《托福作文写作范文详解ocus.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《托福作文写作范文详解ocus.docx（8页珍藏版）》请在三一办公上搜索。
1、托福作文写作范文详解ReadingAlittleover2,200yearsagoztheRomannavyattackedtheGreekportcityofSyracuse.Accordingtosomeancienthistorians,theGreeksdefendedthemselveswithaningeniousweaponcalleda“burningmirror”:apolishedcoppersurfacecurvedtofocustheSunzsraysontoRomanships,causingthemtocatchfire.Howeverzwehaveseveralr
2、easonstosuspectthatthestoryoftheburningmirrorisjustamythandtheGreeksofSyracuseneverrallybuiltsuchadevice.FirstztheancientGreekswerenottechnologicallyadvancedenoughtomakesuchadevice.Amirrorthatwouldfocussunlightwithsufficientintensitytosetshipsonfirewouldhavetobeseveralmeterswide.Moreover,themirrorwo
3、uldhavetohaveaverypreciseparaboliccurvature(acurvaturederivedfromageometricshapeknownastheparabola).Thetechnologyformanufacturingalargesheetofcopperwithsuchspecificationsdidnotexistintheancientworld.Second,theburningmirrorwouldhavetakenalongtimetosettheshipsonfire.Inanexperimentconductedtodeterminew
4、hetheraburningmirrorwasfeasible,adeviceconcentratingtheSunzsraysonawoodenobject30metersawaytooktenminutestosettheobjectonfire;andduringthattime,theobjecthadtobeunmoving.ItisunlikelythatRomanshipsstayedperfectlystillforthatmuchtime,Suchaweaponwouldthereforehavebeenveryimpracticalandineffective.Thirdz
5、aburningmirrordoesnotseemlikeanimprovementonaweaponthattheGreeksalreadyhad:flamingarrows.Shootingatanenemyzsshipswithflamingarrowswasacommonwayofsettingtheshipsonfire.Theburningmirrorandflamingarrowswouldhavebeeneffectiveataboutthesamedistance.SotheGreekshadnoreasontobuildaweaponlikeaburningmirror.L
6、isteningTheclaimsthattheburningmirrorwouldhavebeenimpracticalandtechnologicallyimpossibleareunconvincing.First,theGreeksdidnotneedtoformasinglesheetofcoppertomakealarge,burningmirror.Anexperimenthasshownthatdozensofsmallindividuallyflatpiecesofpolishedcoppercouldbearrangedintoaparabolicshapeandforma
7、large,burningmirror.TheGreekmathematiciansknowthepropertiesoftheparabolaandsocouldhavedirectedtheassemblyofsmallmirrorpiecesintotheparabolicshape.Second,abouthowlongitwouldtaketosetashiponfirewithaburningmirror.Theexperimentthereadingselectionmentionsassumesthattheburningmirrorwasusedtosetthewoodoft
8、heboatonfirezthatswhattakestenminutes.ButRomanboatswerenotmadejustofwood.Therewereothermaterialsinvolvedaswell.Forexample,tosealthespacesbetweenwoodenboardsandmakethemwaterproof,theancientboat-buildersusedastickysubstancecalledpitch.Pitchcatchesfirequickly.Anexperimentshowedthatpitchcouldbesetonfire
9、byaburningmirrorinseconds.Andoncethepitchwasburning,thefirewouldspreadtothewoodeveniftheshipwasmoving.Soaburningmirrorcouldhaveworkedquicklyenoughtobeaneffectiveweapon.Third,whybotherwithaburningmirrorinsteadofflamingarrows?WellzRomansoldierswerefamiliarwithflamingarrowsanswouldhavebeenwatchingforth
10、emandwerereadytoputoutthefirestheymightcause.Butyoucannotseetheburningraysfromamirror.Youjustseethemirror.Butthensuddenlyandmagicallyafirestartsatsomeunobservedplaceontheshipzthatwouldhavebeenmuchmoresurprisingandthereforemuchmoreeffectivethanaflamearrow.一、阅读听力要点概括ReadingPassageThereareseveralreason
11、stosuspectthatthestoryoftheburningmirrorisjustamythandtheGreeksofSyracuseneverrallybuiltsuchadevice.1. First,theNationalGeographicSocietyputtogetheracommitteethatwasinstructedtoconductathoroughinvestigationofPearyzsrecordsandequipment.2. Second,arecentexpeditionperformedbyAveryunderthesimilarconditi
12、onsprovidessupportforPearyzsclaimthathereachedtheNorthPoleinonly37days3. TheSun,spositionestablishedfromthephotographscorrespondsexactlytotheSurfspositionasitshouldhavebeenattheNorthPoleonthatday.Lecture1. ThecommitteewasnotcompletelyobjectiveduetothefactthatitwascomposedofPeary,sclosefriendwhofunde
13、dthetripanditwasnotcarefulduringtheinvestigation.2. Avery,sfoodwasdroppedalongthewaybyairplanebutnottransportedonthesled.Averyencounteredhighlyfavorableweatherconditions,unlikePearywhotravelledinveryunfavorableconditions.3. Pearyspictureswerephotographedahundredyearsagousingaprimitivecamerathattookf
14、uzzyzslightlyunfocusedphotographs.Moreover,thephotoshavebecomefadedandwornovertime.Withoutaprecisemeasurementoftheshadows,wecannotestablishtheSunsexactposition.二、范文逐段赏析Paragraph1Inthereadingmaterial,theauthorraisesthreestrongargumentstocastdoubtontheexistenceofaburningmirror“inancientGreekportcity.H
15、owever,thelecturerstatesthattheburningmirrormighthaveonceappearedinhistorybyrefutingthewritersargumentsonebyone.此段功能概括了阅读材料中的观点，怀疑burningmirror并没有在古希腊港口城市存在过。然后提出了演讲中的反对观点，即burningmirror在历史上出现过，为下文的论述做好了铺垫。此段结构此段是并列结构，分别陈述了文章及演讲中的观点。Paragraph2First,theauthorarguesthatitwastechnologicallyimpossibleto
16、buildsuchatremendousmirrorbyasinglesheetofcopperinancientGreece.YetthespeakershowsbyexperimentthatdozensofsmallpolishedcoppermaydothesamejobefficientlyandGreekmathematicianswereexcellentenoughtoaccomplishitperfectly.此段功能此段提出了阅读材料中的第一个观点，认为在古希腊，技术水平不足以成熟到可以只使用一片铜板就制造这样的镜子。然而演讲者通过实验证明，通过多片打磨好的铜板也可以高效地
17、制成这样的镜子，而古希腊工匠已经有技术完成这样的工作了。以此来反驳文章的观点。此段结构此段从正反两个方面进行对比陈述，采用的是并列结构。Paragraph3Besides,inviewoftheauthor,itmighttakealongtimefortheburningmirrortosetawoodenshiponfireandtheenemywouldnotbestupidtostaystillfortenminutes.Thelecturer,howeverzpointsoutthatancientwarshipswerenotbuiltbywoodonly.Aspecialmate
18、rialcalledpitchwasusedtofillthespacesbetweenandpitchcatchesfirequickly.Thusitwaspossibleforaburningmirrortoburnthepitchfirstthentheship.Inthiswaycouldaburningmirrorbeaneffectiveweapon.此段功能此段提出了阅读材料中的第二个观点，认为想要通过铜镜子来使木船着火需要较长的时间，而此时敌人可能早已逃走。演讲者则反驳道，古希腊的船并不完全是由木头制成，一种叫pitch的材质填充其中而且非常易燃。这样的话铜镜可以先引燃pit
19、ch进而引燃整个船而且速度很快。此段结构此段是并列结构，分别陈述了文章及演讲中的观点。Paragraph4Lastly,theauthorarguesthattheburningmirrorislesseffectiveandflexiblethanflamingarrows.ThusancientGreekwouldnothavebotheredtodevotemuchefforttobuildsuchauselessweapon.Nonetheless,thelecturerarguesthatsinceflamingarrowswereusualweaponsusedsomuchzRom
20、ansoldierswerefamiliarwiththemandknewhowtoprotecttheshipfromburningbyflamingarrows.Butontheotherhandzitwasextremelyhardtopredictwheretheburningmirrorwouldfiretheship.Thuszitwasmoreeffectivetouseaburningmirrorthanflamingarrows.此段功能此段提出阅读材料中的第三个观点，认为铜镜没有带火的箭更行之有效。所以古希腊不会花费巨大精力去做此铜镜。但是演讲者反驳道正因为带火的箭非常常用
21、，罗马士兵对此可以防范，所以古希腊才更会发明铜镜作为武器。此段结构此段还是并列结构，先陈述材料中的观点，然后对比了演讲者的论证。三、范文全篇总评1、逻辑结构全文采用总分的结构，在首段提出了文章与演讲各自的观点以及争论的焦点，在接下来的三段分三个方面分别进行了论证反驳。2.语言表达文章中这个长句值得学习。Itisacommendableanalysisfromthereadingthatwhenprofessorsappearontelevision,thepublicthatusuallyhasnochanceofmeetingsuchlearnedpeoplethenbenefitsbecauseitmanagestointeractwiththeprofessors.这个句子的主干是Itisa.analysisthat而在这个that从句中，又套着When引导的时间状语从句,that引导的定语从句修饰thepublicz以及because引导的原因状语从句。
