组成Be strict with sb对某人要求严格 be pleased with sb 对某人满意Be angry with sb生某人的气 be satisfied with sth对某事很满意Be full of充满,装满 be surprised at 对。吃惊Be interested in対。感兴趣 be tired of対。厌烦 be proud of为。自豪Be/get used to doing sth习惯于做某事 be busy with忙于Ta
28、ke /catch hold of抓住 take part in参加 take care of照顾go to school 去上学 go to bed/sleep去睡觉 say hello to向。问好go to the cinema去看电影 look forward to期盼1.可以修饰比较级的词;much ,a lot , far, a little , a bit, even, still。2.than.。比。如;Tom is taller than David.汤姆比大卫高。3.选择疑问句中,二选一时。如;Which season is better,spring or summmer
29、?哪一个季节更好,春天还是夏天?4.用比较级表示最高级的意思。如;Shanghai is bigger than any other city in china.上海比中国其他任何一个城市都要大。5.比较级+and+比较级表示越来越。如;our country is getting stronger and stronger。我们的国家越来越强大。The flowers are more and more beautiful。花儿越来越漂亮了。6.the+比较级,the+比较级表示越。,就越。如;the more careful you are,the fewer mistakes youll
30、 make,你越认真,犯的错误就越少。7.在比较级中为了避免重复,在than后常用one,that,those等词来替代前面提到过的名词。如;the weather here is warmer than that in shanghan .这里的天气比上海的暖和。8.表示倍数的比较。如;this room is three times bigger than that one。这个房间比那个大3倍。Spend,take,pay,cost动词 用法 例句spend表示花费时间或金钱。人作主语,常用于spend some time/money on sth 或spend time/money i
31、n doing sth 结构中,其中介词in可以省去。Our teacher has spend a lot of money on books。我们的老师花了不少的钱买书。take只表示花费时间,物作主语,常用表达形式;It takes sb sometime to do sth表示某人花费多少时间做某事。It takes only ten minutes to waik from my home to the school。从我家走到学校只需要10分钟。pay只表示花费金钱。人作主语,通常用于sb pay(s) some money for sth 这一结构中。She paid fifty
32、 yuan for the dictionary 。她花了50元钱买这本词典。cost只表示花费金钱。物作主语。The house cost me 100.000dollars。我花了10万美元买这栋房子。常用的系动词分类如下; 分类 例词 例句be动词Am,is are,was ,wereShe is girl with short hair.她是个留短发的女孩。感官类系动词Look,sound,smell,feel,tasteHis plan sounds wonderful。他的计划听起来很棒。变化类系动词Become,get,grow,go ,turnHer face turnd re
33、d.他的脸变红了。状态类系动词Keep ,stay,remainThe shop stays open till 9 pm.这家店开到晚上9点。Join,jion in, take part in, attend动词 辨析 例句joinJion+组织名,意为加入某一种组织,成为其中一员;jion sb,表示加入到某人或某些人的行列中去。My uncle joined the Party in 1998.我叔叔是1998年入的党。We are going for a swim.will you come and join us ?我们要去游泳。你和我们一起去好吗?Join in表示加入,参与某种
34、活动,in之后可接名词或v。-ing形式。表示加入某人做某事,可以说join sb in(doing)sth.Will you join us in playing basketball?你想加入我们一起打篮球吗? Take part inTake part in ,指参加会议或群众性活动重在说明句子主语参加该项活动并在其中发挥作用。The teacher took part in our discussion yesterday,昨天老师参加了我们的讨论。attend意为出席,参加,指参加会议或仪式,婚礼,葬礼,典礼,上课,上学,听报告等,强调的是这一动作的本身,而不强调参加者在活动中起作用
35、。All the children of school ago in our village have attended school.我们村的所有学龄儿童都已上学了。9.延续性动词和非延续性动词的用法非延续性动词不能与表示一段时间的状语连用,必须把非延续性动词改为相应的延续性动词或短语,这时可与表示一段时间的状语连用。常见的非延续性动词通常将短暂性动词转化为be+形容词/副词。 begin/start-be ongo there-be thereCome back-be backCome here-be heredie-be deadMarry -be marriedfinish-be ov
36、erGo to bed-be in bedGet out-be outFall asleep-be asleepLeave-be awayRetur n-be backLose-be lostFall ill-be illOpen-be openClose-be closed图书馆开门6个小时了。The library has opened for 6 hours.()The library has been open for 6 hours(对)有的短暂性动词可以转化为意思相同的延续性动词。Buy-have/ownCatch a cold-have a coldBorrow-keepPut
37、on-wear/be onBecome-beGet to know-knowReceive-haveGo to sleep-sleep那本字典我买了一年多了。I have bought that dictionary for a year。()I have had that dictionary for a year。(对)10. 与现在完成时连用的时间状语;already,yet,just,ever,never,before,so far,these days,recently,in/during the past few years,for+一段时间,since+过去的时间点,since+
38、一般过去时的从句等。其中already常用于肯定句中,yet常用于否定句和疑问句中,且常位于句末。如;they havent finished their homework yet。他们还没有完成他们的家庭作业。11. I have already finish the work。我已经完成了工作。12. 被动语态的构成。基本结构是;助动词be+动词的过去分词。各种时态的主动,被动语态结构,如下; 时态主动语态被动语态一般过去时We planted many trees last year。构成;was/were+过去分词Many trees were planted by us last y
39、ear.一般将来时He will invite Jack to his party构成;will /shall/be going to+be+过去分词。Jack will be invited to his party by him.现在完成时Millie has finished the work.构成;has/have+been+过去分词The work has been finished by Millie.现在进行时They are cutting down trees构成;am/is/are+being+过去分词Trees are being cut down by them.过去进行时She was watering the flowers.构成;was/were+being+过去分词The flowers were being watered by her.过去完成时Tom had watched the film构成;had+been+过去分词The film had been watched by Tom.一般现在时We clean our room every day.构成;am/is/are+过去分词Our room is cleaned by us every day.