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1、句子成分,英语的基本成分有八种：主语（subject）谓语（predicate）宾语（object）表语（predicative）定语（attribute）状语(adverbial)补足语(complement）同位语（appositive）,句子成分详解表,主语：是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。,1)Mr.Lee is a well-known scientist.2)He reads newspapers everyday.3)Two and ten is twelve.4)Smoki
2、ng is harmful to the health.5)To swim in that pool is a great pleasure.6)What we shall do next is not yet decided.,谓语:说明主语的动作或所处的状态。谓语(predicate)或谓语动词(predicate verb)的位置一般在主语之后。谓语由简单动词或动词短语（助动词或情态动词主要动词）构成。,1)The new term begins on the 1st of September.2)I would like to invite all my friends here.3)
3、I have tried this way three times.4)We should pay attention to the English idioms.5)He is working in the garden.,表语：是谓语的一部分，它位于系动词(如be,become)之后，与系动词一起构成复合谓语，说明主语的身份，特征，属性或状态等。单词、短语或从句均可充当表语。,1)Wangs father is a doctor.（名词）2)He is always careless.（形容词）3)The basketball match is on.（副词）4)All the pupil
4、s are on the playground now.（介词短语）5)Our aim is to win more medals.（不定式）6)His work is teaching French.（动名词短语）7)The question is who can really repair the machines.（从句）,形式宾语：若宾语是动词不定式，动名词或从 句，可用it作形式宾语代替其位置，而将其到宾补之后。,I found it difficult to finish the task in time.Do you consider it any good sending mo
5、re people there?We have made it clear that we disagreed.,Wang Ling lent me a novel to read in the bus.（双宾语）me 间接宾语 表示动作是对谁或为谁做的。a novel 直接宾语 表示动作的直接承受者或结果。,宾语:表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词或介词后面.,1)Wang Ling lent me a novel to read in the bus.（双宾语）2)The medicine is good for this boy.3)Do you understand what I
6、 mean?4)My little sister always likes to ask questions.5)Would you mind coming earlier tomorrow?,定语:是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用的表示。,Mary is a chemistry teacher.（名词作定语）He is our friend.（代词作定语）We belong to the third world.（数词作定语）He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词作定语）The man over ther
7、e is my old friend.(副词作定语),The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister.(介词短语作定语)The boys playing football are in Class 2.（现在分词短语作定语）The trees planted last year are growing well now.（过去分词作定语）I have an idea to do it well.（不定式作定语）You should do everything that I do.（定语从句作定语）,状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明方式、因果
8、、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。,1)She sings quite well.（副词）2)On Sundays,there is no student in the classroom.（介词短语）3)Arriving there,call me up.4)The boy needs a pen to do his homework.5)If I have some spare time,I will take up German.6)He is very handsome.,补足语：用来补充说明宾语或主语的性质、状态。分为宾补和主补。,主补：对主语的补充。He was ele
9、cted monitor.She was found singing in the next room.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.,宾语补足语:在宾语后面补充说明宾语的动作,状态,特征.,We elected him monitor.（名词作宾补）We will make them happy.（形容词作宾补）We found nobody in.(副词作宾补)Please make yourself at home.（介词短语作宾补）Dont let him do that.（省to不定式名词作宾补）His father ad
10、vised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（带to不定式名词作宾补）Dont keep the fire burning.（现在分词名词作宾补）Ill have my bike repaired.（过去分词名词作宾补）,同位语 是在名词或代词之后,对其作进一步解释或说明，在语法上处于同等地位。名词、代词、数词、和从句等均可作同位语。如：,We students should study hard.(students是we的同位语，都是指同一批学生）We all are students.(all是we的同位语，都指同样的我们）The news that
11、were having a holiday tomorrow is true.（从句作同位语）,独立成分：,与全句没有语法关系的句子成分叫做句子的独立成分。感叹词:oh,hello,aha,ah,等。肯定词:yes否定词:no称呼语:称呼人的用语。插入语:一些句中插入的 I think,I believe,等。如:The story,I think,has never come to the end.我相信,这个故事还远没结束.,指出下列诸句中画线部分是什么成分：On the left of my house is an old church.Why could the boiling poi
12、nt of water be lower at the top of a mountain?3.I am not going to work today.4.This thing is for peeling potatoes.5.What time will you arrive?6.The Genie promised that if anyone should come and set him free,he would make him very rich.7.What nationality are you?,S.,S.,V.,Prep.O.,Adv.,O.C.,Predicativ
13、e,8.I couldnt understand why he had decided to retire at 50.9.I am terribly confused by all this information.10.We had already reached 9000 feet by then.11.She reminded me to switch off all the lights.12.Ill be able to pass my driving test after I have had a few lessons.13.I love swimming.It keeps m
14、e fit.14.It is obvious that money doesnt grow on trees.,Adverbial,V.,O.C.,O.,O.C.,S.,O.,什么是句子？,句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的，是能表达一个完整概念的语言单位句子的第一个字母必须大写，结尾要有？！,I am a teacher.Are you a student?How beautiful the girl is!,英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。,掌握这五种基本句型,是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。,一:(主谓)二:(主系表)三:(主谓宾)四:(主谓间宾直宾)五
15、:(主谓宾宾补),基本句型 一:(主谓),主语:可以作主语的成分有名词,主格代词,动词不定式,动名词等等。主语一般在句首。,谓语:谓语由动词构成,是英语时态、语态变化的主角,一般在主语之后。不及物动词(vi.)没有宾语,形成主谓结构。,如:We come.,(不及物动词),1.The sunrose.2.Who cares?3.What he said does not matter.4.They talked for half an hour.5.The pen writes smoothly,此句型的句子有一个共同特点,即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟
16、副词、介词短语、状语从句等。,主语可有修饰语-定语，谓语可有修饰语-状语。,如:1.The red sun rises in the east.2.So they had to travel by air or boat.3.We got up early so as to catch the first bus.4.She sat there alone,reading a novel.5.He came back when we were eating.6.Weak buildings will fall down in an earthquake,but strong ones may
17、stay up.,巩固练习：,1她昨天回家很晚。2会议将持续两个小时。3在过去的十年里我的家乡已经发生了巨大变化.41919年，在北京爆发了“五.四”运动。5每天八时开始上课。,2.The meeting will last two hours.,3.Great changes have taken place in my home town in the past ten years.,4.The May Fourth Movement broke out in Beijing in 1919.,5.Classes begin at eight every day.,1.She went h
18、ome very late yesterday evening.,巩固练习：,6这个重五公斤。7五年前我住在北京。8秋天有些鸟飞到南方去。9我的爷爷早晨起得很早。10.每天下午有许多学生到图书馆来借书。,6.This box weighs five kilos.,7.I lived in Beijing five years ago.,8.In autumn,some birds fly to the south.,9.My grandfather gets up early in the morning.,10.Every afternoon a lot of students come t
19、o the library to borrow books.,基本句型二:(主系表),此句型的句子有一个共同的特点:句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语,才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。,系动词分两类:be,look,keep,seem等,表情况;get,grow,become,turn等属另一类,表变化。be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。,感官动词多可用作连系动词:look well/面色好,sound nice/听起来不错,feel good/感觉好,smell bad/难闻,(是系动词
20、)(表语),1.Thisisan English-Chinese dictionary.2.The dinnersmellsgood.3.Hefellin love.4.Everythinglooksdifferent.5.Heis growingtall and strong.6.Our wellhas gonedry.7.His faceturnedred.,*There be 结构:There be 表示存在有。这里的there没有实际意义,不可与副词there那里混淆。此结构后跟名词,表示“(存在)有某事物”。,试比较:There is a boy there.(那儿有一个男孩)前一个
21、there无实意,后一个there为副词那里。,系动词词义不完整，在句中不能单独使用（除省略句外），后面必须接有表语，系动词和表语一起构成合成谓语。,一、系动词的分类：常见的系动词大致可分为三类。第一类：表示特征或状态的，有be，look，feel，seem，appear，smell，taste，sound，turn out（结果是、证明是）等。Youll be all right soon.You dont look very well.I feel rather cold.,He seems to be ill.It appears that he is unhappy.The roses
22、 smell sweet.The mixture tasted horrible.How sweet the music sounds!The day turned out(to be)a fine one.,第二类：表示从一种状态到另一种状态的变化，有become，get，grow，turn，fall，go，come，run等。He became a world-famous scientist.It is getting warmer and warmer.It grew dark.The food has turned bad.,Yesterday he suddenly fell il
23、l.Marys face went red.His dream has come true.The boys blood ran cold.,第三类：表示保持状态的，有keep，remain，continue，stay等。Keep quiet,children!The weather continued fine for a long time.It remains to be proved.,系动词后的表语可以是名词、代词、数词、形容词、分词、动名词、不定式、副词、介词短语、词组、从句，系动词be可用于上述所有情况。The news was surprising.（分词）His job is
24、 teaching English.（动名词）The only method is to give the child more help.（不定式）I must be off now.（副词）The bridge is under construction.（介词短语）That would be a great weight off my mind.（词组）This is why he was late.（从句）,所有的系动词都可接形容词作表语，此处略举数例。Our future will be beautiful.She looks unhappy today.Do you feel co
25、ld？You seem/appear ill.The food tastes delicious.The weather is turning/growing/becoming/getting cold.He often went hungry.,3.能用不定式作表语的系动词有：appear，seem，get，prove，remain，turn out等。She appears/seems to be very young.He appears/seems to have caught cold.They got to be friends。The meeting turned out to
26、be successful.The theory proved to be right.Much remains to be done.,4.能接从句的有：be，seem，appear，sound，look等。Thats why he fell ill.My idea is that we should help him.It seems/appears to me that something is wrong.It sounds to me as if someone were trying to get into the house.Your voice sounds as if you
27、 had a cold.It looks as if it is going to rain.,5.能接介词短语的有：be，feel，look，sound，taste，remain等。be是特别活跃的系动词，其后可接很多介词短语作表语。He is at home/in the library/on the way home/on holiday.They are on duty/on strike/on leave.The road is under repair.,其他系动词能和介词搭配的范围很小。如：It feels like a rain.It looks like a rain.It
28、sounds like a train going under my room.It tastes of apples.（这有苹果的味道。）The concert remains in my memory.,6.能接分词的系动词有：be，become，get，grow，seem，appear等。His report was surprising/disappointing/delighting/moving/astonishing The boy was moved/delighted/surprised/disappointed/astonished。He has become/got/gr
29、own/interested in modern physics。He seems/appears drunk。系动词后还可接代词、数词、动名词、副词及其词组，基本都是be的用法。其他系动词几乎不能这样用或很少这样用。,page43,一.纵观历年的高考题，对系动词的考查一直是高考中非常重要的热点之一，对于考生来说也是难点所在。高考对系动词考查的覆盖面广，涉及的系动词较多，重点考查的是 get，其次是 feel 和 remain，考查的难度在逐年增大。二.对表示状态变化的系动词的考查 英语中常见的表示状态变化的系动词有 get，turn，turn out（结果是），go，come（成为），fal
30、l，become 等。,1.对 get 的考查 get 表示状态的改变，意为“变成，变得，做成”，它后面可以接形容词、v-ing 形式、过去分词等。Sarah,hurry up.Im afraid you wont have time to _ before the party.A.get changed B.get change C.get changing D.get to change,Be careful when you cross this very busy street,if not,you may _ run over by a car.A.have B.get C.beco
31、me D.turn As we joined the big crowd I got _ from my friends.A.separated B.spared C.lost D.missed,分析：例中考查的是“get 过去分词”构成的系表结构。例 get changed 意为“换衣服”，例 get run over 意为“碾过，压过”，例 get separated 意思是“冲散，分离”，所以正确答案分别是 A、B、B。,2.对 go 的考查 系动词 go 的意义是“变成，成为”，后多跟形容词，如 go bad,go mad,go wrong,go hungry,go sour 等。例如
32、：On hearing the news of the accident in coal mine,she _ pale.A.got B.changed C.went D.appeared,分析：该题考查的是“go+adj.”系表结构。got 和 changed 不能与 pale 搭配起来表达这一状态的变化，而 appeared 是表示状态存在的系动词。所以正确答案是 C。,3.对 fall 的考查 系动词 fall 表示“（不知不觉地或突然地）进入状态”，后常跟形容词、副词或介词短语等，如：fall ill（生病），fall apart（散开），fall asleep,fall into a
33、 deep sleep（睡熟）。例如：As she _ the newspaper,Granny _ asleep.A.read;was falling B.was reading;fell C.was reading;was falling D.read;fell,分析：该题第二空考查的是系动词“fall+adj.”结构，fall asleep 是短暂性动词短语，不能用于进行时态，故正确答案是 B。句意是“她读报时，奶奶睡着了。”,三.对表示状态存在的系动词的考查 常见的有 be,seem,appear,look,feel,smell,sound,keep,taste,remain,prov
34、e,stay,lie（处于某种状态），stand（处于某种状态）等。1.对 remain 的考查 系动词 remain 的意思是“保持，继续，依然不变”，后常接名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式等。Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple,but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it.A.to see B.to be seen C.seeing D.seen,Although he has taken a lot of medicine,his health _ poor.A.
35、proves B.remainsC.maintains D.continues,分析：例中的 remain 是个半系动词，“有待被看，证实”，所以应用不定式的被动式，故答案是 B。例中 remain poor 意为“仍然很差”，maintain 意为“维持，保持，继续”，不与形容词 poor 连用，所以正确答案是 B。,2.对 stay 的考查 stay 意为“保持原状，维持”，后面可以接形容词、副词、介词短语、名词等。The weather has stayed warm all week.Why dont you put the meat in the fridge?It will _ f
36、resh for several days.A.be stayed B.stay C.be staying D.have stayed,分析：该题考查的是系动词 stay 后接形容词（fresh）的系表结构，它表示一种存在的状态，主动形式表示被动意义，这种结构一般不能用于进行时态，所以正确答案是 B。,3.对 appear 的考查 appear 的含义是“似乎，好像，看来（如关于某人的性格、感情或意图）”，此时不用进行式，后接形容词、名词、动词不定式等。She appeared rather upset about something.看来有些什么事使她心烦。Do let your mothe
37、r know all the truth.She appears _ everything.（上海 2001）A.to tell B.to be told C.to be telling D.to have been told,分析：句意是“一定要把一切真相告诉你妈妈。她看上去已经知道一切事情。”句中 tell 后面没有宾语，故用不定式的被动式，又因为“知道一切”发生在“告诉真相”之前，要用完成式。所以正确答案是 D。,4.对 feel 的考查 feel 的意思是“感觉是，似乎”，后常接形容词、副词、介词短语等。I love to go to the seaside in summer.It
38、_ good to lie in the sun or swim in the cool sea.A.does B.feels C.gets D.makes,-Do you like the material?-Yes,it _ very soft.A.is feeling B.felt C.feels D.is felt,分析：这两道考题考查的是“fell+adj.”的系表结构。例中 feel good 意为“感觉舒服”；例 feel soft 意为“摸上去软和”，此时，主动结构表示被动的含义。所以正确答案分别是 B 和 C。,5.对系动词 look 的考查 look 有“看来，显得”等意，
39、后面常接形容词、介词短语、不定式短语、从句等。The plan looks good on paper,but will it work?这个计划从表面上看来不错，但能行得通吗？-You dont look very _.Are you ill?-No,Im just a bit tired.A.good B.well C.strong D.healthy,分析：尽管提供的四个备选项都是形容词，但 look well 的意思是“看上去气色好”，符合对话的语境，故正确答案是 B。,6.对 sound 的考查 sound 有“听起来，令人觉得，似乎”等含义，后面可以接形容词、名词短语、介词短语、不
40、定式等。She sounds to be a very strange woman.听起来她似乎是一个非常古怪的女人。What he said sounds _.A.nicely B.pleasantly C.friendly D.wonderfully,分析：四个选项中只有 friendly 是形容词，可以和 sound 连用构成系表结构，其他三项都是副词，只能作状语不能作表语，所以正确答案是 C。,7.对 taste 的考查 taste 在使用时不用进行时态，含义是“尝起来，有某种特殊的味道”，一般接形容词构成系表结构。These oranges taste nice.这些橙子味道很好。T
41、hese oranges taste _.A.good B.well C.to be good D.to be well,分析：taste 是系动词，所以要用形容词 good 作其表语。well 作形容词时，意思是“健康的”，只能形容人，不能形容物。故正确答案是 A。,8.对 smell 的考查 smell 经常与形容词连用，意思是“闻起来，有气味，发出的气味”。This book smells old.这本书有一股霉味。We dont care if a hunting dog smells _,but we really dont want him to smell _.A.well;we
42、ll B.bad;bad C.well;badly D.badly;bad,分析：第一空前的 smell 是不及物动词，意为“嗅，闻，有嗅觉”，副词 badly 修饰 smells；而第二空前的 smell 是系动词，与形容词 bad 构成系表结构。答案为D,基本句型 三:(主谓宾),此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义,都是主语产生的动作,但不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。,基本句型 三：（主谓宾）构成宾语的代词必须是代词宾格，如：me，him，them等（及物动词）1.Who knows the answer?谁知道答案？2
43、.She smiled her thanks.她微笑表示感谢。3.He has refused to help them.他拒绝帮他们。4.He enjoys reading.他喜欢看书。5.They ate what was left over.他们吃了剩饭。6.He said Good morning.他说：早上好！7.I want to have a cup of tea.我想喝杯茶。8.He admits that he was mistaken.他承认犯了错误。,巩固练习：,1昨晚我写了一封信。2今天下午我想同你谈谈。3这本书他读过多次了。4他们成功地完成了计划。5那位先生能流利地说
44、三种语言。,I wrote a letter last night.,I want to talk with you this afternoon.,He has read this book many times.,They have carried out the plan successfully.,That gentleman can speak three languages fluently.,巩固练习：,6我收到了笔友从澳大利亚寄来的信。7Jim 还不会自己穿衣服。8我们大家都相信Jack 是一个诚实男孩。9.他不知道说什麽好。10.我开窗户你在意吗？,I received a
45、letter from my penfriend in Australia.,Jim cannot dress himself.,All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy.,He did not know what to say.,Do you mind my opening the window?,基本句型 四:(主谓间宾直宾),有些及物动词可以有两个宾语,e.g.give/pass/bring/show。这两个宾语通常一个指人(间接宾语);一个指物(直接宾语)。,-Give me a cup of tea please.-Show this
46、house to Mr.Smith.-Bring it to me,please.,(及物)(多指人)(多指物),Sheorderedherselfa new dress.2.Hebroughtyoua dictionary.3.Ishowedhimmy pictures.4.Itoldhimthat the bus was late.5.Heshowedmehow to run the machine.,用to侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。用for 侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助to的）bring,give,lend,hand,offer
47、,pass,pay,promise,return,send,show,teach,tell,write,ask等；（需借助for 的）buy,call,cook,choose,draw,find,get,make,order,sing,save,spare等。,巩固练习：1Johnson 先生去年教我们德语。2奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。3请把那本字典递给我好吗？4他把车票给列车员看。,Mr Johnson taught us German last year.,Grandma told me an interesting story last night.,Would you plea
48、se pass me the dictionary?,He showed the ticket to the conductor.,巩固练习：5我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗？6新式机器将会为你节省许多劳动。7他用他的第一个月工资给他妈妈买了一件毛衣。,Shall I call you a taxi?,The new machine will save you a lot of labour.,7.He bought a new coat for his mother with his first months salary.,基本句型 五:(主谓宾宾补),此句型的句子的共同特点是:动词虽然是及物动词
49、,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整。,宾语补足语:位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。可以用作宾语补足语的有名词,形容词,不定式,动名词,分词,介词短语等。,说明:此结构由“主语+及物的谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语”构成。宾语与宾语补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系或主表关系，若无宾语补足语，则句意不够完整。The sun keeps us warm.I heard him singing.You must get your hair cut.,基本句型 五：（主谓宾宾补）,（及物）（宾语）（宾补）名词/代词宾格+名词The war|made|him|
50、a soldier./战争使他成为一名战士.名词/代词宾格+形容词New methods|make|the job|easy./新方法使这项工作变得轻松.名词/代词宾格+介词短语I|often find|him|at work./我经常发现他在工作.名词/代词宾格+动词不定式The teacher|ask|the students|to close the windows./老师让学生们关上窗户.名词/代词宾格+分词I|saw|a cat|running across the road./我看见一只猫跑过了马路.,用 it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英
