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1、托福作文写作范文详解ReadingStartinginthe1960sandcontinuinguntilthe1980s,sailorsinRussiansubmarinespatrollingtheNorthAtlanticandArcticOceanwouldoccasionallyhearstrangesounds.Theseunderwaternoisesremindedthesubmarinecrewsoffrogcroaks,sotheycalledthesounds“quackers”(fromtheRussianwordforfrogsounds).Thesourcesoft
2、hesoundseemedtobemovingwithgreatspeedandagility;however,thesubmarinessonar(amethodofdetectingobjectsunderwater)wasunabletodetectanysolidmovingobjectsinthearea.Thereareseveraltheoriesaboutwhatmighthavecausedtheoddsounds.Thefirsttheorysuggeststhatthestrangenoiseswereactuallythecallsofmaleandfemaleocra
3、whalesduringacourtshipritual.Orcawhalesareknowntoinhabittheareaswherethesubmarineswerepickingupthebizarrenoises.Orcashavebeenstudiedextensively,andthesoundstheymakewhentryingtoattractamalearesimilartothosethatthesubmarinesweredetecting.Asecondideaisthatthesoundswerecausedbygiantsquid.Giantsquidsareg
4、aintmarineinvertebratesthatlivedeepintheoceanandpreyonlargefish.Theyaredifficulttodetectbysonarbecausetheyhavesoftbodieswithnoskeleton.Notmuchisknownaboutgiantsquidbehavior,buttheircomplexbrainssuggesttheyareintelligentanimals.Itispossibletheyhavetheabilitytoemitsoundzandperhapstheyapproachedthesubm
5、arinesoutofcuriosity.AthirdtheorysuggeststheRussiansubmarineswerepickingupstraysoundsfromsomemilitarytechnology,likeanothercountry7ssubmarinesthatweresecretlypatrollingthearea.Perhapstheforeignsubmarinesdidnotregisteronsonarbecausetheywereusingakindoftechnologyspecificallydesignedtomakethemundetecta
6、blebysonar.Thestrangefroglikesoundsmayhavebeenemittedbytheforeignsubmarinesunintentionally.Listening(femaleprofessor)Quackersarecertainlyaverystrangephenomenon.Expertsstilldebatewhatthesourceofthesoundwas.Noonecanbesureexactlywhatcausedthem.Buttheseexpertscitecertainproblemswithallofthetheoriesthaty
7、oujustreadabout.Hereareafewoftheargumentsthattheymade.FirstztheideathatthesoundswerecausedbyOrcawhalesseemsplausibleatfirstbutisultimatelyhighlyunlikely.It,sthatthereareOrcapopulationsinthegeneralareasthattheRussiansubmarineswerepatrolling.ButOrcawhalesmostlylivenearthesurfaceofthewater.Thesubmarine
8、stypicallyremaindeepintheoceanandshouldnothavebeenabletohearthewhalesoundsfromnearthesurface.AlsotheOrcawhaleswouldhavebeendetectedbytheRussiansonariftheywerenearby.Giantsquidmaybeabettercandidatebutonecriticalfactspeaksagainstthissquidtheoryaswell.Russiansubmarinesfirstdetectedquackersoundinthe1960
9、sandreportsofthemcontinuedforabouttwodecades.Butthesoundsdisappearedentirelybythe1980s.However,asfarasweknowzsquidhavealwayslivedintheoceanwherethesubmarineswerepatrollingandcontinuetolivetheretoday.Iftheseweresquidsound,therewouldbenoreasontosuddenlystarthearingtheminonedecadeandthensuddenlystophea
10、ringthemtwentyyearslater.Thirdztheideathatthequackerswerecausedbyasecretsubmarinefromanothercountrydoesnotholdup.Thesourcesofthesoundappeartomovearoundandchangedirectionveryquickly.Submarinescannotmoveorchangedirectionthatquickly.Alsoallsubmarinesmakesomeenginenoise.Butnosuchnoiseaccompaniedthequack
11、ers.Eventoday,wedonthavethetechnologytobuildsubmarinesthatarethatfastandhaveenginesthatarethatsilent.Summarizethepointsmadeinthelecture,beingsuretoexplainhowtheychallengethespecifictheoriespresentedinthereadingpassage.一、阅读听力要点概括ReadingPassageOddsoundsweredetected.Andthereareseveraltheoriesaboutthem.
12、Thefirsttheorysuggeststhatthestrangenoiseswereactuallythecallsofmaleandfemaleocrawhalesduringacourtshipritual.Asecondideaisthatthesoundswerecausedbygiantsquid.AthirdtheorysuggeststheRussiansubmarineswerepickingupstraysoundsfromsomemilitarytechnology.Lecture1. Expertscitecertainproblemswithalloftheth
13、eoriesmentioned.2. Orcawhalesmostlylivenearthesurfaceofthewater.Thesubmarinestypicallyremaindeepintheoceanandshouldnothavebeenabletohearthewhalesoundsfromnearthesurface.AlsotheOrcawhaleswouldhavebeendetectedbytheRussiansonariftheywerenearby.3. Thesoundsdisappearedentirelybythe1980s.Howeverzsquidhave
14、alwayslivedintheoceanwherethesubmarineswerepatrollingandcontinuetolivetheretoday.4. Thesourcesofthesoundappeartomovearoundandchangedirectionveryquickly.Submarinescannotmoveorchangedirectionthatquickly.Alsoallsubmarinesmakesomeenginenoise.Butnosuchnoiseaccompaniedthequackers.二、范文逐段赏析Paragraph1Theread
15、ingpassageconcentratesonseveraltheoriesaboutthecauseoftheoddsounds.However,intheIectureztheprofessorrespectivelypointsouttheproblemsinalltheassertionsinthereading.此段功能首段概括了阅读文本中的基本内容，同时提出了演讲者对此的反对意见,言简意赅，为下文论述做好铺垫。此段结构此段为并列结构，为下文引出论述做铺垫。Paragraph2Firstzeventhoughthereadingpassagesuggeststhatthenoise
16、swerecausedbyorcasduringcourtshipritualztheprofessorarguesthatorcasliveatthesurfaceofthewaterwhereasthesubmarinesdivedtothedeepoceanandthuscannothearthesounds.Besides,thenearbywhalescouldhavebeenfoundbythesonar.此段功能指出文章第一个观点，即这些奇怪的声音是鲸鱼在求偶过程中发出的。而演讲中，教授驳斥道鲸鱼在海水表面生存而潜水艇在深海航行，听不到鲸鱼发出的声音。此外教授还驳斥道在近处的鲸鱼
17、声呐系统是可以发现的，借此来进一步否定这个奇怪的声音是由鲸鱼发出的。此段结构此段并列结构，指出文章第一个观点，并提出了演讲者的反驳意见。Paragraph3Second,despitethestatementinthereadingpassagesuggestingthatthesoundswereemittedbygiantsquidthatapproachedthesubmarineswithcuriosity,theprofessorcontendsthatsquidshavealwayslivedintheoceanandthereforeitisunlikelythattheirso
18、undswerefirstdetectedin1960sbutdisappearedby1980.此段功能指出文章第二个观点，即大觥鱼会因为好奇而接近潜水艇进而发出奇怪的声响。然而在演讲中，教授反驳道大跳鱼是一直生活在海洋中的，所以他们发出的声音不太可能在二十世纪六十年代被探测到，然而在1980年又消失了。此段结构此段并列结构，指出文章第二个观点，并提出了演讲者的反驳意见。Paragraph4ThirdztheauthorassertsthattheQuakerswerecausedbyaforeignsubmarinewhiletheprofessorprovesthatthisclaimi
19、sindefensiblebypointingoutthatsubmarinescannotmoveorchangedirectionsoquickly,andthattheenginenoiseofallsubmarinesisthesame;moreover,eventoday,itistechnologicallyimpossibletobuildthatkindsoffastandsilentsubmarines.此段功能指出文章中的第三个观点，即这声音有可能是由外国潜水艇发出的。但在演讲中教授驳斥道，潜水艇不可能那么快地行进和改变航向，并且所有潜水艇引擎发出的声音是一样的。而且即使在
20、现在的技术条件下也不可能建造出那么迅速而静音的潜水艇。此段结构此段并列结构，指出文章第三个观点，并提出了演讲者的反驳意见。三、范文全篇总评1 .逻辑结构全文采用典型的总分结构，在首段指出文章与演讲观点相悖，接下来分三个方面阐述了演讲中的证据，以此来说明文章的观点不成立。2 .语言表达在文章的第四段，作者用一句话表达清楚了全部意思，值得学习。Third,theauthorassertsthattheQuakerswerecausedbyaforeignsubmarinewhiletheprofessorprovesthatthisclaimisindefensiblebypointingoutthatsubmarinescannotmoveorchangedirectionsoquickly,andthattheenginenoiseofallsubmarinesisthesamezmoreover,eventoday,itistechnologicallyimpossibletobuildthatkindsoffastandsilentsubmarines.在这个句子中，while的用法值得注意，放在句中表示对比和转折。by引导方式,后面两个that都引导pointout的宾语从句。另外moreover表示此外，引出另外一层含义。
