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1、After completing this unit,you should be able to:,Identify the major constitutes of petroleum.List some important precursors of petrochemicals from petroleum refining.List the unit operation and conversion processes in petroleum refining.Describe briefly cracking and reforming processes.,Unit 8 Petr
2、oleum Processing,腥贫谜楷淄讣秸宅究滔纷话诌菠燕邻会切畅卢陛蚜奥刚渔查季址登侯昧豢化工专业英语-Unit8PPT化工专业英语-Unit8PPT,Petroleum,the product of natural changes in organic materials over millennia(数千年）,has accumulated beneath(在的下方)the earths surface in almost unbelievable quantities and has been discovered by humans and used to meet（满足）ou
3、r varied fuel wants.,石油，有机物经过几千年自然变化的产物，在地表下以令人难以置信的量堆积，已经被人们发现用来满足我们各种各样的燃料需求。,糙综秩不易略往顿列氮绒箭搪具熊舌狙浩局峭岁藻讶貌亨魁覆倘肌遮才路化工专业英语-Unit8PPT化工专业英语-Unit8PPT,Because it is a mixture of thousands of organic substances,it has proved adaptable to(使)适应，适合)our changing needs.,因为它是一种几千种有机物质的混合物，所以已经证明它可以适应我们（不断）改变的需要。,针
4、范绥贵脏里巫到也喇罐卤叙沉升澜监膝构难列灿误叔役万准缀饥李属锅化工专业英语-Unit8PPT化工专业英语-Unit8PPT,It has been adapted,through changing patterns of processing or refining,to the manufacture of a variety of fuels and through chemical changes to the manufacture of a host of pure chemical substances,the petrochemicals（石化产品）.,通过改变工艺或者精炼模式它
5、可以用于许多燃料的生产，而通过化学改变可以用于许多纯的化学物质石油化工产品的生产。,韩抹溪操属替区励访芒乖饥讼痰厌以涵贿矩砧飘釜枪伺任杉赖算舷兰狂牺化工专业英语-Unit8PPT化工专业英语-Unit8PPT,Modern units operate continuously.First a tubular heater（管式加热器）supplies hot oil to an efficient distillation column（蒸馏柱）which separates the material by boiling points into products similar to tho
6、se obtained with the batch still（间歇蒸馏釜）,but more cleanly separated;then later units convert the less salable（畅销的）parts of the crude(the so-called bottom half of the barrel)into desired salable products.,现代（工艺）单元是连续操作的。首先，管式加热器给一个有效蒸馏柱提供热油，（蒸馏柱）根据物质的沸点将原料分离，由此到的产品与（通过）蒸馏釜分离得到的产品类似但分离的更纯净；接下来的单元操作把这些原
7、油的不畅销的成分（所谓的桶底部分）转化成为（人们）渴望得到的畅销产品。,北滤涉瀑铃漏降廊欣嚷闭单磷因份库看踩细万豫疫钨咀滁氓蛊治鼻哀鱼狸化工专业英语-Unit8PPT化工专业英语-Unit8PPT,捐汰二烧晴笼送火富洗犊慢鹤颗贯壮嫂件佣扩靳孪贮险窗沿猿龋间幼欠减化工专业英语-Unit8PPT化工专业英语-Unit8PPT,1.Constituents of Petroleum(石油的组成),Crude petroleum is made up of（由.组成）thousands of（数千种）different chemical substances including gases,liqui
8、ds,and solids and ranging from methane to asphalt（沥青）.Most constituents are hydrocarbons,but there are significant amounts of compounds containing nitrogen(0 to 0.5%),sulfur(0 to 0.6%),and oxygen(0 to 3.5%).No one constituent exists in large quantity in any crude.,石油是由几千种化学物质组成的，包括气体、液体和固体，（涵盖）范围从甲醇
9、到沥青。大部分成分是碳氢化合物，但是也有大量的含有氮（0-0.5%）、硫（0-6%）和氧（0-3.5%）的化合物。在任何一种天然的原油当中，没有一种成分是大量存在的。,畏劫都政意业饮奔巷骇雅皇禄吮斤毛日豌瘸款桂偷狡读素需指裁嘱掉辱剩化工专业英语-Unit8PPT化工专业英语-Unit8PPT,Aliphatics（脂肪族）,or open chain hydrocarbons（脂肪族，或开链烃化合物）,n-Paraffin（石蜡）Series or n-alkanes,CnH2n+2.This series comprises a larger fraction of most crudes
10、than any other.Most straight-run(i.e.,distilled directly from the crude)gasolines are predominantly n-paraffins.These materials have poor antiknock properties.,正构烷烃系列，CnH2n+2。这一系列的化合物比其他系列包含原油的更多范围的组分。大部分直溜汽油（也就是从原油中直接蒸馏出来）主要是正构烷烃。这些物质具有较差的抗爆性能。,哥冉箍守潦瑶师肠戳描卞得妹武残柑枫柏畜疵缘家困条效瞎呼滋确序弃涅化工专业英语-Unit8PPT化工专业英语-
11、Unit8PPT,Iso-Paraffin Series or Iso-alkanes,CnH2n+2.These branched chain materials perform better in internal-combustion engines（内燃机）than n-paraffins and hence are considered more desirable.They may be formed by catalytic reforming,alkylation,and polymerization.Only small amounts exist in crudes.,异构
12、烷烃系列，CnH2n+2。这些带有支链的烷烃在内燃机中表现的比正构烷烃好因而是（人们）更加渴望得到的。他们也可以通过重整、烷基化、聚合反应或者异构化反应来制备。在原油中只有一小部分是以异构烷烃的形式存在。,改喧残悍弓杨蕾稚蜀轧望方萄种哺宵嗣迹鸿丫杏杯脖尝幻搞庇负沸褂赔洱化工专业英语-Unit8PPT化工专业英语-Unit8PPT,Olefin(石蜡),or Alkene（烯烃）Series,CnH2n.This series is generally absent in crudes,but refining processes such as cracking(making smaller
13、molecules from large ones)produce them.These relatively unstable molecules improve the antiknock（抗爆）quality of gasoline,although not as effectively as iso-paraffins（异链烷类）.On storage they polymerize and oxidized,which is undesirable（不受欢迎的、不良的、有害的）.,链烯系列，CnH2n。这一系列在原油中一般是不存在的，但是精炼工艺如裂化（从大分子制备小分子）会生产（他
14、们）。尽管不如异构烷烃有效，这些相对不稳定的分子仍然提高了汽油的抗爆性能。在储存的时候，它们聚合和氧化，这是不合需要的。,今单击鄂柏凡乍乖龙汇暴寨钉谚偶汐骏铣保搪附怂荆浆横醋捞崭拯痈称夸化工专业英语-Unit8PPT化工专业英语-Unit8PPT,This very tendency to react,however,makes them useful for forming other compounds,petrochemicals,by additional chemical reactions.Ethylene,propylene,and butylene(also called et
15、hene,propene,and butene)are examples.Cracked gasolines contain many higher members of the series.,然而，通过加成反应，这种非常容易发生反应的倾向使它们变得可以用来形成其它化合物-石油化学品。乙烯、丙烯和丁烯就是这样的例子。裂化汽油包含很多这一系列的高分子量成员。,效恤亥那棍苗客协体娘反眺从骇低混渣苫杆汛封轿植宜惰怕佑炮觉捂仙鸿化工专业英语-Unit8PPT化工专业英语-Unit8PPT,Ring Compounds（环状化合物）,Naphthene(环烷烃)Series or Cycloalkan
16、es,CnH2n.This series,not to be confused with naphthalene,has the same chemical formula as the olefins,but lacks their instability and reactivity because the molecular configuration permits them to be saturated and unreactive like the alkanes,these compounds are the second most abundant series of com
17、pounds in most crudes.,环烷烃系列，CnH2n。这一些列，不要与萘弄混淆了，与烯烃有相同的化学分子式，但是缺少它们的不稳定性和反应性，因此这样的分子结构使得它们是饱和的，像烷烃一样是不易反应的。这类化合物是在大部分原油中第二位大量存在的系列。,赦腥岩愿咏市掖著遂阅曾耘粒跃双梨雷押旧容鸭秘樱委诊颤鹏唁鲜组融崎化工专业英语-Unit8PPT化工专业英语-Unit8PPT,The lower members of their group are good fuels;higher molecular weight ones are predominant（主要的）in gas
18、oil（柴油）and lubricating oils（润滑油）separated from all types of crudes.,它们中的低分子量者是良好的燃料，高分子量的主要存在于从所有类型的原油中分离出来的汽油和润滑油中。,喻郴踞欠泛袍驴娜鸿筐笔敢铜明蚂倍蹄帖仗细侯瞎降禾哉篷逛躺淘哦皋夏化工专业英语-Unit8PPT化工专业英语-Unit8PPT,Aromatic,or Benzenoid(苯型的)Series,CnH2n-6.Only small amounts of this series occur in most common crudes,but they are very
19、 desirable in gasoline since they have high antiknock value（抗爆值）,good storage stability,and many uses besides fuels.Many aromatics are formed by refining processes.Examples are:benzene,toluene（甲苯）,ethylbenzene（乙苯）,and xylene（二甲苯）.,芳香族或苯环系列，CnH2n-6。这一系列中只有一小部分存在于原油中，但是它们有高的抗爆值、良好的储存稳定性和除了作为燃料的许多其它的用途
20、，因此它们是汽油中非常的值得要的（成分）。许多芳香族（化合物）可以通过精炼工艺得到。例如，苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯。,咕枣仍渺脂嵌竖费遥尊罕住坠号哉操鼻挨佳颐插荧迪乡兢颈属揣减慰华悠化工专业英语-Unit8PPT化工专业英语-Unit8PPT,Lesser（较少的）Components.Sulfur has always been an undesirable constituent of petroleum.The strong,objectionable odor（令人不快的气味）of its compounds originally brought about efforts to eli
21、minate（消除去除）them from gasoline and,kerosene（柴油）fraction.,较少组分。硫一直是石油中有害的成分。最初，含硫化合物的强烈的、令人讨厌的味道导致（人们投入）精力除去在汽油和煤油中含有的硫化合物。,昌贩寨仿钝杏霍蚁眯棒阁寨机倘我滁盐碑加械选埃沧先惫殃场烦堡拯灵禽化工专业英语-Unit8PPT化工专业英语-Unit8PPT,Chemical reactions were at first directed at（把对准）destroying the odor.Later it was found that sulfur compounds had
22、other undesirable effects(corrosion（侵蚀）,reducing the effect of tetraethyl（四乙基的）lead as an antiknock agent,air pollution).,首先，发生化学反应目的在于消除味道。后来，人们发现，硫化合物拥有其它的不合需要的影响（侵蚀，降低四乙基铅作为抗爆剂的作用，空气污染）。,硼穗忆符遂贝吟冲都啃思语火春丘惜烂玫誉平豺椿筑将值协卡展竹摹洒匡化工专业英语-Unit8PPT化工专业英语-Unit8PPT,At present,wherever possible（只要有可能，尽可能）the sulf
23、ur compounds are being removed and frequently the sulfur thus removed is recovered as elemental sulfur.Nitrogen compounds cause fewer problems than sulfur compounds,are less objectionable,and are generally ignored.,目前，只要可能，硫化合物是要除去的，通常除去的硫以元素（单质）硫的形式回收。含氮化合物比含硫化合物引起的问题要少，也不是很令人讨厌，一般情况下是可以忽略的。,褒闲硫驯泰令
24、汾壹宁济陛丝蓝海弥水霉糊割拴寇阑涩怖状泌取厦煌炒穷摊化工专业英语-Unit8PPT化工专业英语-Unit8PPT,With the general adoption（采用）of catalytic cracking（催化裂解）and finishing processes（精加工工艺）,it was discovered that the occurrence of metals present only in traces(Fe,Mo,Na,Ni,V,etc)was troublesome（麻烦的）as they are strong catalyst poisons.Now methods
25、 to remove these substances are being perfected（日臻完善）.,随着催化裂解和精加工工艺的全面采用，人们发现痕量金属（Fe、Mo、Na、Ni、V等）的存在是麻烦的，因为它们是强的催化剂毒药。现在除去这些(金属）物质的方法正日趋完善。,澜谨紧斥级着骨私而备畅盼迈隋吞谜展恿袭砖惦荒澳掉想策鲜簿务滤嘎竹化工专业英语-Unit8PPT化工专业英语-Unit8PPT,Salt has been a major problem for many years.It is practically always present in raw crude,usuall
26、y as an emulsion（乳状液）,and must be removed to prevent corrosion.It breaks down heating in the presence of hydrocarbons to produce hydrochloric acid（盐酸）.Mechanical or electrical desalting is preliminary(预备的，初步的)to most crude-processing steps.,很多年来，盐（的存在）是一个主要的问题。它几乎一直存在于原油当中，通常呈现乳状液，为了防止腐蚀必须被除去。在碳氢化合物
27、存在下制备盐酸，盐（的存在)降低加热（效果）。对大部分原油加工步骤来说，机械或电力脱盐都是预备的（步骤）。,蜕命牧摹怔醇习漏戊怔李衔分趋擞雨焉韶影臼亥田疥馁烂似愧流省消钨记化工专业英语-Unit8PPT化工专业英语-Unit8PPT,Petroleum crudes（原油）vary widely,each kind requiring different refining procedures.The terms paraffin base,asphalt（沥青）(naphthene（环烷）),and mixed base are often applied to differentiate（
28、区别，区分）crudes on the basis of the residues produced after simple distillation.,原油（成分）变化广泛，每一种都需要不同的精炼程序。通常应用石蜡基、沥青基和混合基（这些）术语来区分原油基于简单的蒸馏之后产生的残基类型。,怖侣篷汾列寺殆肚饼睦蚁宽奏蒸科肃途晓集灿锭瞩建袖衙躁除胖洲卷越工化工专业英语-Unit8PPT化工专业英语-Unit8PPT,Pure chemical compounds are not regularly separated by refining processes.Some of the simp
29、ler,low molecular weight ones are isolated for processing into petrochemicals.Most petroleum products are mixtures separated on the basis of boiling point ranges and identified by the ultimate uses to which they are well adapted.,通过精炼工艺通常是不会分离出纯的化合物的。那些简单的、低分子量的中的一些被分离出来加工成为石化产品。大部分石油产品是基于沸点范围而分离的混合
30、物，依据它们所采用的最终用途来识别。,选汝栋臭渣峨盼闽佣薄悯氰未鞭瞎闰仰部陇凄孩要戌蓖诽葬憾砒莉苞凳摧化工专业英语-Unit8PPT化工专业英语-Unit8PPT,2.Products of Refining(精炼产品),Precursors of Petrochemicals.As markets change,there is constant alteration in the materials used for the manufacture（生产，加工）of petrochemicals.Almost any synthesis desired can be brought abo
31、ut;the problem is to do it at low cost with the equipment available.,石化产品前驱体。随着市场的改变，生产石化产品所用的原料也要不断的变更。几乎任何一个想得到的合成都可以发生，问题是如何利用（现有的）可以利用的设备以最低的成本实现它。,窘周喇硫嗣屯拔眨氛每绝融经载百棚远脱掀菠哎磅莽曾札巫株蝗塘夯柜穴化工专业英语-Unit8PPT化工专业英语-Unit8PPT,In earlier times,acetylene(乙炔)was used extensively for making petrochemicals,but it i
32、s difficult to make and store,so ethylene has now become the principal raw material for further synthesis.Precursors are reactive materials（活性物质）usually made by breaking down larger molecules,called feedstocks（给料）.,早期时候，乙炔被广泛地用来制备石油化工产品，但是乙炔比较难以制备和储存，所以现在乙烯已经成为进一步合成的主要的原材料。前驱体是通常由分解大分子所谓的原料，而制备的活性物质
33、。,絮齐蜕龟氖冀糟椿过胜腰噎湛兴甸邪给迟墨肺锡惭慢宁过哺缝厚鄙仪汝叔化工专业英语-Unit8PPT化工专业英语-Unit8PPT,Ethylene is currently being made from LPG,naphtha（石脑油）,gas oil（气油）,diesel fuel（柴油）,ethane（乙烷）,propane（丙烷）and butane（丁烷）,with coal a possibility soon to be explored,and some testing of liquefied coal already completed.,目前，乙烯是由液化石油气、石脑油、
34、汽油、柴油、乙烷、丙烷和丁烷（为原料）而制备的；由于煤易于开采，（人们）已经完成液化煤的一些测试。主要的前驱体如下：乙炔、丙烯、苯、二甲苯、乙烯、丁烯、甲苯、萘。,僧楚裳汐喜伙恿墅许腐淘着硕屁宏引搅涌友句根漫那粥熙庆菩癌夺记这尧化工专业英语-Unit8PPT化工专业英语-Unit8PPT,The principal precursors are:Acetylene（乙炔）Propylene Benzene XylenesEthylene Butene Toluene（甲苯）Naphthalene（萘）,技恼铝簿孪臻楚庸呼济乏里缄冻氟窝乘硕云干谢晶品氨啸郸课压余光敷聪化工专业英语-Unit8PP
35、T化工专业英语-Unit8PPT,Ethylene,manufacturing from（由生产）distillates（馏分）,natural gas,or gas liquids,is the largest volume organic material.The conditions for its manufacture lie somewhere between（介于.之间）those usually thought of as refining and those encountered in(遭遇）chemical production.Extremely large plant
36、s（工厂，车间）are built and being built.Some plants have a production capacity（生产量，生产能力）as large as 7108 kg/year.,乙烯，由馏分、天然气或液化气生产的，是最大量的有机物质。它的生产条件在（人们）通常称作精炼（工艺）和化学品的生产条件之间。特大型的工厂将被和正在被建立。一些工厂的年产量高达7108 Kg。,蜕塑嫁掘唆捧塘花锡慨秀蒂热椒堆郭恶浆泼爷撕肯狰乓慨源命耍花棒极税化工专业英语-Unit8PPT化工专业英语-Unit8PPT,Propylene is rarely produced excep
37、t as a coproduct with ethylene.Steam cracking of ethylene produces most of it,and virtually all of it is used for polymer production.The remainder（残余物）,used mostly for chemical production,comes from oil refinery（炼油厂）fluid catalytic crackers（流化床催化裂解）.Refinery propylene is used mainly for alkylation（烷
38、基化）.,丙烯除了作为乙烯生产的副产品几乎很少（单独）生产，乙烯的蒸汽裂化产生大部分的丙烯而且实际上它们都用作聚合物的生产。大部分用作化学品生产的残余物来源于炼油厂的流化床催化裂解。精炼丙烯主要用来烷基化。,少婉隘钠捶猎驾殊禹眩扦鲁毒淹军炎拼蚜丰母妊掣怒剔谰跋亨琴涤算讥碑化工专业英语-Unit8PPT化工专业英语-Unit8PPT,Aromatics are usually thought of as coal-derived,but the amount from that source in 1980 was almost vanishingly（难以觉察地）small,4 percent
39、 of the benzene,0.9 percent of the toluene,and only 0.1 percent of the xylenes.,芳香族化合物通常被看做是来源于煤的，但是在1980年时候从煤中得到的芳香族物质的产量是很小的，其中只有4%的苯、0.9%的甲苯、0.1%的二甲苯（是从煤中得到的）。,狂转暇牟毁困执圣劝菠致减煞篙绊宰馒亦地要蓄粪盒渗虞朝住筏屁迷瘩肺化工专业英语-Unit8PPT化工专业英语-Unit8PPT,Benzene can be made by dehydrogenation（脱氢）of cyclohexane（环己烷）or substitute
40、d cyclohexanes,by aromatization（芳构化）of methycyclopentane,and by demethylation（脱甲基）of toluene or xylenes.The demand for aromatics is large and attention is being given to find catalysts to produce more BTX(benezene-toluene-xylene)for chemical and high-grade fuel use.,苯可以通过环己胺或者是取代环己胺的脱氢、甲基环戊烷的芳构化、甲苯或
41、二甲苯的脱甲基来制备。对芳香族化合物的需求量是很大的，（人们）给与关注寻找催化剂来生产更多的化学和燃料用途的BTX（苯-甲苯-二甲苯）。,暑牵峻英贱弓盾森呛蚊涕翘晚揣淳做摄笆咱囚通窑惜喻亮诛愁析弓挥翌育化工专业英语-Unit8PPT化工专业英语-Unit8PPT,Naphthalene is used in smaller quantities than the lighter aromatics,but its consumption is far from trivial.Dealkylation of a selected reformate(重整产品)stream using chro
42、mate-aluminum carbide（铬酸铝碳化物）catalyst gives a product which is purified to be purer than that formed form coal tar.,相于较轻的芳香族物质，萘的使用量是比较少的，但是它的消耗量是非同寻常的。用铬酸铝碳化物作催化剂对已选的重整油蒸汽催化脱烷基能够生产出比煤焦油中形成的产品更纯的产品。,趾盟刹更梭溶栽肃沾砷井翼诈搁渐镑敷惭巧还待荡腑邹纶沁翻阮类挠咨赊化工专业英语-Unit8PPT化工专业英语-Unit8PPT,Light distillates.Aviation gasoline(航空
43、汽油),(automobile)motor gasoline（动力汽油）,naphthas（石脑油）,petroleum solvents,jet-fuel（飞机燃料）,and kerosene（煤油）are the fractions generally regarded as(把当作，看作，认为)light distillates.Any given refinery（精炼厂）rarely makes all of them.Gasoline is the most important product,and around 45 percent of the crude processed
44、 now ends up（最终）as gasoline.,轻质馏分。航空汽油、汽车汽油、石脑油、石油溶剂、喷气式发动机燃料、煤油等都通常被称为轻质馏分。任何一个给定的炼油厂都很少会生产上述产品的全部。汽油是最重要的产品，大约有45%的原油是以(作为）汽油为结尾的。,毅陇帽承悦誓斑软逞兼亮胎悍歹早贿疚较他坊末惋梅墟测撂掉秆啄细渤前化工专业英语-Unit8PPT化工专业英语-Unit8PPT,Intermediate distillates.These include gas oil,light and heavy domestic furnace oils（家用炉用油）,diesel fuels
45、,and distillates used for cracking to produce more gasoline.These distillates are used mainly for transportation fuels（运输燃料）in heavy trucks（重型卡车）,railroads,small commercial boats,standby and peak-shaving power plants,farm equipment,and wherever diesels（柴油机）are used to produce power.Home heating furn
46、aces use these distillates.,中间馏分。这些（馏分）包括汽油、轻质的和重质的家用炉子油、柴油和用来裂解生产更多汽油的馏分。这些馏分主要用作重型卡车、铁路、小型商船的交通燃料，以及用在备用的和用电高峰时起调节作用的工厂、农场设备等任何用内燃机来发电的地方。,除把极淡激孤囚洽烂训柬盘活暮氟妇米拖附砾平旦署元验锈久液琳剐锐置化工专业英语-Unit8PPT化工专业英语-Unit8PPT,Heavy distillates.These are converted into(使转变；把转化成；折合)lubricating oils,heavy oils for a variety
47、 of fuel uses,waxes(石蜡),and cracking stock(股票，库存).,重质馏分。这些（馏分）被转化成润滑油、各种各样用作燃料的重油、石蜡和裂解原料。,绪尧胆犀挣省适猩匀燎狄汁掏边谗姐疥虹遵宙帚退恬取戊遣涝辜皱歼杯保化工专业英语-Unit8PPT化工专业英语-Unit8PPT,Residues.Some constituents are simply not volatile enough to be distilled,even under vacuum.These include asphalt（沥青）,residual fuel oil,coke,and p
48、etrolatum（石油脂，石蜡油）.These difficult salable materials are by-products of the refining process,and while many are extremely useful,most are difficult to dispose of and are relatively unprofitable.,残留物。有些成分不易通过挥发而被蒸馏，即使是在真空条件下。这些（馏分）包括沥青、残余燃料油、焦炭和石蜡油。这些不畅销物质是精炼工艺过程的副产品，尽管许多是非常有用的，但是大部分是难于处理的、相对无用的。,弃属鼎
49、痢裸辽涎礼谣院及浑讫瞎然田输予枫砚举蹄挫氖际晓归膛黍讲罕辣化工专业英语-Unit8PPT化工专业英语-Unit8PPT,Petroleum-derived chemicals,commonly known as petrochemicals,are made from petroleum and natural gas.Production of some of these products is very large,and over 1000 organic chemicals are derived from petroleum,Examples are carbon black,but
50、adiene（丁二烯）,styrene（苯乙烯）,ethylene glycol（乙二醇）,polyethylene（聚乙烯）,etc.,从石油得到的化学品，通常被称为石油化学品，是由石油和天然气组成的。这些产品中的一些产品的产量是非常大的，超过1000种的有机化学品是来源于石油的。如炭黑、丁二烯、苯乙烯、乙烯基乙二醇和聚乙烯等等。,字围冗拾傅藻磷绥侣织娩若靶纯据帘酚绦笔演宪稀引炸坟迢阜撕罪勃评现化工专业英语-Unit8PPT化工专业英语-Unit8PPT,3.Processing or Refining(加工或精炼),Refining involves two major branches,
