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1、英语的16种时态,动词的时态,英语共有16种时态，其表现形式如下：以动词“do”为例,一、一般现在时的用法,1)表示现在发生的动作、情况、状态和特征。时间状语：every,sometimes,at,on Sunday I leave home for school at 7 every morning.He cycles to work every day.2)客观事实和普遍真理。注意：如果前后文不是 一般现在时，则无法保持主句、从句时态一致。The earth moves around the sun.Shanghai lies in the east of China.Water boil
2、s at 100 Centigrade.3）经常性、习惯性的动作。The plane takes off at 9:00 tomorrow morning.,4)表示格言或警句中。Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例如：Columbus proved that the earth is round.5)现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。I dont want so much.Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.比较：Now
3、 I put the sugar in the cup.I am doing my homework now.第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。再如：Now watch me,I switch on the current and stand back.第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况。6）祈使句中（提供方向或是指示)。Go down the street,and then take the second turning on the left.,知识扩展：一般现在时表将来 1）下列动词：come,go,arrive,lea
4、ve,start,begin,return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情(timetabled or fixed events)。The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.When does the bus start?It starts in ten minutes.2）倒装句，表示动作正在进行，如：Here comes the bus.=The bus is coming.There goes the bell.=The bell is ringing.3)It will be+(a period of time)+b
5、efore+(the present simple tense).（距离还有时间。）It will be a year before we take part in the university entrance examinations.,4）在时间或条件句中。When Bill comes(不是will come),ask him to wait for me.cf.I dont know when Bill will come.Ill write to you as soon as I arrive there.由if 引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”，但不表示时
6、态。If you will accept my invitation and come to our party,my family will be pleased.Ill appreciate it if you will do me a favour.5)在动词hope,take care that,make sure that,see to it that 等后。I hope they have a nice time next week.Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room。,6)在the mor
7、ethe more句型中，从句也要用一般现在时取代将来时。The harder you work,the more you will get.7)主句为将来时(no matter what/who/which/when/whatever/whoever/whichever/whenever)+从句中用一般现在时。Whatever you say,I will not change my mind.No matter which you like,Ill give it to you.,二、现在进行时1).表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情。例如：We are waiting for yo
8、u.2).短期内正在进行的动作(within a temporary period)，说话时动作未必正在进行。例如：Mr.Green is writing another novel.He is now living in Shanghai.(The action is temporary.)cf.He lives in Shanghai.She is learning piano under Mr.Smith.I am feeding the neighbours cat this week while shes in hospital.I dont really work here；I a
9、m just helping out until the new secretary arrives.,3).表示渐变的动词有：get,grow,become,turn,run,go,begin等。The leaves are turning red.Its getting warmer and warmer.表示当前的动向与趋势 Technology is developing rapidly.Playing computer games is becoming more and more popular with young people.4).表示动作正在进行，但倒装句中用一般现在时 如
10、：Here comes the bus.=The bus is coming.There goes the bell.=The bell is ringing.,5).与always,constantly,forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。You are always changing your mind.You are always doing well Hes always asking the same question.,6).状态动词的进行时后面接形容词brave;careful;stupid;clever;foolish;pol
11、ite;kind;shy等时，为主语所表现的非一般惯性特点或故意的行为。eg:1.You are being very clever today.2.He is being polite.3.My son is being a good boy at the moment.,7).用以表达将来的安排,经常与arrive,come,go,leave等词连用。,Were spending next winter in Australia.Shes leaving for Shanghai tomorrow.(often with words like arrive,come,go,leave),T
12、he action is likely to continue after the time of speaking,but is likely to stop at some point.It is temporary.eg.Ill be with you in a minute.Im just finishing something in the kitchen,Im writing to tell you that,知识扩展：不用进行时的动词1)事实状态的动词。如：have,belong,possess,cost,owe,exist,include,contain,matter,weig
13、h,measure,continue I have two brothers.This house belongs to my sister.2)心理状态的动词。如：know,realize,think see,believe,suppose,imagine,agree,recognize,remember,want,need,forget,prefer,mean,understand,love,hate I need your help.He loves her very much.3)瞬间动词。如：accept,receive,complete,finish,give,allow,deci
14、de,refuse.I accept your advice.4)系动词。如：seem,remain,lie,see,hear,smell,feel,taste,get,become,turn You seem a little tired.,三、一般过去时的用法1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。时间状语有：yesterday,last week,an hour ago,the other day,in 1982等。Where did you go just now?I saw Tom in the street yesterday.I bought this TV set in
15、 Beijing last year.2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。When I was a child,I often played football in the street.He always went to work by bus.He used to act like that.,3）用过去时表示现在，表示语气委婉礼貌。（1）动词want,hope,wonder,think,intend 等。例如：Did you want anything else?I wanted to ask you about that.Did you want to speak to m
16、e now?I wondered if you could help me.（2）情态动词 could,would，例如：Could you lend me your bike?4）用在条件句中表示与现在或将来事实不符的虚拟语气。If I were a bird,I would fly to Beijing.If he were here now,we could turn to him for help.,注意比较下列句型：It is time for sb.to do sth“到时间了；该了”，例如：It is time for you to go to bed.你该睡觉了。It is t
17、ime sb.did sth.“时间已迟了；早该了”，例如：It is time you went to bed.你早该睡觉了。would(had)rather sb.did sth.表示“宁愿某人做某事”，例如：Id rather you came tomorrow.It is/has been+一段时间+since 分句 It is two years since he joined the army.一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。Christine was an invalid all her life.(含义：她已不在人间。)Christine has been
18、 an invalid all her life.(含义：她现在还活着)Mrs.Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.(含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)Mrs.Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.(含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去),used to 与 would used to-describe actions which happened regularly in the past but no longer happenused to be-describes past states
19、 that have changed He used to be a teacher.（）He would be a teacher.（）would-describe actions which happened regularly in the past but now happen with more or less frequencycf.be/get used to-be/become accustomed to,Sometimes the time becomes definite as a result of a question and answer in the present
20、 perfect eg.1)-Where have you been?-Ive been to the opera.-Did you enjoy it?2)-I have bought a dictionary.-Where did you buy it?/When did you buy it?3)-Have you seen my stamps?-Yes.I saw them on your desk a minute ago.,主句为过去时态，宾语从句中的运用 I didnt know you were here.语境中的“刚刚，在过去”-Come on in,Peter.I want
21、to show you something.-Oh,how nice of you.I never thought you were going to bring me a gift.Your phone number again?I didnt quite catch it.,三、过去进行时1）概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。2）过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。3)常用的时间状语有：this morning,the whole morning,all day yesterday,from nine to ten last eveni
22、ng,when,while 例句：My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.It was raining when they left the station.When I got to the top of the mountain,the sun was shining.,She was watching TV while her brother was listening to the radio.The Whites were having dinner when there was a knock
23、 on the door.I was wondering if you could give me a lift.I was helping my mother in the kitchen all day yesterday.She was writing a book last year.But I dont know whether she has finished it.cf.She wrote a book last year.It has sold well.,四、一般将来时1)shall常用于第一人称 cf.Shall he come in?(Do you want him to
24、 come in?)will 可以用于各种人称 He will be eighteen next month.2)be going to+不定式，表示将来。a.主语的意图，即将做某事或打算做某事(事先考虑好）。What are you going to do tomorrow?b.计划，安排要发生的事。The play is going to be produced next month.c.有迹象要发生的事Look at the dark clouds;it is going to rain.She is putting on weight.She is going to be quite
25、fat.3)be+不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。We are to discuss the report next Saturday.,4)be about to+不定式，意为马上做某事。He is about to leave for Beijing.注意：be about to 不能与tomorrow,next week 等表示明确 将来时的时间状语连用。,5)be doing-a definite arrangement in the near future Im taking an exam in October.(implies:I have entered for it
26、.)Bob and Bill are meeting tonight.(implies:They have arranged it.)cf.be going to-an expression of intention Im going to sell the car.(I myself plan to sell it.)When he finds a buyer,he can say:Im selling the car.,6)will be doing-It merely states that this action will happen.It implies an action whi
27、ch will occur in the normal course of events.eg.Ill be seeing Tom tomorrow.(perhaps they work together)cf.Im seeing Tom tomorrow.(It implies that Tom and the speaker has deliberately arranged the meeting.)I am going to Guangzhou.I _ Kate.(see)Do you have something to _ to her?(take),will be seeing,b
28、e taken,be to和be going to 的用法之比较：be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。而be going to 则表示主观的打算或计划。例如：I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.(客观安排)Im going to play football tomorrow afternoon.(主观安排)祈使句+并列连词+简单句 的句式中，常用一般将来时。eg:Hurry up and you will get the last bus,be going to/will的用法之比较：用于条件句时，be going to表将来，will表意
29、愿。例如：If you are going to make a journey,youd better get ready for it as soon as possible.Now if you will take off your clothes,we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.预见 Youll feel better after taking this medicine.意图（说话时才考虑到的）-You forgot to turn the light off.-So I did.I will go a
30、nd turn it off.,I in London for many years，but Ive never regretted my final decision to move back to China.（06重庆）A.lived B.was living C.have lived D.had lived,典型例题1)Mary _ a dress when she cut her finger.A.made B.is making C.was making D.makes答案C.割伤手指是已发生的事情，应用过去时。同时，when表时间的同时性，玛丽在做衣服时提供事情发生的背景，因此用
31、过去进行时。2)As she _ the newspaper,Granny _ asleep.A.read;was fallingB.was reading;fell C.was reading;was fallingD.read;fell答案B.句中的as=when,while，意为当之时。描述一件事发生的背景时，用过去进行；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。句意为 在她看报纸时，奶奶睡着了。句中的 fell(fall的过去时)，是系动词，后跟形容词，如：fall sick。,1.Look!How wonderful my car is!Oh,Jack.What are you thi
32、nking about?Dont you like it?Im sorry I _ any remark about it in time.I certainly think its smart.A.wasnt making B.dont makeC.wont makeD.didnt make2.To find the street where I lived in my childhood is no easy task because the city _ so rapidly all these years.A.is changingB.has changedC.will have ch
33、angedD.will change3.He _ quite well,but he hasnt had time to swim since this summer.A.will swim B.have swumC.swam D.swims4.Jimmy said that he would come to pick me up,but he _by now.A.hasnt turned up B.doesnt turn upC.wont turn up D.hadnt turned up,5.Im terribly sorry for being late,but I _ the wron
34、g bus.A.catch B.had caughtC.caughtD.catching7.The truth,sir,is that the old man _ across the road when my car hit him.A.was to walk B.had been walking C.walked D.was walking8.I really dont think Rose will be upset,but I will go and see her in case she _.A.is B.does C.will beD.has been9.The computers
35、 made by our company sell best,but several years ago no one could have imagined the role in the markets that they _.A.were playingB.were to playC.had played D.played,10.Kate is in hospital.Oh,really?I _._ visit her.A.didnt know;Ill go andB.dont know;Ill go andC.dont know;Im going toD.didnt know;Im g
36、oing to11.Where _ the guidebook?I cant see it anywhere.I _ it right here,but now its gone.A.did you put;have putB.had you put;have putC.have you put;putD.were you putting;put14.Do you live in this city?No,we _ it for holidays.A.just visit B.just visited C.are just visiting D.have visited15.How is th
37、e old man now?Sorry,he _ though they did all they could to save him.A.was deadB.had died C.has been dead D.died,16.The lake will be further polluted unless some measures _.A.will be taken B.are takenC.were taken D.had been taken 17.Im afraid it will be two months _.A.when I come back B.when Ill come
38、 backC.before I come backD.before Ill come back18.The workers _ busily when the boss came to look for something he _ in the office.A.had worked,had left B.were working;had left C.working;had leftD.had worked;left21.The notice _“No smoking”.A.is told B.readsC.tells D.is read,时态（tense）是表示行为、动作和状态在各种事件条件下的动词形式。因此，当我们说时态结构的时候，指的是相应时态下的动词形式。,
