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1、2009 ACCF/AHA Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults:A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines,Developed in Collaboration With:International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation,Initial
2、 Clinical Assessment of Patients Presenting With Heart Failure,Recommendations for the Initial Clinical Assessment of Patients Presenting With Heart Failure,Identifying and Evaluating Noncardiac Disorders or Behaviors,Initial Assessment and Examination of Patients With HF,Recommendations for the Ini
3、tial Clinical Assessment of Patients Presenting With Heart Failure,Initial Laboratory Evaluation,Recommendations for the Initial Clinical Assessment of Patients Presenting With Heart Failure,Two-Dimensional Echocardiography,Recommendations for the Initial Clinical Assessment of Patients Presenting W
4、ith Heart Failure,Coronary Revascularization,Recommendations for the Initial Clinical Assessment of Patients Presenting With Heart Failure,Noninvasive Imaging and Exercise Testing,Recommendations for the Initial Clinical Assessment of Patients Presenting With Heart Failure,Initial Clinical Assessmen
5、t of Patients Presenting With Heart Failure,Endomyocardial Biopsy,Initial Clinical Assessment of Patients Presenting With Heart Failure,Measurement of BNP and Noninvasive Imaging,Documenting Ventricular Tachycardia Inducibility,Initial Clinical Assessment of Patients Presenting With Heart Failure,Me
6、asuring Circulating Levels of Neurohormones,Initial Clinical Assessment of Patients Presenting With Heart Failure,Patients With Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction,Patients With Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction,Measures listed as Class I recommendations for patients in Stages A and
7、B are also appropriate for patients in Stage C.,Measuring LVEF,Patients With Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction,Measuring LVEF,Patients With Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction,NO CHANGE,Angiotensin ll Receptor Blockers,Patients With Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction,Secondar
8、y Prevention:Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator,Patients With Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction,Primary Prevention:Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator,Patients With Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction,Resynchronization Therapy,Patients With Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fr
9、action,The Risks of Aldosterone Antagonists,Patients With Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction,Recommendations for Hydralazine and Nitrates,Patients With Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction,Recommendations for Atrial Fibrillation and Heart Failure,Patients With Reduced Left Ventricular
10、Ejection Fraction,Measurement of Respiratory Gas Exchange,Patients With Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction,The Benefits of Digitalis,Patients With Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction,Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator in Pts With Low LVEF,Patients With Reduced Left Ventricular Eje
11、ction Fraction,ARB and Conventional Therapy,Patients With Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction,Infusion of Positive Inotropic Drugs,Patients With Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction,Patients With Heart Failure and Normal Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction,Patients With Heart Failure and
12、 Normal Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction,Normal Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction,Patients With Heart Failure and Normal Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction,Normal Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction,Patients With Heart Failure and Normal Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction,Normal Left Ventricular E
13、jection Fraction,Recommendations for the Hospitalized PatientNew Recommendations,The diagnosis of heart failure is primarily based on signs and symptoms derived from a thorough history and physical exam.Clinicians should determine the following:a.adequacy of systemic perfusion;b.volume status;c.the
14、contribution of precipitating factors and/or co-morbidities d.if the heart failure is new onset or an exacerbation of chronic disease;ande.whether it is associated with preserved normal or reduced ejection fraction.Chest radiographs,electrocardiogram and echocardiography are key tests in this assess
15、ment.,The Hospitalized Patient,The Hospitalized Patient,Patients Being Evaluated for Dyspnea,The Hospitalized Patient,Precipitating Factors for Acute HF,The Hospitalized Patient,Oxygen Therapy and Rapid Intervention,The Hospitalized Patient,Treatment With Intravenous Loop Diuretics,The Hospitalized
16、Patient,Monitoring and Measuring Fluid Intake and Output,The Hospitalized Patient,Intensifying the Diuretic Regimen,Invasive hemodynamic monitoring should be performed to guide therapy in patients who are in respiratory distress or with clinical evidence of impaired perfusion in whom the adequacy or
17、 excess of intracardiac filling pressures cannot be determined from clinical assessment.,In patients with clinical evidence of hypotension associated with hypoperfusion and obvious evidence of elevated cardiac filling pressures(e.g.,elevated jugular venous pressure;elevated pulmonary artery wedge pr
18、essure),intravenous inotropic or vasopressor drugs should be administered to maintain systemic perfusion and preserve end-organ performance while more definitive therapy is considered.,The Hospitalized Patient,Preserving End-Organ Performance,New,New,The Hospitalized Patient,Reconciling and Adjustin
19、g Medications,Medications should be reconciled in every patient and adjusted as appropriate on admission to and discharge from the hospital.,In patients with reduced ejection fraction experiencing a symptomatic exacerbation of HF requiring hospitalization during chronic maintenance treatment with or
20、al therapies known to improve outcomes,particularly ACE inhibitors or ARBs and beta-blocker therapy,it is recommended that these therapies be continued in most patients in the absence of hemodynamic instability or contraindications.,New,New,The Hospitalized Patient,The Hospitalized Patient,The Hospi
21、talized Patient,The Hospitalized Patient,Severe Symptomatic Fluid Overload,Invasive hemodynamic monitoring can be useful for carefully selected patients with acute HF who have persistent symptoms despite empiric adjustment of standard therapies,and a.whose fluid status,perfusion,or systemic orpulmon
22、ary vascular resistances are uncertain;b.whose systolic pressure remains low,pr is associated with symptoms,despite initialtherapy;c.whose renal function is worsening with therapy;d.who require parenteral vasoactive agents;ore.who may need consideration for advanced device therapy or transplantation
23、.,The Hospitalized Patient,Invasive Hemodynamic Monitoring,Ultrafiltration is reasonable for patients with refractory congestion not responding to medical therapy.,The Hospitalized Patient,Intravenous inotropic drugs such as dopamine,dobutamine or milrinone might be reasonable for those patients pre
24、senting with documented severe systolic dysfunction,low blood pressure and evidence of low cardiac output,with or without congestion,to maintain systemic perfusion and preserve end-organ performance.,Ultrafiltration and Intravenous Inoptropic Drugs,New,New,The Hospitalized Patient,Parenteral Inotropes,49,Thank you for your attention,
