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1、托福独立写作素材整理环境类Somepeoplethinkthathumanneedsforfarmland,housing,andindustryaremoreimportantthansavinglandforendangeredanimals.Doyouagreeordisagreewiththispointofview?Whyorwhynot?Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouranswer.有些人认为人类对耕地，住房，和工业的需求比保存土地和濒临灭绝的物种更重要？同意与否?1动物很重要段落大意：动物对维持生态平衡有很重要作用，但是它们正在
2、快速的灭绝。HumanbeingsaredependentontheEarthsdiversityofspeciesforoursurvival.Wildspeciesplayavitalroleinthemaintenanceoftheplanetsecologicalfunctions,yeteverydayontheplanet40-100speciesbecomeextinctManycountriesacrosstheworldhavenotgotanendangeredspeciesactthatisstrongenoughtoprotectvariousspecies.2人类生存
3、离不开物种多样性段落大意:人类生存离不开物种多样性,但是各种动植物正在急速灭绝。Humanlifecannotexistintheabsenceofcomplicatedinteractionsofmillionsofspeciesinbiologicalsystems.Yetashumanszweliveduringaperiodofthegreatestlossofplantandanimalspeciessincethemega-extinctionsoftheJurassicPeriod65millionyearsago.HarvardUniversitybiologistE.0.Wi
4、lsonestimatesthat50z000plantandanimalspeciesdisappeareachyearduetotropicaldeforestation,expandingagriculture,andhumansettlement.”Humanactivitiesimpacttheenvironment,includingclearingagriculturalland;airzlandandwaterpollution;urbanandsuburbandevelopment;andtheintroductionofinvasiveornon-nativewildlif
5、especies.Iflandandwildlifearepoorlymanaged,humanbeingwillriskfragmentinghabitat.SomepeoplebelievethattheEarthisbeingharmed(damaged)byhumanactivity.OthersfeelthathumanactivitymakestheEarthabetterplacetolive.Whatisyouropinion?Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouranswer.有些人认为地球正在受到人类行为的破坏，另外有些人认为人
6、类行为使地球变成更好的居住之地。你的观点如何？1单一农作物发展的弊端段落大意:单一农作物发展大面积侵占动物栖息地,使得它们趋于灭亡。Thewholepointofcropfarming(monoculture)istoremoveamixedpopulationoftrees;shrubsetcandreplaceitwithadensepopulationofwheatorbeans.Thebalancebetweenlifeandnaturalplantisupset;theanimalsareforcedtoliveinsmallareasofwoodland,hedgeroworhea
7、th.Thereisnotenoughfoodtogoaroundandthestrongersurvive,manyanimalswilldieandsomespeciesmayevendieout.2有毒的气体对环境的伤害段落大意：我们终日生活在化学气体保卫的环境中，这些有害气体伤害环境，伤害人类。Wearelivinginthemidstofagreatchemicalexperiment,andsomeseriousconsequencesarebecomingapparenttoscientists.Morethantwobillionpoundsofchemicalsarespew
8、edintotheaireachyear.Thesechemicalsarebrewingadisastrousstewzresultinginanatmospherecrisis.Thegreatestconsequencesoftheatmospherecrisismaybeglobalwarmingandtheozonedepletion.Ifhumankindwantstosurvivewellintothenextmillennium,wemuststopthishorribledestructionofourownenvironment.3地球变暖加剧对人类的伤害段落大意，地球环境
9、暖化，使得各种灾害，包括旱涝灾害，臭氧空洞等频繁发生。TheEarthappearstobewarmingduetothegreenhouseeffect.Scientistsestimatethattheaveragetemperaturecouldclimbabout2degreesCelsiusin20years.Thischangeintheglobalclimatewouldhavedisastrousresults,includingdrought,coastalfloodingandincreasedspeciesextinction.Andzscientistshavedisc
10、overedaholeintheozonelayer.TheozonelayeristheonlyprotectionforlifeonEarthagainstdeadlyultravioletradiationfromthesun.Oncetheozonelayeriscompletelydestroyed,alllifeonEarthwillceasetoexist,killedbythedeadlyradiation.Theplanetwillbecomeabarrenrockdevoidofalllife.4工业化使得地球环境变差段落大意:工业化进程带给环境负面影响，人类正在努力扭转这
11、种局面。Thenegativeeffectofindustrializationontheenvironmenthasbeenknownforyears.ThedangersassociatedwithIeadzchlorofluorocarbons(CFCs)landothertoxicmaterialswerediscovered.Severalmeasureshavebeentakentostopthedamagedonetotheenvironmentbyseveralagents.5电脑和网络发展的优势段落大意：网络使得人类生活更加方便。In21stcentury,theIntern
12、ethasbecomeverypopulararoundtheworld.Sincetechnologyhasimproved,manypeoplecanusetheInternetathome.Itallowsforanunbelievablylargeamountofdownloadsanduploadsofinformation,music,videos,attachments,andallsortsofotherthingsasitistheengineoftheInformationSuperhighwayofourInformationEra,inwhichwelive.Fromt
13、heInternet,peoplecanwriteorreceiveemails,getinformationfromaroundtheworld,orchatwithfriendsorotherpeopleindifferentcountriesininstantmessageswithclearvoicesandimagesthatshortenthedistancefrompersontoperson.Alsozthereisnotimelimit.OnecanusetheInternetwheneveronewants.Inaddition,itisveryinexpensive,so
14、itisaveryconvenienttypeofmedia.6商家应该承担更多责任段落大意：商家作为社会优势群体，应该承担更多的社会责任，包括保护环境。Businesstodayhassomanyresponsibilities.Asidefrommakingaprofittheyareforcedtotakeonadifferentresponsibility,onethatinvolvestheenvironment.Corporatemanagersshouldbeheldmorallyresponsibleforgoingbeyondconsiderationsofprofits,l
15、aw,andmarketmoralitytotrytodowhattheycantohelpsolveourmostpressingenvironmentalproblems/1Inhisarticle,Hoffmanarguesthatbusinessmustcreativelyfindwaystobecomepartofthesolution,insteadoftheproblem.Businessshouldtrytobecomemoreenvironmentallyfriendlyandthinkofwaystohelpmitigatethemanyenvironmentalprobl
16、emswehave.7个人行为以保护环境段落大意：个人良好行为，包括不随意扔垃圾，实行回收等，可以教育他人，也可以保护环境。Throughmylifestyleandmanners,Ihopetomakeothersawareoftheirenvironmentanditsconstantfragilestate.BynotIitteringzotherswillseehoweasyitistoactuallywalktothegarbagecan.AsIpickuptrashzmypeerswillnoticehowmuchnicerandcleanermysurroundingsseemz
17、andwillinturnwantthatforthemselves.WhenIrecycle,they*Ilseehowsimpleandeasyitslandwhatadifferenceitmakes.Throughmyexamples,theywillseethattherearealternatives,waystomaketheirhomesandpersonalenvironmentsalothealthiertolivein.Eventuallytheywillseethatthereisaneedtopreservetheenvironmentforourselvesando
18、urfuture,andreapthebenefitsbydoingso.8中国在环境保护方面的成就段落大意：改革开放以后的中国，在产值和环境保护方面都取得了良好的成绩。Chinaisadevelopingcountry.Nowitisconfrontedwiththedualtaskofdevelopingtheeconomyandprotectingtheenvironment.Proceedingfromitsnationalconditions,Chinahas,intheprocessofpromotingitsoverallmodernizationprogram,madeenvi
19、ronmentalprotectiononeofitsbasicnationalpolicies,regardedtherealizationofsustainabledevelopmentasanimportantstrategyandcarriedoutthroughoutthecountrylarge-scalemeasuresforpollutionpreventionandcontrolaswellasecologicalenvironmentprotection.Overyearssinceitsadoptionofreformandopeningtotheoutsideworld
20、,Chinasgrossnationalproduct(GNP)hasachievedasustainedannualgrowthofaround10percent,whileitsenvironmentalqualityhasbasicallysteeredclearoftheoutcomeofcorrespondingdeterioration.PracticehasprovedthattheprincipleadoptedbyChinaofeffectingcoordinateddevelopmentbetweentheeconomy,thesocietyandtheenvironmen
21、thasbeeneffective.Manypartsoftheworldarelosingimportantnaturalresources,suchasforests,animals,orcleanwater.Chooseoneresourcethatisdisappearingandexplainwhyitneedstobesaved.Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouropinion.很多地方正在失去自然资源比如森林，动物，净水。选择一种正在消失的资源解释为什么需要保存之？1热带雨林的重要作用表现段落大意：热带雨林是人类的宝贵财富，它不但
22、在环境保护上有很重要作用，在经济上也会为人类带来很大利益。nIneverysense,astandingrainforestsuppliesmoreeconomicwealththanifitwerecleared.Yetdeforestationcontinuesatanalarmingrate/7RainForestshaveplayedasignificantroleinshapingmodernbiology.Thedestructionoftherainforestswilldeterminethefateofallspecies.Manypeopledonotunderstandt
23、helong-termconsequencesoflosingtheearthzsrainforests.Theyhaveprovidedalllivingbeingswithmanynaturalresourcesandmedicines.2森林为人类提供药物资源段落大意：森林为人类提供各种各样的药物。Foryearsforestshaveprovidedcountriesaroundtheworldwithvaluableresources,suchasplantsformedicine,energy,andminerals.Firstofall,inAmerica,onefourthof
24、alldrugsprescribedhaveoriginatedfromrainforests.SP-303isacompoundextractedfromaplantfoundinSouthAmerica.Twoproductshavebeenderivedfromthiscompound:ProvirandVirend.Provirhelpstreatrespiratoryinfectionsinchildren,whileVirendisatopicalointmentusedtotreattheherpessimplexvirus.3管理森林资源的重要性段落大意：管理森林资源不但造福森
25、林中的动植物，也造福人类。Forestmanagementismaintainingandmanagementofnotonlythetreesintheforest；butthestreams,habitat,watersheds,andeventhedecayingtreesorlogsontheforestfloor.Managingourforestsisnotonlyimportanttothewildlife,butalsotoourfutureeconomyandwayoflife.4热带雨林遭到破坏段落大意：热带雨林在近几十年来所遭到的破坏已经不容忽视。Thedestructi
26、onoftherainforestisaproblemthatpeoplecannotignore.14percentoftheEarthslandusedtobecoveredbyrainforestsyetthisnumberhasdroppedsignificantlytoonlyabout6percent.Rainforestsprovidepeopleoftheworldwithmanynecessities,someofwhichwouldnolongerbeavailableifrainforestsdidnotexist.Inthelast50years,rainforests
27、havedeclinedataterrifyingspeedof150acresperminuteor75millionacresperyear.Peoplemustopentheireyestothehorribletragedythatwillinevitablyoccurifthecitizensoftheworlddonotrealizetheseriousnessofthisproblem.5人类破坏森林的表现段落大意：现代科技的发展和人类为己之私的欲望，导致毁灭森林的行为频繁发生。Humanshavealwaysclearedtheforestforourowninterests,
28、butinthepast,theprocesswasslowandonlylimitedregionsweredeforested,generallyforsubsistenceagriculture.However,today,humanityisfarmoreefficientatclearingtheforestwithouradvancedtechnologyandmachineryandouralmostmaniacaldrivetoearnprofitsinthenearterm.Inyourcountry,istheremoreneedforlandtobeleftinitsna
29、turalconditionoristheremoreneedforlandtobedevelopedforhousingandindustry?Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouranswer.在你们的国家，把土地保留在自然状态和为住房和工业发展开发土地，哪种需求更强烈？1经济发展和环境保护的冲突问题一直被人们关注段落大意：经济利益和环境保护一直被很多商家认为不可调和，但是事实上这两者可以互相促进，共同发展。Sincetheriseofenvironmentalawareness,businessandindustryhavealwayscon
30、sideredenvironmentalismawasteoftime,onlygettinginthewayofprofitsandproduction.Fromtheperspectiveofbusiness,environmentalistspushforregulationsandrestrictionsonbusinesseswhichcostthemmoremoneyandfrequentlyrestrictsomeoftheirpractices.Whatcorporationsdonztknowisthattheycanactuallysavemoneybybeingenvir
31、onmentallyresponsiblewhileprotectingtheveryresourcestheydependon.Theprotectionoftheenvironmentnotonlyhasintrinsicvalue,butalsoeconomicalvalue.Businessandindustrycanalsobenefit.Thesefactorscanleadtoanewlydevelopedeconomythatprotectswhatitneedsinsteadofdestroyingit.2土地，资源等都在减少的现状段落大意：我们需要保护环境以保护人类的资源、
32、土地，以维持人类日后的生存和发展。Thoughmostoftheworldssurfaceiscoveredbywater,sincetheEarthissolargerelativetohumanhorizons,theredoesntappeartobeashortageofland.Howeverzwhenonebeginstothinkoflandintermsofahumanresource,i.e.zaproduceroffoodzaproviderofwood,anexpanseforpassage,onerealizesthatmanyportionsareeithertool
33、ackinginnutrients,toohighinelevation,toopronetoflooding,ortoocoldorice-riddenforextensiveuse.Furthermore,habitablelandsarebecominglessabundantduetodesertification,agriculturalexpansionsandrisingsealevels.Sincehumansarenttheonlyspeciesthatneedland,itisntsurprisingthatthisresourceisbecominglimitedforo
34、therformsoflifetoo.Inpartasaresultofthisaddedstressonlivingthings,wearealsowitnessingextinctionsofgrandproportions.Sincetheselossesarelargelyduetohumanactions,suchasdeforestationandnon-nativespeciesintroduction,manyarebeginningtopayattentiontohowweuseandprotectland.Imaginethatyouhavereceivedsomeland
35、touseasyouwish.Howwouldyouusethisland?Usespecificdetailstoexplainyouranswer.如果你获得一块土地去使用。你如何使用？1应该为密集生长的动植物开发新的土地资源段落大意：世界上动植物仅仅占有1%的土地，为他们开发新的土地资源,以保护其生长，刻不容缓。Wehavealsodeterminedthattherearespecificlocationsonourplanetwhereadisproportionatenumberofspecieslive.Forourspecies,Asiaservesasthehomelandf
36、ormost.Infactmorethan60percentofhumansliveonthislargestcontinent.Withotherlifeforms,geographicconcentrationssometimesdefydescription.Weonlyrecentlybecameawarethatthevastmajorityofterrestrialspeciescollectivelyliveonjust1percentoftheEarthslandsurface.Theyhaveconcludedthatifwehumanscouldsomehowfindawa
37、ytoavoiddisturbingjust1-2percentofthelandsurface,nearly70percentoftheworldsterrestrialspeciesmightbeabletosurvive.Recentlysomeconservationistshaverefocusedtheirattentionontheseuniquelocations.Insomecountries,peoplearenolongerallowedtosmokeinmanypublicplacesandofficebuildings.Doyouthinkthisisagoodrul
38、eorabadrule?Usespecificreasonsanddetailstosupportyourposition.有些国家禁止人们在公众场合和办公楼内抽烟。该规则是好还是坏？1二手烟对人体健康的威胁段落大意：二手烟已经被证明会导致多种疾病，包括心脏病和一些癌症等。Exposuretosecondhandsmokeiscalledinvoluntarysmoking,orpassivesmoking.Theexposuretopassivesmokecausesatleast3z000knowndeathsayearaccordingtotheEnvironmentalProtecti
39、onAgency.Passivesmokinghasbeenconsistentlylinkedtoanincreasedriskforcoronaryheartdiseaseandmayberesponsibleformorethan30cardiovasculardeathsannuallyintheUSaloneztheresearchersnote.2二手烟对小孩子身体健康危害段落大意：二手烟对小孩子的健康有很大的危害，青少年，婴儿的身体发育，例如肺的发育，都不能被烟污染。Secondhandsmokeisaserioushealthrisktochildren.Thedevelopi
40、nglungsofyoungchildrenarealsoaffectedbyexposuretosecondhandsmoke.Infantsandyoungchildrenwhoseparentssmokeareseriouslyaffected,beingatincreasedriskoflowerrespiratorytractinfectionssuchaspneumoniaandbronchitis.3抽烟对人身体健康的威胁段落大意：抽烟被证明会导致肺癌，哮喘等疾病。Nowadays,nobodydoubtsthatfirsthandsmokeisdeadlytoyourhealt
41、handitcauseslungcancerandheartdiseaseinadultsandasthmaandbronchitisinchildren.Nowtheindustryisontothesecondhandsmoke.Scientistsandresearchersarerepresentingalotofevidenceandresearchthathasbeendonethroughouttheyearsshowingthatthesecondhandsmokecanalsocausealungcancerinnonsmokers.Thestudyindicatesalin
42、kbetweensecondhandsmokeandlungcancer.4人们有权利呼吸新鲜的空气段落大意：既然吸烟的危害被反复证明，因此任何人都有权利拒绝吸烟行为进入公共场合。Whenthehumanevidenceiscombinedwiththelaboratoryexperimentsshowingthatthesecondhandsmokecancausecanceritisimpossibletoignoreitanylonger.Thenonsmokersshouldhavetherighttobreathesmoke-freeair.Itisimportanttohavere
43、strictionsonwherepeopleareallowedtosmokeandinparticulartokeeptheworkplaceasasmoke-freeenvironment.Thedecliningratesofsmokingshowthatpeoplecanactuallyquit.Everybodyshouldmakeanefforttoquitforthesakeofthepeopletheylove.Whatisthemostimportantanimalinyourcountry?Whyistheanimalimportant?Usereasonsandspec
44、ificdetailstoexplainyouranswer.你国家内什么动物最重要？1大熊猫对中国的重要性段落大意：中国历史长河中，人们都非常喜欢熊猫这个动物。Whatanimalisblackandwhiteandlovedallovertheworld?Ifyouguessedthegiantpandazyoureright!Thegiantpandaisalsoknownasthepandabear,bamboobear,orinChineseasDaxiongmaozthelargebearcat.Actually,itsscientificnamemeansblackandwhit
45、ecat-footedanimal.GiantpandasarefoundonlyinthemountainsofcentralChina.Theyliveindensebambooandconiferousforestsataltitudesof5z000to10z000feet.Themountainsarecoveredinheavycloudswithtorrentialrainsordensemistthroughouttheyear.Giantpandasarebear-likeinshapewithstrikingblackandwhitemarkings.2大熊猫的样子段落大意
46、：大熊猫憨态可掬的模样非常招人喜爰。Theearszeyepatches,legs,andshoulderbandareblack.Therestofthebodyiswhitish.Adultsare4to6feetlongandmayweighupto350pounds,aboutthesamesizeastheAmericanblackbear.Howeverzunliketheblackbear,giantpandasdonothibernateandcannotwalkontheirhindlegs.Thegiantpandahasuniquefrontpaws-oneofthewr
47、istbonesisenlargedandelongatedandisusedlikeathumbzenablingthegiantpandatograspstalksofbamboo.Theyalsohaveverypowerfuljawsandteethtocrushbamboo.3大熊猫的饮食段落大意：大熊猫多以竹子和小的动为食。Whilebamboostalksandrootsmakeupabout95percentofitsdiet,thegiantpandaalsofeedsonfishandoccasionallysmallrodents.Itmusteat20to40pound
48、soffoodeachdaytosurvive,andspends10to16hoursadayfeeding.Untilrecently,WashingtonDCsNationalZoohousedLing-LingandHsing-Hsingzperhapsthemostprettyanimaleverappearedinthiszoo.4大熊猫的居住习惯段落大意：大熊猫喜欢居住在竹子密集生长的森林中。PandashavemadetheirhomesinChinaforcenturies;butbecauseofincreaseddevelopmentandforestclearingin
49、theIowlandsztheyhavebeenforcedfurtherandfurtherintothemountainrangesovertheyears.Theyinhabitdampforestsinthosemountainsthatborderonlandthatfarmersincreasinglywishtouse.Theseforestshaveadenseofbambooandarecharacterizedbestforthecultivationofpandas.5大熊猫濒临灭绝的现状段落大意：一方面大熊猫非常招人喜爰，另一方面却因人类对其保护不善，大熊猫面临灭绝。TheGiantPandaisacreatureofmystery.Adultsandchildrenalikeappreciateitforitscutezfuzzyzlovablequa
