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1、Module 3 Grammar Interpersonal Relationships-Friendship,现在分词完成式作状语定义1:现在分词的完成式指分词所表示的 动作发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之前。若分词所表示的动作与主语之间是主谓关系，则用having done;若是动宾关系，则用having been done。,Grammar 1,1.在乡下工作了三年后，他学会了如何种蔬菜。Having worked in the country for three years,he knew how to grow vegetables.2.被提供了这样一个好机会，他怎么能让它浪 费掉呢
2、？Having been given such a good chance,how could he let it pass away?,Examples:,3.已经遭受了如此严重的污染，现在才清理河道已经太晚了。Having suffered such heavy pollution already,it may now be too late to clean up the river.4.译成多种语言之后，这本书已经闻名世界了。Having been translated into several languages,the book became famous all over the
3、 World.,定义 2：现在分词的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作往往同时发生，而完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。,现在分词完成式作状语,1.人们穿着19世纪的服装走来走去。People walk around wearing nineteenth century clothes.2.考试结束之后，学生们把书放在课桌上，然后离开了教室。Having completed the test,the students placed their books on the desks and left the Classroom.,Examples:,Examples:,Ha
4、ving done 的否定形式是 not having done,而不是having not done。1.由于还没有收到回信，他决定再写一封。Not having received a reply,he decided to write again.2.由于还不知道她的地址，我只好打电话让她过来。Not having known her address,I might as well telephone her to come over.,having done 也可接在regret,remember,forget等词后面作宾语，与doing作宾语含义相同。e.g.我后悔把那件事告诉他了。I
5、 regret having told him that.他很后悔没能帮助我。He regretted not having been able to help me.我不记得以前曾见过他。I didnt remember having met him before.我忘了以前在什么地方见过他。I forget having met him somewhere before.,拓展-,After I had been to his house a few times,I started to get to know his family.2.After I had talked to him
6、for a while,I started to like him.,Rewrite the sentences(begin with the word Having)-,Having been to his house a few times,I started toget to know his family.,Having talked to him for a while,I started to like him.,3.Because we had lived next door to them for years,we were sad when we had to move ho
7、use.4.After we had argued all day,we laughed and agreed that we had been stupid.,Having lived next door to them for years,we were sad when we had to move house.,Having argued all day,we laughed and agreed that we had been stupid.,后面接-ing或不定形式的动词,Grammar 2,1.doing与to do 都可以具备名词的功能，在句中作主语、宾语、表语等，但有些区别
8、。总的区别如下：doing表示状态、性质、经常性；to do 表示具体的，一次性的、将发生的动作。e.g.游泳是他最喜欢的运动。Swimming is his favourite sport.我们的工作是为人民服务。Our work is serving the people.现在在这条河里游泳是很危险的，因为水流太急。To swim in this river today is dangerous,for the current is too swift.我所要建议的是推迟会议。What I would suggest is to put off the meeting.,2.doing与t
9、o do 作宾语时的若干区别：(1)只能跟不定式作宾语的动词有：三个希望两答应（hope,wish,want,agree,promise）两个要求莫拒绝（demand,ask,refuse）设法学会作决定（manage,learn,decide）不要假装在选择（pretend,choose）e.g.我决定要回我的钱。I decided to ask for my money back.我们参观完农场后，打算步行回去。When our visit to the farm was over,we expected to start back on foot.,（2）只能接-ing而不能接不定式作宾
10、语的动词有:避免、过错、（少）延期（avoid,miss,postpone）建议、完成、（多）练习（suggest,finish,practice）喜欢、想象、（禁）不住（enjoy,imagine,cant help）承认、否定、（与）嫉妒（admit,deny,envy）逃避、冒险、（莫）原谅（escape,risk,excuse）忍受、保持，（不）介意（stand,keep,mind）e.g.我建议在海边小镇躲过我们的暑假。I suggest spending our summer holiday in a seaside town.,(3)只能接动名词而不能接不定式作宾语的短语有：gi
11、ve up 放弃 put off 推迟 insist on 坚持 stick to 坚持(原则等)cant help doing 忍不住，禁不住 have difficulty/trouble(in)doing 干 有困难 object to 反对 devoteto 贡献于 contributeto 致力于apply oneself to 致力于e.g.你必须戒烟，因为它对你的健康危害太大了。You must give up drinking,for it does too much harm to your health.,4.在下列这些动词后，既可接doing形式也可接to do 形式，但
12、意义有所不同：(1)在need,require,want后接-ing形式，表示被动意义，也可接不定式，但要用被动形式。你的书法需要提高。Your handwriting needs improving(to be improved).(2)hate,love,like接不定式表示特定的未来事件，接-ing 形式表示目前正在进行的活动或一般的行为。在下列情况下，一般要用不定式-a)hate,like,love前有would(should)时。我想喝一杯咖啡。Id like to have a cup of coffee.,b)但谓语动词begin,continue,start等是进行式时。学生们
13、开始做数学题。The students are starting to work on the maths problem.c)当begin,continue,start与know,understand等状态动词连接时。我立刻明白发生了什么。I soon began to understand what was happening.,(3)forget/remember regret to do 表示现在或未来的动作；forget/remember/regret doing 表示动作已经发生。他忘记关办公室的灯了，灯亮了一整夜。He forgot to turn off the light i
14、n the office.So the light was on the whole night.他忘记已经关掉了办公室的灯，于是他回去关灯，却发现灯没亮着。He forgot turning off the light in the office.So he went back to turn it off,only to find the light was not on.,你走之前要记得关窗户。Remember to close the windows before you leave.我记得一年前给他写过一封信，他从没回过信。I remember writing him a lette
15、r a year ago.He never wrote back.我们很遗憾地告诉你们，你们都没有被邀请出席会议。We regret to tell you that all of you are not invited to attend the meeting.他们后悔从国外定购了那些书，因为同类的书不久就在国内出版了。They regretted ordering these books from abroad,for books of the same kind were published soon at home.,(4)mean to do 表示“打算、想要做”；mean doi
16、ng表示“意味着”。我为自己所说的话向你道歉，但我并不是有意伤害你。I am sorry for what I have said.But I didnt mean to hurt you.他踢足球的时候摔伤了腿，那意味着要在床上躺上几个周。He broke his leg while playing football.That means staying in bed for several weeks.,(5)try to do表示“设法尽力做某事”；try doing 表 示“试着做”。你应当尽力克服自己的缺点。You should try to overcome your shortc
17、omings.“为什么不试试做运动减肥呢？”医生说。“Why not try doing exercise to lose weight?”said the doctor.,(6).cant help doing 表示“禁不住”；can not help to)do 表示“不能帮助干”。听到那个消息他们不禁跳了起来。They couldnt help jumping up at the news.对不起，我不能帮你打扫房间了，我必须马上走。Sorry I cant help to clean the room for you.I must go at once.,(7)stop后跟-ing形式
18、短语作宾语，表示“停下手头正在干的事”；stop后跟不定式，不定式不是宾语而是目的状语，表示“停下手头正在干的事去干另外一件事”。他放下书去散步。He stopped reading and went out for a walk.他停下来休息了一会儿。He stopped to have a rest.,(8).go on to do 表示“继续做不同的事或不同内容的事”;go on doing 表示“继续不停地做某事”指同一动作的继续。他完成数学练习后继续写作文。After he finished doing maths exercises,he went on to write a composition.只要世界上还有压迫，我们就会继续战斗。Well go on fighting so long as there is oppression in the world.,Homework,Check the answer of the exercise in this part and review the grammar after class.,
