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1、物理化学术语 Physical Chemical Terms,第十课,1.changes of state,Solid liquid gasSolid gas,liquefaction,melting,2.Fluidity of a substance,Viscosity:The resistance of a substance to flowSurface tension:the amount of energy required to expand the surface of a liquid by a unit area.Imparts membrane-like behavior
2、to the surface.,3.Solid,Amorphous solid:a substance in which the atoms,molecules,or ions have a random and nonrepetitive three-dimensional arrangement.Crystalline solid:a substance in which the atoms,molecules,or ions have a characteristic regular,and repetitive three-dimensional arrangement.,3.1 Cr
3、ystal,Crystal:a solid that has a shape bounded by plane surfaces intersecting at fixed anglesSpace lattice:a system of points representing sites with identical environments in the same orientation in the crystalUnit cell:the most convenient small part of a space lattice,if repeated in three dimensio
4、n,will generate the entire lattice.,3.1.1 Unit cell:,Primitive unit cell:a unit cell in which only the corners are occupiedMultiple unit cell:contain other lattice points in addition to those at the cornersTheoretical density:the mass of the unit cell divided by the volume of the unit cell,Polymorph
5、ous:able to crystallize in more than one crystal structureIsomorphous:have the same crystal structure,4.Solution,Saturated solution:the concentration of dissolved solute is equal to that which would be in equilibrium with undissolved solute under the given conditions.Solubility:the concentration of
6、a saturated solution.unsaturated solution:can dissolve more solute.Supersaturated solution:holds more solute than would be in equilibrium with undissolved solute,4.1 miscibility,Miscibility:the mutual solubility of two substances in the same phase.Like dissolves like:Substances that are similar in s
7、tructure,bonding,and especially in intermolecular forces tend to be highly or even infinitely miscible.Immisicible:,4.2 Ideal solution,Ideal solution of a molecular:the forces between all particle of both solvent and solute are identical.Ideal solution of an ionic solute:the ions in solution are ind
8、ependent of each other and attracted only to solvent molecules.Henrys law:At constant temperature,the partial pressure of a gas over a solution is directly proportional to the solubility of the gas in that solution,4.3 standard solution,standard solution:a solution of known concentrationConcentratio
9、n of solution:1.mass(weight)percent=(mass of solute/mass of solution)100%2.molarity=moles of solute/liters of solution 3.molality=moles of solute/kilogram of solution,4.4 colligative property,Raoults law:The vapor pressure of a liquid in a solution is equal to the mole fraction of that liquid in the
10、 solution times the vapor pressure of pure liquid.colligative property:any property of a solution that depends on the relative numbers of solute and solvent particles,5.Semipermeable membrane,Semipermeable membranes:membranes that allow the passage of some molecules but not others.Osmosis:the passag
11、e of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a more dilute solution into a more concentrated solution.Osmosis pressure:the external pressure exactly sufficient to oppose osmosis and stop it,6.colloid,Colloid:colloidal dispersion,a substance made up of suspended particles larger than
12、most molecules,but too small to be seen in an optical microscopySol:solid particles suspended in a liquid,such as mudGel:solid particles,usually very large molecules,unite in a random and intertwined structure that gives rigidity to the mixture Emulsion:particles of a liquid suspended in another liq
13、uidFoam:tiny bubbles of gas suspended in a liquidAerosol:air or gas is the suspending medium,7.Chemical kinetics,Chemical kinetics:the study of the rates and mechanism of chemical reactionsActivation energy:the minimum energy that reactants must have for reaction to occur,7.1 reaction rate,reaction
14、rate:the change in concentration of a reactant or a product in a unit of timeRate equation:the mathematical relationship between the reaction rate and the concentration of one or more of the reactantsRate constant:relates reaction rate to some function of reactant concentrations raised to various po
15、wers Inhibitors;catalyst;promoters,7.2 equilibrium constant,equilibrium constant:K is equal to the product of the concentrations of the reactions products,each raised to the power equal to its stoichiometric coefficient,divided by the product of the concentrations of the reactants,each raised to the
16、 power equal to its stoichiometric coefficientReaction quotient:Q,takes the same form as K but is used for reaction not at equilibrium,Solubility product:Ksp,the equilibrium constant for a solid electrolyte in equilibrium with its ions in solutionDissociation constant:Kd,the equilibrium constant for
17、 the dissociation of complex ions,8.Electrochemistry,Electrochemistry:deals with oxidation-reduction reactions that either produce or utilize electrical energy,colligative property,Raoults law:The vapor pressure of a liquid in a solution is equal to the mole fraction of that liquid in the solution t
18、imes the vapor pressure of pure liquid.colligative property:any property of a solution that depends on the relative numbers of solute and solvent particles,Colloid:colloidal dispersion,a substance made up of suspended particles larger than most molecules,but too small to be seen in an optical micros
19、copySol:solid particles suspended in a liquid,such as mudGel:solid particles,usually very large molecules,unite in a random and intertwined structure that gives rigidity to the mixture Emulsion:particles of a liquid suspended in another liquidFoam:tiny bubbles of gas suspended in a liquidAerosol:air
20、 or gas is the suspending medium,colloid,equilibrium constant,equilibrium constant:K is equal to the product of the concentrations of the reactions products,each raised to the power equal to its stoichiometric coefficient,divided by the product of the concentrations of the reactants,each raised to t
21、he power equal to its stoichiometric coefficientReaction quotient:Q,takes the same form as K but is used for reaction not at equilibrium,Electrochemistry,Electrochemistry:deals with oxidation-reduction reactions that either produce or utilize electrical energyElectrochemiscal cell:in which an electrochemical reaction occursHalf-cell:each electrode and its surrounding electrolyte voltaic cell:generates electrical energy from a spontaneous redox reactionElectrolytic cell:uses electrical energy from outside the cell to cause a redox reaction to occur.,
