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1、新加坡合同法（中英文对照）TABLEOFCONTENTS目录SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION导论SECTION 2 OFFERANDACCEPTANCE要约和承诺SECTION 3 CONSIDERATION对价SECTION 4 INTENTIONTOCREATELEGALRELATIONS设立法律关系的意旨SECTION 5 TERMSOFTHECONTRACT合同条款SECTION 6 CAPACITYTOCONTRACT缔约能力SECTION 7 PRIVITYOFCONTRACT合同的相对性SECTION 8 DISCHARGEOFCONTRACT合同之解除SECTION
2、 9 MISTAKE误解SECTION 10 MISREPRESENTATION虚假陈述SECTION 11 DURESS,UNDUEINFLUENCE&Unconscionability胁迫、不正当影响和不合情理的行为SECTION 12 ILLEGALITYANDPUBLICPOLICY非法性与公共政策SECTION 13 JUDICIALREMED正SFORBREACHOFCONTRACT违约的司法救济部分章节示例如下：13.1 ContractlawinSingaporeislargelybasedonthecommonlawofcontractinEngland.Unlikeitsn
3、eighboursMalaysiaandBrunei,followingIndependencein1965zSingaporesParliamentmadenoattempttocodifySingapore,slawofcontract.Accordingly,muchofthelawofcontractinSingaporeremainsintheformofjudge-maderules.Insomecircumstances,thesejudge-maderuleshavebeenmodifiedbyspecificstatutes.新加坡的合同法基本上是以英国关于合同的普通法为范式
4、而构建的。与它的邻居马来西亚和文莱不同的是，新加坡在1965年独立之后并没有试图编篡新加坡的合同法，因此新加坡的合同法仍保持判例法规则的模式。在某些情况下，判例法的规则已经被特定的成文法所修改。SECTION2OFFERANDACCEPTANCE要约和承诺Agreement协议2.1 Acontractisessentiallyanagreementbetweentwoormoreparties,thetermsofwhichaffecttheirrespectiverightsandobligationswhichareenforceableatlaw.Whetherthepartiesha
5、vereachedagreement,orameetingofthemindszisobjectivelyascertainedfromthefacts.Theconceptsofofferandacceptanceprovideinmanyzalbeitnotallzcasesthestartingpointforanalysingwhetheragreementhasbeenreached.合同在本质上是双方或者多方之间的协议，该协议条款涉及到当事人各自的权利义务并且具有法律约束力。至于当事人之间是否达成协议，或合意(consensusadidem),应通过对事实的客观分析而确定。在大多数
6、口旦并非所有的情况下，要约与承诺的概念是分析当事人是否达成协议的起点。Offer要约2.2 Anofferisapromise,orotherexpressionofwillingness,bytheofferor,tobeboundoncertainspecifiedtermsupontheunqualifiedacceptanceofthesetermsbythepersontowhomtheofferismade(theofferee,).Providedtheotherformationelements(ieconsiderationandintentiontocreatelegalr
7、elations)arepresent,theacceptanceofanofferresultsinavalidcontract.一个要约即是要约人发出的一项允诺或其他形式的自愿意思表示，表明经受要约人无条件承诺某些确定的条款，要约人即受这些条款的约束。如合同成立的其他要素亦得满足(如对价和设立法律关系的意旨)，对要约的承诺会导致一个有效的合同。2.3 Whetheranyparticularstatementamountstoanofferdependsontheintentionwithwhichitismade.Anoffermustbemadewiththeintentiontobe
8、bound.Ontheotherhand,ifapersonismerelysolicitingoffersorrequestingforinformation,withoutanyintentiontobebound,atbestzheorshewouldbemakinganinvitationtotreat.Undertheobjectivetest,apersonmaybesaidtohavemadeanofferifhisorherstatement(orconduct)inducesareasonablepersontobelievethatthepersonmakingtheoff
9、erintendstobeboundbytheacceptanceoftheallegedoffer,evenifthatpersoninfacthadnosuchintention.一个特定的表述是否构成要约有赖于表述的意旨。要约必须具有受拘束的意旨。如果某人只是引诱他人作出要约，或者只是询问情况，而并没有受拘束的意旨，那他或她最多只是在作出要约邀请。按照客观标准，如果某人的表述(或者行为)致使一个通情达理的人相信发出要约者具有在该要约被承诺后接受拘束的意旨，则即使该人实际上没有此种意旨，他也被认为是发出了一项要约。Acceptance承诺2.5 Anofferisacceptedbythe
10、unconditionalandunqualifiedassenttoitstermsbytheofferee.Thisassentmaybeexpressedthroughwordsorconduct,butcannotbeinferredfrommeresilencesaveinveryexceptionalcircumstances.受要约人对要约条款无条件和无保留的同意构成对要约的承诺。同意可由言语或行为来表示，但除非在极其例外的情况下，缄默不能被认为是同意。2.6 Asageneralrulezacceptancemustbecommunicatedtotheofferorzalth
11、oughalimitedexceptionexistswheretheacceptanceissentbypostandthismethodofcommunicationiseitherexpresslyorimpliedlyauthorised.Thisexception,knownasthepostalacceptancerule,zstipulatesthatacceptancetakesplaceatthepointwhentheletterofacceptanceisposted,whetherornotitwasinfactreceivedbytheofferor.一个总的原则是承
12、诺应该被通知到要约人，但如果承诺是通过邮寄方式且此种方式被认为是或者明确或者默示地许可的，则构成一项例外。这个例外被称为投邮承诺规则，它规定承诺信一经付邮，无论要约人是否实际上收到，承诺均告生效。Certainty确定性2.7 Beforetheagreementmaybeenforcedasacontract,itstermsmustbesufficientlycertain.Attheleast,theessentialtermsoftheagreementshouldbespecified.Beyondthis,thecourtsmayresolveapparentvaguenessor
13、uncertaintybyreferencetotheactsoftheparties,apreviouscourseofdealingbetweentheparties,tradepracticeortoastandardofreasonableness.Onoccasion,statutoryprovisionofcontractualdetailsmayfillthegaps.Formoreonimplicationofterms,seeParagraphs5.5to5.8below.在协议被作为合同执行以前，它的条款必须足够确定。至少，协议的关键条款应予明确规定。在此之外，法庭可以通过
14、诉诸当事方的行为、当事方之间已有的习惯作法、贸易惯例或者合理标准来解决协议条款含糊不清或不确定的问题。某些情况下，关于合同细节的成文法规定也可以用来填补协议条款的空白。关于条款的问题，可进一步参见第5.5节和5.8节。Completeness完整性2.8 AnincompleteagreementalsocannotamounttoanenforceablecontractAgreementsmadesubjecttocontract7maybeconsideredincompleteiftheintentionoftheparties,asdeterminedfromthefacts,was
15、nottobelegallybounduntiltheexecutionofaformaldocumentoruntilfurtheragreementisreached.不完整的协议不能构成具有执行力的合同。如果协议规定以合同为准，且由事实可推断出的当事方的意旨表明在正式合同或者进一步的协议达成之前，当事方无意受到法律拘束，则该协议为不完整的协议。SECTION4INTENTIONTOCREATELEGALRELATIONS设立法律关系的意旨ContractualIntention合同意旨4.1 Intheabsenceofcontractualintention,anagreement,e
16、venifsupportedbyconsideration,cannotbeenforced.Whetherthepartiestoanagreementintendedtocreatelegallybindingrelationsbetweenthemisaquestiondeterminedbyanobjectiveassessmentoftherelevantfacts.如缺乏合同意旨，一个协议即使有对价支持，也不能被执行。协议的各当事方是否意图在彼此之间建立有法律约束力的关系应该通过对相关事实的客观评估而确定。CommercialArrangements商业安排4.2 Inthecas
17、eofagreementsinacommercialcontext,thecourtswillgenerallypresumethatthepartiesintendedtobelegallybound.Howeverzthepresumptioncanbedisplacedwherethepartiesexpresslydeclarethecontraryintention.Thisisoftendonethroughtheuseofhonourclauses,lettersofintent,memorandaofunderstandingandothersimilardevices,alt
18、houghtheultimateconclusionwoulddepend,notonthelabelattachedtothedocument,butonanobjectiveassessmentofthelanguageusedandonalltheattendantfacts.对商业情境中达成的协议，法庭一般都会推定当事人具有受法律约束力的意旨。然而这个推定可以被当事人明确宣示的相反意图所推翻。君子协定、意向书、备忘录和其他类似手段都可以表现这种意图。尽管如此，关于当事人意图的最终结论仍有赖于对他们所用的语言和所有相关事实的客观评估，而不是文件的标签。SECTION6CAPACITYTO
19、CONTRACT缔约能力Minors未成年人6.1 UnderSingaporecommonIawzaminorisapersonundertheageof21.ThevalidityofcontractsenteredintobyminorsisgovernedbythecommonIawzasmodifiedbytheMinorszContractsAct(Cap389z1994RevEd).依新加坡的普通法，21岁以下为未成年人。根据修订后的未成年人合同法(C叩389,1994年修订)未成年人订立的合同由普通法管辖。SECTION9MlSTAKE误解Introduction简介9.1 I
20、foneorbothpartiesenterintoacontractunderamisapprehensionofitsbasis,orofanimportantaspectofthetransaction,thecontractmayeitherbecompletelyvoid,orvoidable.Inthelattercase,thecontractisvaliduntilitisrescinded(orsetaside)bythemistakenparty.Thisdistinctioniscriticalfordeterminingthirdpartyrights-SeeParag
21、raph9.12below.Whetheramistakehastheeffectofrenderingacontractvoidorvoidabledependsonthemannerinwhichthemistakearises.如果一方或双方当时订立合同是基于对合同基础或者对交易一个重大方面的误解，则合同或者是完全无效，或者是可撤销的。如为可撤销情形，合同在被受误解影响一方撤销以前仍为有效。这个区别对确定第三方的权利至关重要。见下文第9.12节。一个误解是否能导致合同无效或可撤销要根据误解产生的情形来判断。MutualMiStake相互误解9.2 IfAcontractswithBbel
22、ievingthatheispurchasingXbutBisinfactintendingtosellYtoA,thereisnocontractbetweenAandBbecausetheyhavefailedtoreachanyagreementonthesubjectmatterofthecontract.Mistakesofthisnaturearecommonlyreferredtoasmutualmistakes,.Acontract,enteredintounderamutualmistake(relatingtoafundamentalaspectofthecontract)
23、isvoid.如果A与B订立合同，A确信他是购买甲物，而B事实上是打算售乙物予B,则在A和B之间不存在合同,因为他们对合同的标的物没有达成协议。此种性质的误解一般称为相互误解。相互误解(关系到合同的一个根本方面)之下订立的合同为无效合同。CommonMistake共同误解9.3 Acommonmistake7ariseswhenanagreementisreachedonthebasisofamistakenassumptionorbeliefsharedbybothparties.Thisoccurs,forinstance,whenAcontractstosellaconsignmento
24、fgoodstoBbutunknowntobothparties,thegoodshadbeendestroyedbythetimethecontractwasformed.Inthissituation,owingtothedestructionornon-existenceofthesubjectmatter,thecontractmayjustifiablyberegardedasinvalidandvoideventhoughitisotherwiseproperlyformed.共同误解产生的情形是协议的达成是基于双方均有的误解假设或信念。比如，当A与B签订合同出售一票在途货物与B,
25、为双方所均不知晓的是，货物在上述合同订立前已经被毁灭。这种情况下，鉴于标的物已经灭失或不存在，合同就可被正当地认为是无效的，尽管若非如此该合同原可以被恰当履行。UndueInfluence不当影响11.4 Thedoctrineofundueinfluenceguardsagainstthevictimisationofpersonsbythosewhoexercisedominanceorinfluenceoverthem.Thepressuresoexertedisgenerallylessdirectandacutethanthatwhichoccursincasesinvolvingd
26、uress.Traditionally,casesinvolvingundueinfluencefallintotwomaincategories.不当影响理论保护那些因能支配或影响他们的人而受害的人。与胁迫相比，这一类的影响总的来说比较不直接不严重。传统上，不当影响的情形可以分为两类。ActualUndueInfluence实际的不当影响11.5 Underthefirstcategory,acontractmaybesetasideifoneutilisesone,sdominantpositionoveranothertoprocurethelatter,sconsenttothecon
27、tractThevictimhastheburdenofprovingthattheguiltypartysodominatesthevictim,swillastosubstantiallyunderminethevictim,sindependenceofmind.Itis,however,unnecessarytoestablishthatsuchdominancearisesoutofaspecialrelationshipbetweentheparties,northattheresultingtransactionismanifestlyunfairtothevictim.第一类的
28、情况是，如果一方利用自己对另一方的支配地位取得了对方对订立合同的同意，这个合同可以被终止。受害者需证明有过错的那方对受害者的意愿有支配性影响以致能实质上削弱受害者的独立意志。但是没有必要证明这种支配是出于一种特殊关系，或者该交易对受害者来说明显地不公平。section12IllegalityandpublicPOLICY非法性与公共政策StatutoryIllegality成文法上的非法性12.1 Acontractmaybesaidtobeillegainanumberofdifferentcontexts.Forexample,theremaybeastatutoryprohibition
29、astotheformationofcontractswhichwouldentailcarryingoutcertainsociallyundesirableactivities.在若干情形下一个合同可被称之为非法。例如，成文法可能禁止那些涉及到不良社会后果的合同成立。12.2 Insuchcases,thestatutemayclearlyprovidethattheillegacontractisvoid.Thatistosay,itistobetreatedinlawasifithadneverbeenformed.Ifthestatutorywordingisclearztherei
30、snoneedtogoanyfurthertoascertaintheintentionofthelegislatureastothestatusofthecontract.这种情形之下，成文法可能清楚规定非法合同是无效合同。这即是说，它被法律认为自始不成立。如果成文法的语言清楚，则没有必要进一步确定立法者关于合同地位的意图。见TUrqUand,Young&CovYatYuenHongCoLtd19671MLJ291at292o12.3 Difficultiesarisezhowever,wherethestatutorywordingisunclear,particularlywhereth
31、estatuteinquestiondoesnotclearlyspecifywhetheritsobjectistoprohibittheformationofthecontractortheperformanceoftheobligationsunderthatcontract.Thetrueparliamentaryintentionunderlyingthestatutoryprohibitionwillhavetobeascertained.Intheformercase,thecontractisvoid.当立法语言不够清楚时问题就有点困难了，特别是当有关的成文法没有明确规定其目的到底是禁止合同成立，还是合同义务的履行。对此要确定议会在立法的禁止性规范的之下的真实意图。如果意图是前者，合同无效。
