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1、-范文最新推荐- 一些英文文章写作的技巧总结zz 一定要注意绝对不能全面否定前人的成果，即使在你看来前人的结论完全不对。这是前人工作最起码的尊重，英文叫做给别人的工作credits.所以文章不要出现非常negative的评价，比如Their resultsare wrong, very questionable, have no commensence, etc.遇到这类情况，可以婉转地提出：Their studies may be more reasonable if they hadconsidered this situation.Their results could be bette
2、r convinced if they .Or Their conclusion may remain some uncertanties. 讨论部份还包括什么内容?1. 主要数据特征的总结2. 主要结论以及与前人观点的对比3. 本文的不足第三点，在一般作者看来不可取。事实上给出文章的不足恰恰是保护自己文章的重要手段。如果刻意隐藏文章的漏洞，觉得别人看不出来，是非常不明智的。所谓不足，包括以下内容:1. 研究的问题有点片面 讨论时一定要说， It sh
3、ould be noted that this study has examined only. We concentrate (focus) on only. We have to point out that we do not. Some limitations of this study are.2. 结论有些不足The results do not imply,The results can not be used to determine &
4、nbsp; be taken as evidence of Unfortunately, we can not determien this from this dataOur results are lack of .但是，在指出这些不足之后，随后一定要再一次加强本文的重要性以及可能采取的手段来解决这些不足，为别人或者自己的下一步研究打下浮笔。Notwithstading its limitation, this tudy does suggest.However, these problems culd b
5、e solved if we consdierDespite its preliminary character, this study can clearly indicate.用中文来说，这一部份是左右逢源。把审稿人想到的问题提前给一个交代，同时表明你已经在思考这些问题，但是由于文章长度，试验进度或者试验手段的制约，暂时不能回答这些问题。但是，这些通过你的一些建议，这些问题在将来的研究中游可能实现。 &
6、nbsp; 如何发表和撰写SCI论文对从事基础研究的科学工作者，能否在SCI收录的杂志发表论文，是能否进入学术前沿，在国际公认的同一个平台上参与学术竞争，做出原创性贡献的一个基本标志。那么怎样的论文才是合格的？本文提出一些建议供大家参考。在国际核心刊物发表学术论文是基础研究工作者的贡任，大者作为国家，小者作为一个研究群体或个人，在高影响因子的SC刊物上发表论文的多寡，显然是基础研究水平的一个较为客观的标志。罗伯特?戴在其名著如何撰写和发表科学论文的序言中指出，“对一个科学家的评价，从研究生开始，就主要不是看他在实验室操作的
7、机敏，不是看他对或宽或窄的研究领域固有的知识，更不是看他的智能和魅力，而是看他的著述。他们因此而出名，(或依然默默无闻)。”他曾领导美国微生物学会出版工作19年并作为细菌学杂志的主编。他的深刻的见地值得从事基础研究的同事们思考。原创性和显著性是论文的生命正如蕹新吃士等在“再论科学道德问题”中指出，在国际核心刊物发表的论文，原则上都应当是“在国际上首次”描述的新的观测和实验事实，首次提出的概念和模型，首次建立的方程，也包括对已有的重大观测（实验）事实的新的概括和新的规律的提炼。与原创性相联系，任何期刊都不希望发表已经见于其它杂志，或由其它语言发表、或以稍有不同的形式发表的论文。太阳物理学权威刊物
8、太空物理学(Solar，physics主编Harvey曾专门谈到，曾有少数作者在主要结果用中文发表后又寄给太空物理学。他强调，过去这是可以容忍的，但现在已不允许。一个公认的原则是，作者不能把已在经过审稿的杂志发表的主要结果再以不同的形式投寄给其它杂志再发表。发表在国际核心刊物的论文，不仅应该是原创性的，其结果还必须是显著的，井对学科发展有所推，动。用Harvey的话来说，“至少有一、两个其他研究者会读这篇文章，并利用这些结果发表，他们自己的工作。”对成果显著性的检验是论文被引用的多寡。作者应当关心自己论文被引用的情况，注意国际学术界对自己工作的评价，包括得到肯定和批评的方面，特别是注意同行们对
9、自己发表结果的不同的理解。这是提高自己研究水平的重要途径。充分评价已有的工作，体现作者的学术水平是否客观而充分地评价了以往的工作，常常是审稿人和读者衡量作者学术水准和学术风范的重要方面。我们一部分作者往往愿意引述国外知名学者的工作，有点“言必称希腊”的味道，但对国内同行发表的工作重视不够。有时明明是中国学者首先做的工作，都没有得到自己的国内同行的充分评价。较多地并且适当地援引国内同行工作，是应当提倡的。但是，我们也不要学习少数日本作者，他们绝少引用日本学者之外的文章。部分同行在论文中引述相当数量公式，但却不列出公式的出处，让读者分不清是作者发展的，还是引自他人以往的工作。原则上，除了教科书上公
10、认的方程和表达式外，对于用于特定目的、特定条，件和问题的推演，只要不是作者自己的工作，都要列出出处和适用的条件；即便是作者自己以往的工作，也要列出相应的文献，让读者在必要时参考作者在充分评价以往工作的基础上，应当清晰地指出自己在当前工作中的独创性的贡献。这是作者对科学负责的表现，是一篇好的学术论文开宗明义必须写清楚的内容。要特别重视论文的题目、摘要、图表和结论每一位作者都有阅读大量论文的经验。读者阅读论文的习惯一般是首先浏览目录，只有对题目有，兴趣才愿意翻到有关论文；对一篇题目有兴趣的论文，读者又首先读论文摘要；如果对摘要还有兴趣，接着会去看论文的图表，因为图表往往最清楚地反映了论文的结果。看
11、过图表之后，如读者还有兴趣，会接着读论文的结论。通常只有少数读者会读论文的全文。作者应当清晰地知道，论文的题目将被数以千计的读者读到。对题目的每一个字都要审慎地选择，用最少的词语最确切反映论文的内容。正确对待审稿意见和退稿国际核心刊物的审稿人大多是各个领域的权威学者。杂志的出版社会经常征询编委的意见，选择最佳的审稿队伍。审稿是无报酬的。审稿人的工作态度大多极其认真。对审稿意见要十分尊重，对每一条批评和建议，都要认真分析，并据此修改论文。对自己认为是不正确的意见，要极其慎重，和认真地回答，有理有据地与审稿人探讨。如何对待被杂志拒绝的论文，常常是作者犯难的问题。这里必须分析被拒绝的理由。第一类拒绝
12、是一种“完全的拒绝”，主编通常会表达个意见，对这类文章永远不愿再看到，再寄送这类文章是没有意义的。有一类是文章包含某些有用的数据和信息，主编拒绝这类文章是由于数据或分析有严重缺陷。对这类文章作者不妨先放一放，等到找到更广泛的证据支持或有了更明晰的的结论，再将经过修改的“新”文章寄给同一杂志。主编通常是会考虑重新受理这类文章的。这两年，至少有两位审稿人向笔者抱怨，个别中国同事在论文被一家杂志拒绝后，又原封不动地将稿件寄给另外一家杂志，而他们再次被邀请做审稿。他们对此非常反感。论文理所当然地被拒绝。在谈到这个问题时，宇宙物理学(The，Astrophysical，Journal)的科学主编Thom
13、as提出：“在一篇论文被一家杂志拒绝后不经修改又寄给另一个杂志，这是一个很糟的错误。通常，审稿人做了很认真的工作指出论文的问题，并建议了修改。如果作者忽视这些忠告，这是对时间和努力的真正浪费。同时，寄一篇坏的文章，对于作者的科学声望是一种严重的损害。”实际上，影响因子不同的学术刊物，接受论文的标准和要求差别很大。如果被拒绝的论文不是由于文稿中的错误，而是重要性或创新性不够，作者在仔细考虑了审稿人的意见，认真修改文稿后，是可以寄给影响因子较低的学术刊物的。值得注意的是，审稿人由于知识的限制和某种成见，甚至学术观点的不同，判断错误并建议退稿是会发生的。如何处理情况，有两个例子供参考。最近一位年青人
14、的论文被一杂志拒绝。经过反复的讨论检验，我们判断审稿人是错误的。为了论文及时发表，我们建议这位作者礼貌和认真地回信给主编，指出审稿人的错误，并要求主编将他的意见转给审稿人，然后撤回论文，再将论文做必要改进，寄给另一影响因子更高的杂志。论文立即被接收，并得到很好的评价。在这一例子中，论文并没有经过重要修改就改寄其他杂志。但是作者却负责地请主编把对审稿人的意见转寄给审稿人。在这种情况下，作者改寄其他杂志是不应受到限制和责难的。但前提是对论文结果的反复检验，对论文的正确性有了确切的把握。笔者组内一篇论文在一重要杂志经过两年半才得以发表，主要的原因是第一位审稿人对我国向量磁场测量的可靠性提出质疑，不同
15、意发表这篇论文。通过向权威的同事请教和反复的思考，我们确认对所进行的研究，所采用的测量，是充分准确和可靠的。作者花了近两年的时间与审稿人讨论，不但论文得以发表，还与审稿者和主编建立了良好的关系，这篇论文发表后得到了良好的国际引述。花大力气提高英语写作水平英语不是我们的母语，英语写作是英语学习中最困难的部分。我国SCI论文和引述偏少，除了基础研究水平的限制，语言的障碍不容忽视。每一位基础研究工作者必须把提高英语写作能力作为一个艰巨的任务。这里有三个成功的经验供参考。中国科技大学的胡友秋教授总是把审稿人的英文修改和自己的原稿中被修改的部分单独抄在本子上一一对照。细心琢磨并背下来，一点一滴地提高自己
16、英语写作水平。他寄往国际核心刊物的论文常被审稿人称为well-written。美国国家太阳天文台有一个内部的审稿制度，其目的主要是保证论文的正确性，同时对研究也有相互影响和砥砺的好处。不经过内部审稿的论文不能寄给杂志。资深太阳物理学家Sara，Martin建议找一些可作为范例的论文精读，学习怎样组织和写出好英语。她特别提到已故著名天体物理学家Zwaan的论文，可作为范文来效仿。论文初稿完成之后，一定要做拼写检查，不出现简单的拼写出错。如果对自己的英文写作无把握，请一位英文好的同事和国外同行把把英文关是必要的。为从根本上提高我国学者英语水平，我们建议对研究生必须开设英语写作课程。在写英语上，我们
17、实在需要打个翻身仗。 Why a Scientific Format?The scientific format may seem confusing for the beginning science writer due to its rigid structure which is so different from writing in the humanities. One reason for using this format is that it is a means of efficiently communicating scientific findings to the
18、 broad community of scientists in a uniform manner. Another reason, perhaps more important than the first, is that this format allows the paper to be read at several different levels. For example, many people skim Titles to find out what information is available on a subject. Others may read only ti
19、tles and Abstracts. Those wanting to go deeper may look at the Tables and Figures in the Results, and so on. The take home point here is that the scientific format helps to insure that at whatever level a person reads your paper (beyond title skimming), they will likely get the key results and concl
20、usions.Top of pageThe Sections of the PaperMost journal-style scientific papers are subdivided into the following sections: Title, Authors and Affiliation, Abstract, Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, Acknowledgments, and Literature Cited, which parallel the experimental process. This is th
21、e system we will use. This website describes the style, content, and format associated with each section.The sections appear in a journal style paper in the following prescribed order:Experimental process Section of Paper What did I do in a nutshell? Abstract What is the problem? Introduction How di
22、d I solve the problem? Materials and Methods What did I find out? Results What does it mean? Discussion Who helped me out? Acknowledgments (optional) Whose work did I refer to? Literature Cited Extra Information Appendices (optional) Section Headings:Main Section Headings: Each main section of the p
23、aper begins with a heading which should be capitalized, centered at the beginning of the section, and double spaced from the lines above and below. Do not underline the section heading OR put a colon at the end.Example of a main section heading:INTRODUCTIONSubheadings: When your paper reports on mor
24、e than one experiment, use subheadings to help organize the presentation. Subheadings should be capitalized (first letter in each word), left justified, and either bold italics OR underlined.Example of a subheading:Effects of Light Intensity on the Rate of Electron TransportTop of pageTitle, Authors
25、 Names, and Institutional Affiliations1. Function: Your paper should begin with a Title that succinctly describes the contents of the paper. Use descriptive words that you would associate strongly with the content of your paper: the molecule studied, the organism used or studied, the treatment, the
26、location of a field site, the response measured, etc. A majority of readers will find your paper via electronic database searches and those search engines key on words found in the title.2. Title FAQs3. Format:The title should be centered at the top of page 1 (DO NOT use a title page - it is a waste
27、 of paper for our purposes); the title is NOT underlined or italicized. the authors names (PI or primary author first) and institutional affiliation are double-spaced from and centered below the title. When more then two authors, the names are separated by commas except for the last which is separat
28、ed from the previous name by the word “and”. For example:Ducks Over-Winter in Colorado Barley Fields in Response to Increased Daily Mean TemperatureIma Mallard, Ura Drake, and Woodruff DucqueDepartment of Wildlife Biology, University of Colorado - BoulderTop of pageThe title is not a section, but it
29、 is necessary and important. The title should be short and unambiguous, yet be an adequate description of the work. A general rule-of-thumb is that the title should contain the key words describing the work presented. Remember that the title becomes the basis for most on-line computer searches - if
30、your title is insufficient, few people will find or read your paper. For example, in a paper reporting on an experiment involving dosing mice with the sex hormone estrogen and watching for a certain kind of courtship behavior, a poor title would be:Mouse BehaviorWhy? It is very general, and could be
31、 referring to any of a number of mouse behaviors. A better title would be:The Effects of Estrogen on the Nose-Twitch Courtship Behavior in MiceWhy? Because the key words identify a specific behavior, a modifying agent, and the experimental organism. If possible, give the key result of the study in t
32、he title, as seen in the first example. Similarly, the above title could be restated as:Estrogen Stimulates Intensity of Nose-Twitch Courtship Behavior in Mice4. Strategy for Writing Title.Top of pageABSTRACT 1. Function: An abstract summarizes, in one paragraph (usually), the major aspects of the e
33、ntire paper in the following prescribed sequence:the question you investigated (or purpose), (from Introduction) state the purpose very clearly in the first or second sentence. the experimental design and methods used, (from Methods) clearly express the basic design of the study. Name or brief
34、ly describe the basic methodology used without going into excessive detail-be sure to indicate the key techniques used. the major findings including key quantitative results, or trends (from Results) report those results which answer the questions you were asking identify trends, relative change or
35、differences, etc. a brief summary of your interpetations and conclusions. (from Discussion) clearly state the implications of the answers your results gave you. Whereas the Title can only make the simplest statement about the content of your article, the Abstract allows you to elaborate more on each
36、 major aspect of the paper. The length of your Abstract should be kept to about 200-300 words maximum (a typical standard length for journals.) Limit your statements concerning each segment of the paper (i.e. purpose, methods, results, etc.) to two or three sentences, if possible. The Abstract helps
37、 readers decide whether they want to read the rest of the paper, or it may be the only part they can obtain via electronic literature searches or in published abstracts. Therefore, enough key information (e.g., summary results, observations, trends, etc.) must be included to make the Abstract useful
38、 to someone who may to reference your work.Top of pageHow do you know when you have enough information in your Abstract? A simple rule-of-thumb is to imagine that you are another researcher doing an study similar to the one you are reporting. If your Abstract was the only part of the paper you could
39、 access, would you be happy with the information presented there?2. Style: The Abstract is ONLY text. Use the active voice when possible, but much of it may require passive constructions. Write your Abstract using concise, but complete, sentences, and get to the point quickly. Use past tense. Maximu
40、m length should be 200-300 words, usually in a single paragraph.The Abstract SHOULD NOT contain:lengthy background information, references to other literature, elliptical (i.e., ending with .) or incomplete sentences, abbreviations or terms that may be confusing to readers, any sort of illustration,
41、 figure, or table, or references to them. Top of page3. Strategy: Although it is the first section of your paper, the Abstract, by definition, must be written last since it will summarize the paper. To begin composing your Abstract, take whole sentences or key phrases from each section and put them
42、in a sequence which summarizes the paper. Then set about revising or adding words to make it all cohesive and clear. As you become more proficient you will most likely compose the Abstract from scratch.4. Check your work: Once you have the completed abstract, check to make sure that the information
43、in the abstract completely agrees with what is written in the paper. Confirm that all the information appearing the abstract actually appears in the body of the paper.Top of pageINTRODUCTION strategy | FAQs | style | structure | relevant literature review | statement of purpose | rationale 1. Functi
44、on: The function of the Introduction is to:Establish the context of the work being reported. This is accomplished by discussing the relevant primary research literature (with citations) and summarizing our current understanding of the problem you are investigating; State the purpose of the work in t
45、he form of the hypothesis, question, or problem you investigated; and, Briefly explain your rationale and approach and, whenever possible, the possible outcomes your study can reveal. Quite literally, the Introduction must answer the questions, “What was I studying? Why was it an important question?
46、 What did we know about it before I did this study? How will this study advance our knowledge?”2. Style: Use the active voice as much as possible. Some use of first person is okay, but do not overdo it.Top of page3. Structure: The structure of the Introduction can be thought of as an inverted triang
47、le - the broadest part at the top representing the most general information and focusing down to the specific problem you studied. Organize the information to present the more general aspects of the topic early in the Introduction, then narrow toward the more specific topical information that provid
48、es context, finally arriving at your statement of purpose and rationale. A good way to get on track is to sketch out the Introduction backwards; start with the specific purpose and then decide what is the scientific context in which you are asking the question your study addresses. Once the sc
49、ientific context is decided, then youll have a good sense of what level and type of general information with which the Introduction should begin. Here is the information should flow in your Introduction:Begin your Introduction by clearly identifying the subject area of interest. Do this by using key words from your Title in the first few sentences of the Introducti
