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1、Social network serviceA social network service focuses on the building and verifying of online social networks for communities of people who share interests and activities, or who are interested in exploring the interests and activities of others, and which necessitates the use of software.Most soci
2、al network services are primarily web based and provide a collection of various ways for users to interact, such as chat, messaging, email, video, voice chat, file sharing, blogging, discussion groups, and so on.The main types of social networking services are those which contain directories of some
3、 categories (such as former classmates), means to connect with friends (usually with self-description pages), and recommender systems linked to trust. Popular methods now combine many of these, with MySpace, Bebo and Facebook being the most widely used in the anglosphere and Friendster being the mos
4、t widely used in Asia. There have been some attempts to standardize them (see the FOAF standard) but this has led to some privacy concerns.History of social network servicesThe notion that individual computers linked electronically could form the basis of computer mediated social interaction and net
5、working was suggested early on - for example The Network Nation by S. Roxanne Hiltz and Murray Turoff (Addison-Wesley, 1978, 1993) effectively sketched out how computer-mediated communication - such as the Internet - should be developed for this purpose.There were many early efforts to support socia
6、l networks via computer-mediated communication, including Usenet, bulletin board services (BBS), Arpanet, and EIES: Murray Turoffs server-based Electronic Information Exchange Service (Turoff and Hiltz, 1978, 1993). The Information Routing Group developed a schema about how the proto-Internet might
7、support this. Early social networking websites included C (1995), focusing on ties with former school mates, SixD (1997), focusing on indirect ties, and CaringBridge.org (1997), connecting family and friends during a critical llness, treatment or recovery. Two different models of social networking t
8、hat came about in 1999 were trust-based, developed by E, and friendship-based, such as those developed by Jonathan Bishop and used on some regional UK sites between 1999 and 2001. Innovations included not only showing who is friends with whom, but giving users more control over content and connectiv
9、ity. By 2005, one social networking service MySpace, was reportedly getting more page views than Google, with Facebook, a competitor, rapidly growing in size. In 2007, Facebook began allowing externally-developed add-on applications, and some applications enabled the graphing of a users own social n
10、etwork - thus linking social networks and social networking.Social networking began to flourish as a component of business internet strategy at around March 2005 when Yahoo launched Yahoo! 360. In July 2005 News Corporation bought MySpace, followed by ITV (UK) buying Friends Reunited in December 200
11、5. It is estimated that combined there are now over 200 social networking sites using these existing and emerging social networking models. Business applicationsSocial networks connect people at low cost; this can be beneficial for entrepreneurs and small businesses looking to expand their contact b
12、ase. These networks often act as a customer relationship management tool for companies selling products and services. Companies can also use social networks for advertising in the form of banners and text ads. Since businesses operate globally, social networks can make it easier to keep in touch wit
13、h contacts around the world. In many ways business networking on social networks has eclipsed the amount of networking that takes place on dedicated business networking websites.Medical applicationsSocial networks are beginning to be adopted by healthcare professionals as a means to manage instituti
14、onal knowledge, disseminate peer to peer knowledge and to highlight individual physicians and institutions. The advantage of using a dedicated medical social networking site is that all the members are screened against the state licensing board list of practitioners. The role of social networks is e
15、specially of interest to pharmaceutical companies who spend approximately 32 percent of their marketing dollars attempting to influence the opinion leaders of social networks. In contrast, CaringBridge is a nonprofit organization offering free personalized websites to people in a health care crisis,
16、 hospitalization, undergoing medical treatment and/or recovering from a significant medical condition or procedure. Its functionality is similar to a blog. The service allows family members and friends to receive consistent information via a single website, and eliminates the need to place and recei
17、ve numerous telephone calls. CaringBridge is the largest (for traffic) charitable nonprofit website in the world. By the end of 2007, more than 90,000 people have created a CaringBridge website. In total, those websites have received over a half a billion visits and 13 million written guestbook mess
18、ages of love, hope and support.Languages, nationalities and academiaVarious social networking sites have sprung up catering to different languages and countries. The popular site Facebook has been cloned for various countries and languages and some specializing in connecting students and faculty.Soc
19、ial networks for social goodSeveral websites are beginning to tap into the power of the social networking model for social good. Such models may be highly successful for connecting otherwise fragmented industries and small organizations without the resources to reach a broader audience with interest
20、ed and passionate users. Users benefit by interacting with a like minded community and finding a channel for their energy and giving. Examples include SixDegrees.org (Kevin Bacon).Typical structure of a social networking serviceBasicsIn general, social networking services, such as MySpace, Facebook
21、and Bebo, allow users to create a profile for themselves. Users can upload a picture of themselves and can often be friends with other users. In most social networking services, both users must confirm that they are friends before they are linked. For example, if Alice lists Bob as a friend, then Bo
22、b would have to approve Alices friend request before they are listed as friends. Some social networking sites have a favorites feature that does not need approval from the other user. Social networks usually have privacy controls that allows the user to choose who can view their profile or contact t
23、hem, etc.Additional featuresSome social networks have additional features, such as the ability to create groups that share common interests or affiliations, upload videos, and hold discussions in forums. Geosocial networking co-opts internet mapping services to organize user participation around geo
24、graphic features and their attributes.Business modelFew social networks currently charge money for membership. In part, this may be because social networking is a relatively new service, and the value of using them has not been firmly established in customers minds. Companies such as MySpace and Fac
25、ebook sell online advertising on their site. Hence, they are seeking large memberships, and charging for membership would be counter productive. Some believe that the deeper information that the sites have on each user will allow much better targeted advertising than any other site can currently pro
26、vide. Sites are also seeking other ways to make money, such as by creating an online marketplace (Facebooks Marketplace) or by selling professional information and social connections to businesses: such as LinkedIn. Social networks operate under an autonomous business model, in which a social networ
27、ks members serve dual roles as both the suppliers and the consumers of content. This is in contrast to a traditional business model, where the suppliers and consumers are distinct agents. Revenue is typically gained in the autonomous business model via advertisements, but subscription-based revenue
28、is possible when membership and content levels are sufficiently high. Privacy issuesOn large social networking services, there have been growing concerns about users giving out too much personal information and the threat of sexual predators. Users of these services need to be aware of data theft or
29、 viruses. However, large services, such as MySpace, often work with law enforcement to try to prevent such incidents.In addition, there is a perceived privacy threat in relation to placing too much personal information in the hands of large corporations or governmental bodies, allowing a profile to
30、be produced on an individuals behavior on which decisions, detrimental to an individual, may be taken.Furthermore, there is an issue over the control of data - information having been altered or removed by the user may in fact be retained and/or passed to 3rd parties. This danger was highlighted whe
31、n the controversial social networking site Quechup harvested e-mail addresses from users e-mail accounts for use in a spamming operation. InvestigationsSocial network services are increasingly being used in legal and criminal investigations. Information posted on sites such as MySpace and Facebook,
32、has been used by police, probation, and university officials to prosecute users of said sites. In some situations, content posted on MySpace has been used in court to determine an appropriate sentence based on a defendants attitude.Facebook is increasingly being used by school administrations and la
33、w enforcement agencies as a source of evidence against student users. The site, the number one online destination for college students, allows users to create profile pages with personal details. These pages can be viewed by other registered users from the same school which often include resident as
34、sistants and campus police who have signed-up for the service. NameDescription/FocusRegistered UsersRegistrationAdvogatoFree and open source software developers11,000 OpenAnnobiiBooksUnknownOpenaSmallWorldEuropean jet set and social elite150,000 Invite-onlyBabooGeneral, Popular in Europe12,500,000 O
35、pen to people 18 and overBeboGeneral, Popular in UK, Ireland, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands40,000,000 Open to people 13 and overBlack PlanetAfrican-Americans16,000,000 OpenBVideo sharing and webcam chatBuzznetVideo sharing and webcam chat26,000,000 OpenCake FinancialInvestingUnknownOpenCapazoo
36、General (blogs, photos, music, videos)UnknownOpenCarDomainCar Enthusiasts1,600,000 OpenCare2Green living and social activism8,123,058 OpenCSchool, College, Work, and the military40,000,000 OpenConsumatingConsumeetings21,000 OpenCouchSurfingHospitality402,000 OpenCyworldYoung South Koreans21,200,000
37、OpenDandelifeCollective narratives or shared biographiesUnknownOpenDodgeballMobile location-based serviceUnknownOpenDontStayInClubbing (primarily UK)333,000 OpenExperience ProjectLife ExpereincesUnknownOpenFacebookGeneral, Popular in Canada, UK and USA58,000,000 Open to people 13 and olderFacepartyB
38、ritish teens and young adults5,900,000 Open to people 16 and olderFlickrPhoto sharing4,000,000 OpenFlixsterMovies36,000,000 OpenFotkiPhot Sharing1,000,000 OpenFotologPhotoblogging12,695,007 OpenFriends ReunitedSchool, College, Work, sports and streets19,000,000 OpenFriendsterGeneral50,000,000 OpenFr
39、hstckstreffGeneral11,600 OpenGaia OnlineAnime and Games93,000,000 OpenGatherArticles, Pictures, Video Sharing, Group Discussions450,000 OpenGGenealogy750,000 OpenGPoland1,350,000 Invite-OnlyGuildCafeGamesUnknownOpenHabboGeneral82,000,000 Openhi5General50,000,000 OpenHospitality ClubHospitality328,62
40、9 OpenHyvesDutch5,000,000 OpenimeemMusic, Video, Photo, Blog16,000,000 OpenIRC-GalleriaFinland400,000 OpeniWiWHungary3,100,000 Invite OnlyJaikuGeneralUnknownOpenJoga BonitoSoccerUnknownOpenLibraryThingBooks214,425 OpenLinkedInBusiness16,000,000 OpenLiveJournalBlogging12,900,000 Open LunarStormSweden
41、1,200,000 OpenMEETinGeneral72,000 OpenMGeneral2,000,000 OpenMiGLatinos3,600,000 OpenMindVizProfiles, Photo/Video sharing, Music145,000 OpenMixiJapan9,830,000 Invite-OnlyMOGMusicUnknownOpenMultiplyRelationships7,500,000 OpenMy Opera CommunityGeneral1,001,798 OpenMyChurchChuches70,306 OpenMySpaceGener
42、al217,000,000 OpenmyYearbookGeneral950,000 OpenNetlogGeneral (was Facebox)28,000,000 OpenNewNGeneralUnknownOpenNexopiaCanada1,158,531 OpenOkCupidNetworking/Dating800,000 OpenorkutGeneral67,000,000 Open OUTeverywhereGayUnknownOpenPassadoGeneral4,700,000 PassportstampTravel1,200 OpenPlaxoBusiness15,00
43、0,000 OpenPlayaheadGeneral530,000 OpenPlaytxtMobile social network70,000 OpenPownceGeneralUnknownInvite onlyProfileHeavenGeneral100,000 OpenRateItAllGeneralUnknownOpenRGeneral28,000,000 OpenRyzeBusiness250,000 OpenSconexAmerican high schools500,000 OpenSearchlesSocial search and networkingUnknownOpe
44、nSermoPhysicians40,000 Open to MDs in USAShelfariBooksUnknownOpenSoundpediaMusic3,500,000 OpenSportsviteRecreational Sports18,000 OpenStickamVideo Streaming and chat1,305,051 OpenSColleges800,000 OpenStudiVZUniversity Students4,000,000 OpenTGeneral30,000,000 OpenTakingITGlobalSocial Action145,000 Op
45、enTravBTravel760,000 OpenTravellerspointTravel105,000 OpenGeneral602,876 OpenTwitterMicro-bloggingUnknownOpenVoxBloggingUnknownOpenWAYNTravel/Lifestyle8,000,000 Open - 18 or olderWebBiographiesCenealoegyUnknownOpenWindows Live SpacesBlogging (was MSN Spaces)40,000,000 OpenWoophyTravel/Photography/Ph
46、oto sharing23,000 OpenXangaBlogging40,000,000 OpenXINGBusiness4,000,000 OpenYahoo! 360Linked to Yahoo! IDsUnknownOpen to 18 or olderYahoo! MashYahoo! New SNSUnknownInvite only while in betaZooomrUniversal Photo SharingUnknownOpenBlogA blog (a portmanteau of web log) is a website where entries are commonly displayed in reverse chronological order. Blog can also be used as a verb, meaning to maintain or add content to a blog.Many
