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1、海绵城市外文翻译2020英文Anewmodelframeworkforspongecityimplementation:EmergingchallengesandfuturedevelopmentsThuThuyNguyen,HuuHaoNgo,etcAbstractSpongeCityconceptisemergingasanewkindofintegratedurbanwatersystems,whichaimstoaddressurbanwaterproblems.However,itsimplementationhasencounteredavarietyofchallenges.Th
2、elackofanintegratedcomprehensivemodeltoassistSpongeCityplanning,implementationandlifecycleassessmentisoneofthemostchallengingfactors.ThisreviewbrieflyanalysestheopportunityofexistingurbanwatermanagementmodelsanddiscussesthelimitationofrecentstudiesintheapplicationofcurrentintegratedmodelsforSpongeCi
3、tyimplementation.Furthermore,itproposesanewSpongeCitymodelframeworkbyintegratingfourmainsub-modelsincludingMIKE-URBAN,LCA,W045-BEST,andMCAinwhichenvironmental,social,andeconomicaspectsofSpongeCityinfrastructureoptionsaresimulated.ThenewstructureofSpongeCitymodelthatincludesthesub-modellayer,inputlay
4、er,modulelayer,outputlayer,andprograminglanguagelayerisalsoillustrated.Therefore,theproposedmodelcouldbeappliedtooptimizedifferentSpongeCitypracticesbynotonlyassessingthedrainagecapacityofstormwaterinfrastructurebutalsopaysattentiontomulti-criteriaanalysisofurbanwatersystem(includingthepossibilityof
5、assessingSpongeCityecosystemservicesforurbanareasandwatershedareas)aswell.Balancingbetweensimplificationandinnovationofintegratedmodels,increasingtheefficiencyofspatialdatasharingsystems,definingtheacceptabilityofmodelcomplexitylevelandimprovingthecorporationofmultiplestakeholdersemphasizingonpossib
6、lefuturedirectionsofaproperSpongeCitydesignandconstructionmodel.Keywords:Spongecity,Integratedurbanwatermodels,Hydrologicalperformance,Multiplecriteriaanalysis,ModeldevelopmentIntroductionConcernsaboutwaterresourcessustainabilityhaveincreasedworldwideduetopopulationgrowthandurbanizationproblems(Carl
7、eetal.,2005;LeeJoongandHeaneyJames,2003).AccordingtoUnitedNations(2010)statistics,approximately80%oftheworld,stotalpopulationispredictedtoresideinurbanzonesby2030.Studiesonthecomplexityofurbanwatersystemsandnewkindsofsustainableurbanwatermanagementconceptsarebecomingprolificinhydrologicalscientificr
8、esearch(Salvadoreetal.,2015).Today,sconventionalurbanwatermanagementsystems,whereallcomponentsareconstructedindependently,donotpossessthecapabilitiesforfunctioningeffectivelyespeciallyintermsofurbanizationandclimatechangerequirements(ButlerandSchutze,2005;rauchetal.,2005).Examplesofadiversifiedappro
9、achtoachieveanintegratedurbanwatermanagementsystem(IUWM)includeBestManagementPractices(BMPs)intheUnitedStates,WaterSensitiveUrbanDesigninAustralia,SustainableUrbanDrainageSystem(SuDS)intheUnitedKingdom,andSpongeCityinChina.Theobjectivesofthesesystemsareto(1)paygoodattentiontoallcomponentsofthesystem
10、sothattheyworkwell,(2)implementwatersystemsinbothcentralizedanddecentralizedcontexts,and(3)createmultipleecologicallyfriendlyservicesinurbanzonesincluding:waterresourcesconservation,floodingdisastermitigation,relevantamenitiesandmicro-climateimprovements(Bachetal.,2014;Brownetal.,2009;Nguyenetal.,20
11、18).Integratedurbanwatermodelshavebeendevelopedandtheirfocusisoninteractionsamongstallcomponentsofurbanwatersystemsmanagement.Thetransitiontointegratedurbanwatermodelsspecificallyfocusesontheinteractionsbetweenurbanwatersystems,whichshouldbethepriorityofurbandevelopmentandsocietalfactors(Rauchetal.,
12、2017Deleticetal.,2019).Asearlyasthe1970s,researchinintegratedurbanwatersystemswasundertakeninGlattValley,Switzerland(Gujeretal.,1982)buttheresearchdidnotdocumentanymodellingresults.AtthefirstINTERURBAconferencein1993,emergingresearchonintegratedurbanwatermodelswasinitiallyreportedthatmarkedamileston
13、einthedevelopmentofsuchintegratedmodels(Lijklemaetal.,1993).Integratedurbanwatermodelsareessentialtoolsforplanningandmanagementofurbandrainagesystems.In1971,USEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)developedtheStormWaterManagementModel(SWMM)whichistheoneofmostpopulartoolfortheevaluationofstormwatermanage
14、mentsystems(Dengetal.,2018).ArangeofcommercialstormwatermodelssuchasMike-Urban,InfoWorks,andDAnCE4Water,whichwerebuiltbasedonSWMM,arecommonlyusedworldwide.Although,themodelshavebroughtbenefitsforplannersandpolicymakers,thesemodelsencountermanychallengesbecauseurbanwatersystemsare,infact,verycomplex.
15、Moreover,thelackofunderstandingofinteractionsbetweenallcomponents,thatis,understandingthewholesystem,andtheexpenseofdatarequirementsandlimitationsincomputationalhardwarehaveaffectedthemodesperformance(Candelaetal.,2011;rauchetal.,2005;Vanrolleghemetal.,2005).Havingtheinsufficientunderstandingofmodel
16、uncertaintiesalsocontributestothemodelbeingatriskoffailure(Dottoetal.,2011).However,withtherecentadvancesinsoftwarepackagecapabilitiesandtechnologies,thesemodelshaveperformedbetterinrecentyears.Integratedmodelsgainedmomentumbycombiningandimprovingconventionalsinglemodelpackagesinthepastfewdecades(Ba
17、chetal.,2014).SpongeCity(SC)implementationpromisesmanybenefitsforoursocietyingeneralandurbanareasindevelopingcountriesinparticular(Chanetal.,2018;Jiaetal.,2017;Lietal.,2017;Meietal.,2018;ZhangandChui,2019;Zhangetal.,2018).TheSpongeCityimplementationprocessconsistsoffourphases(Fig.1).Phase1isanalysin
18、gregionalcontextincludingwaterissuesandexistingwatermanagementtoidentifythedemandforSpongeCityimplementation.Thenextphaseisdevelopingscenariosbasedonclimatechangescenarios,populationgrowthscenarios,andwaterdemandscenarios.Phase3indicatestheselectionanddevelopmentofmodellingsoftwaretosimulatetheperfo
19、rmanceofSpongeCitymeasurement.ThefinalphaseistheplanningandimplementationofSpongeCity.ToobtainthepromisingbenefitsofSpongeCity,planninganddevelopmentofSpongeCitymeasurementsisimportant.However,itisadifficultworkasanurbanwatersystemishighlycomplexanduncertaininthefuture,withavarietyofaspectstobescrut
20、inized,includingurbandevelopment,urbanwaterinfrastructureplanning,andmeasurementfeasibilityevaluation.AninterdisciplinaryapproachthatisdevelopinganintegratedSpongeCitymodeltodealwithinterdisciplinaryplanningproblemsisnecessary.SpongeCityconstructioninChinaownsitsuniqueaspectcomparedtootherconcepts(e
21、.g.,SuDS,WSUD,BPMs)astheSpongeCitynotonlyaddressesstormwaterbutalsotacklesfloodingdisasters,waterrestoration,andwaterpurification.Nevertheless,thesimulationandevaluationtoolstopredictthecomprehensiveSpongeCitysperformancearestilllimited.Thisnecessitatesthenoveldevelopmentofanintegratedmodeltoassesst
22、heefficiencyandsustainabilityofthisnewkindofurbanwatermanagementscheme-SpongeCity-wheresocial,environmental,andhumanhealthassociatedfactorsaretakenintoaccount.Thismodelshouldbesufficientforrepresentingrealurbanwaterenvironments,andbeabletomaketheseintegratedapproachesfortheSpongeCityconcepttobefeasi
23、ble.SpongeCitymodelsshouldbeabletointegratethesub-modelsandincludethefollowing:(1)identifysuitableareasforSpongeCityconstruction;(2)comparegreeninfrastructures,urbandevelopment,andclimatechangescenarios;(3)simulatethebestwaystoreducestormwaterrunoff,mitigatefloodingandimprovewaterquality;and(4)ensur
24、ethattheSpongeCityisenvironmentallyfriendly.DoingsowillmakelifeeasierforallthestakeholdersandcommunitiesandwillassisttheimplementationofSpongeCityinalarge-scale.Arangeofpapersillustratesthedevelopment,barriers,andopportunitiesofintegratedurbanwatermodels.Bachetal.(2014)reviewed30yearsofresearchandth
25、eadoptionofintegratedurbanwatermodelsandclassifiedthesemodelsintofourgroupsaccordingtotheirdegreesofintegration.Thereviewpaperalsomentionedthatuser-friendliness,administrativefragmentation,modelcomplexity,andcommunicationarecrucialfactors,whichhaveaffectedtheuptakeofintegratedurbanwatermodels(Bachet
26、al.,2014).Zomorodianetal.(2018)analyzedthefeasibilityofSystemDynamics(SD)applicationonaddressingthecomplexityofintegratedurbanwatermanagementmodelling.Salvadoreetal.(2015)compared43hydrologicalmodellingapproachesandidentifiedablueprintforfutureurbanhydrologicalmodellingdevelopment.Thestudydefinedtha
27、tthehighdegreeofuncertaintywillbereducedbytheapplicationofremotesensingdata,measurementmodelparametersandspatialcalibrationmethods.Recently,someintegratedmodelsweredevelopedforassessingtheSpongeCityperformance.SWMMandtheAnalyticalHierarchyProcess(AHP)method,forexample,servedtoquantifythebenefitsofLI
28、DpracticesintheSpongeCity(Lietal.,2019).AnenergyanalysisandGISmodelwerecombinedforapplicationtoselectedpivotalareasforSpongeCityconstruction(Zhaoetal.,2018).Besides,spatialdatalikeLandsat-STIRSwasusedtoevaluatetheeffectsofLIDpracticesinSpongeCityonthermallandscape(Houetal.,2019).Anintegratedmodelnam
29、edUwaterwasinnovatedbytheintegrationofSWMMandspatialdatamanagementtoolsinGIS,whichiscapabletoevaluatedrainagecapacityofthestormwatersystemanddesignSpongeCityinfrastructures(Dengetal.,2018).Allthesestudiesprovideusefulapproachestointegratedmodellingdevelopmentandtheirapplicationtowatermanagement.Howe
30、ver,thereisstillalackofstudieswithanintegratedviewonthedevelopmentofacomprehensiveintegratedmodelforSpongeCityimplementation.FutureperspectivesontheintegratedspongecitymodelForSpongeCitymodellingdevelopment,severalfutureperspectivesareemphasizedhere:(I)Uncertaintyanalysisandtheassessmentofintegrated
31、SpongeCitymodellingshouldbecarriedoutinparallelwiththemodesdevelopment,testing,andapplicationsothatpractitionerscanrelyonthemodelsoutputandtherebymakegoodpolicydecisions.GlobalAssessmentofModellingUncertaintiescouldbeappliedtonegateanyuncertaintiesandimprovetheaccuracyofmodellingresults(Deleticetal.
32、,2012).(2)Theavailabilityofonlinespatialandattributedata-sharingsystemsconstitutesafundamentalfactorinintegratedmodellingdevelopment.Thelackofspatialandtemporaldatacreatesincompleteknowledgeofhowintegratedmodelswork.Spatialandattributedata-sharingsystemscanbeestablishedbasedonremotesensingandGISsyst
33、ems.Remotesensingdatashouldbeusedincreasinglyintheupcomingdecadesbecausesuchdataaremorereliable.Abetterapplicationofremotesensingdatamightreducemodeluncertainties.ThespatialdataandmeasurementdatashouldbeincorporatedintotheintegratedSpongeCitymodel.(3)Inter-disciplinaryworkonintegratedspongecitymodel
34、lingresearchisanimportantfactorwhenitcomestobuildinganintegratedcomprehensiveSpongeCitymodel.SpongeCityimplementationisachallengingtaskthatrequiresamultidisciplinaryefforttoaddresscomplexissuesandUnforecastablefuture.Areasonableexplanationforthelackofintegrationinurbandrainagemodelsisthattheresponsi
35、bilitiesinurbanwatermanagementhavebeenbrokenuporisolatedfromeachother(Rauchetal.,2002).SpongeCitysimulationandsystemanalysisincludeinterdisciplinaryfieldsofresearchsuchasenvironment,society,andtheeconomy.AneffectiveSpongeCitymodelshouldincorporatethemulti-sciencefieldapproach.Therefore,reliablesimul
36、ationsofcomplexinteractionsintheSpongeCitymodelwilladdressstakeholdersrequirementsinsolvingurbanwatermanagementproblems.(4)Afurthereffortneedstofocusondevelopinganonline-integratedurbanwatermanagementtoolforthebestmanagementandoperationoftheSpongeCityconcept.Thisonlinetoolhelpsdecision-makersusethei
37、ntegratedmodelsmoreconveniently.Obtainedresultsfrommodellingworkcouldenhancetheknowledgeinhowtoimplementanddevelopintegratedurbanwatermanagementpractices,andhowtoestimatetheeffectivenessofinvestinginurbanwaterdevelopmentprojects.(5)TherearesomeareasforSpongeCitymodeldevelopmentincludingthelinkagebet
38、weenautomaticcalibrationmodelsandtheSpongeCitymodeltodealwiththeuncertaintyproblems(ElliottandTrowsdale,2007).Inaddition,enhancingtheadoptionoftheSpongeCitymodelbyimprovingthemodelscommunicationsystemisveryimportant(Bachetal.,2014).Bybeingtransparentandfullyinformed,thesemodeldeveloperswillbeabletoc
39、onvincedecision-makersaboutthecost-effectivenessofintegratedmodelsandprovideaccurateandcomprehensiveresults.Furtherresearchintothespatial-temporaldynamicsofurbanrainfallforpredictionsandimprovingthespatialsimulationofecological/environmentalprocessesoftheSpongeCityisessential(Fletcheretal.,2013;Houe
40、tal.,2019).Moreover,aneffectiveSpongeCitymodelislikelytosupportfloodandhydrologicwarningsystemsinreleasingmoreprecisioninformationforthecommunity.ConclusionsTheuptakeofintegratedmodelstodealwithenvironmentalproblemshasincreasedinrecenttimes.Recently,manymodelshavebeendevelopedandnowareincorporatedaw
41、iderangeofurbanwatermanagementpracticestoaddresswaterissues.However,thereisalackofaneffectiveoverarchingmodelthatsupportstheSpongeCityimplementationduetoitsmultipleobjectivesandcomplexity.Therefore,itwillnecessitatetobuildtheSpongeCitymodelbasedonthecurrentconventionalintegratedurbanwatermanagementm
42、odels.ThispapercriticallyhighlightstheimportanceofthecomprehensiveSpongeCitymodelwherethecombinedformatcanproperlyassessthechallengesthatincludethemodelscost-effectiveness,ambiguousdata,etc.Inthispaper,anovelframeworkfortheSpongeCitymodelwasidentifiedtosimulatetheefficiencyofurbanwatermanagementprac
43、tices.TheframeworkoftheSpongeCitymodeldevelopedherewasbasedonintegratingfourimportantsub-models,i.e.MIKE-URBAN,W045BeST,LCAandMCA.Themodelislikelytopredictthemulti-benefitsofurbanwatermanagementmeasuresintermsofenvironmental,socialandeconomicrequirements,comparestheircosteffectiveness,andthenidentif
44、iesthemostappropriateurbanwatermanagementplan.ApplyingtheSpongeCitymodelrequiresdifferentscenariosbeingtakenintoaccountandalargeamountofrequireddata.Inthisway,itwilldemonstratethaturbanwatermanagementpractices,urbandevelopmentpatternsandthedynamicsofnaturalprocessesincludinghydrologicalsystemsarewor
45、kingproperlyorwherechangesneedtobemade.Uncertaintiesassociatedwiththismodelcanbeovercomethroughtheimprovementofspatialdata-sharingsystems,thedevelopmentofefficientcomputationandsoftwaredesign,andinter-disciplinarywork.Finally,thenovelmodelframeworkdescribedinthispaperwillassistmodellerstodevelopacom
46、prehensiveSpongeCitymodelforfutureapplications.TheSpongeCitymodeldevelopmentspecificallyfocusesonassistingtheSpongeCityprogram,butinthefuture,itshouldbebroadenedinscope.中文实施海绵城市的新模式框架：新挑战和未来发展摘要海绵城市的概念正在作为一种新型的综合城市供水系统而出现，该系统旨在解决城市供水问题。但是，其实施遇到了各种各样的挑战。缺乏协助海绵城市的规划，实施和生命周期评估的综合模型是最具挑战性的因素之一。这篇综述简要分析了
47、现有城市水资源管理模型的机会，并讨论了在将当前综合模型应用于海绵城市实施过程中近期研究的局限性。此外，它通过整合四个主要子模型（包括MlKE-URBAN,LCA,W045-BEST和MCA）提出了一个新的海绵城市模型框架，在其中模拟了海绵城市基础设施选项的环境，社会和经济方面。还说明了海绵城市模型的新结构，该结构包括子模型层，输入层，模块层，输出层和编程语言层。因此，所提出的模型不仅可以通过评估雨水基础设施的排水能力，而且可以用于城市水系统的多标准分析（包括评估城市地区的海绵城市生态系统服务的可能性），从而可以用于优化海绵城市的不同实践和集水区）。简化和集成模型的创新之间的平衡，提高空间数据共
48、享系统的效率，定义模型复杂性水平的可接受性，并改善多个利益相关者的合作，强调正确海绵城市设计和建造模型的未来可能方向。关键词：海绵城市；城市综合水模型；水文性能；多准则分析；模型开发引言由于人口增长和城市化问题，世界范围内对水资源可持续性的担忧增加了（Carie等,2005；LeeJOOng和HeaneyJames,2003）。根据联合国（2010年）的统计，到2030年，预计将有约80%的世界人口居住在城市地区。关于城市水系统的复杂性和新型可持续城市水管理概念的研究在水文科学中正变得越来越多研究（Salvadore等，2015）o如今，所有组件都是独立构建的常规城市水管理系统，不具备有效发挥
49、功能的能力，特别是在城市化和气候变化要求方面（BUtIerandSchutze,2005；rauch等，2005）o实现综合城市水管理系统（IUWM）的多种方法的示例包括美国的最佳管理实践（BMP）,澳大利亚的水敏感城市设计，英国的可持续城市排水系统（SUDS）和海绵城市在中国。这些系统的目标是（1）充分注意系统的所有组件，使其运作良好；（2）在集中式和分散式环境中实施供水系统；（3）在城市地区创建多种生态友好型服务包括：水资源保护，减轻洪灾灾难，相关便利设施和小气候改善（Bach等，2014；Brown等，2009；NgUyen等，2018）o已经开发出综合的城市水模型，其重点是城市水系统管理各个组成部分之间的相互作用。向综合城市水模型的过渡特别着重于城市水系统之间的相互作用，这应该是城市发展和社会因素的优先事项（RaUCh等人,2017DeIetiC等人，2019）o早在1970年代,就在瑞士的格拉特谷进行了城市综合水系统的研究（GUjer等人，1982）,但是该研究没有记录任何建模结果。在1993年的第一届Interurba会议上，最初报道了有关集成城市水模型的新兴研究，这标志着集成模型发展的一个里程碑（Lijklema等，
