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1、阅读理解专项训练(一),把握主旨大意,琼海市嘉积中学 陈雯,阅读理解题型分类,1.主旨大意题2.细节理解题3.推理判断类4.猜测词义型5.作者的观点、态度6.文章来源,一、主旨大意类题型,主要考查对文章的主题思想或主旨大意的理解，要求考生在理解全文的基础上对文章进行高度的概括和总结。,主旨题,标题类(title),文章主旨(main idea of the passage),段落大意(main idea of the paragraph),文章主旨类试题中常见的题干,(1)The passage is mainly about.(2)What is the text mainly about?
2、,二、主旨大意类解题方法,1.寻找主题句（关注文章结构）2.推敲选项，排除干扰3.概括全文，寻找文章中心思想,寻找主题句（关注文章结构）,（1）主题句在句首的文章结构是先点出主题，然后围绕主题进行分析，用演绎法阐述观点，呈现一个正三角形的模式。据统计，议论文和说明文大约有80%呈现出这种模式。,Sample 1 People have different tastes in food.Some feel that they havent eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat.Some prefer chicken o
3、r fish and eat one or the other at every meal.Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains andwould enjoy a meal of spaghetti,eggplant,and fresh fruit.Others could live on whatwere called fast foods:a hamburger or hotdog,French fries and a soft drink.,（2）主题句也会出现在段尾。作者先陈述细节，后归纳要点、结论、建议或结果，以概括主题，呈现一个
4、倒三角形的写作模式，这是最常见的归纳法写作方式。,Sample 2 One of the most important uses of gold isfor money.Gold can be used to make rings,earrings,and other things.Gold is also usedto make a gold leaf and a very flat ribbon ofgold that is often used on picture frames.Cups and dishes can also be made fromgold.Gold has man
5、y uses.,本篇共有五句。前四句主要列举了金子的一些用途。根据上述细节，段落的最后一句给出结论，即金子有多种用途。这种带有结论性的句子应视为主题句。,（3）当主题句被安排在段中间时,通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出,而后又作进一步的解释,支撑或发展。,Sample 3 Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat.Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark.In
6、fact,the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations.Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand.A camper also needs one after the light of the camp fire has been out.,_,_,_,推敲选项，排除干扰,当文章中没有主题句时，考生必须将所有的细节信息综合起来，才能归纳出没有在文章中言明的主题思想。,Sample 4 Mark Bingham stu
7、died 4 years at theUniversity of Paris and decided to leave hisgraduation.He transferred to the University ofBerlin and graduated with honors.Harvard LawSchool and,later,Boston College provided himwith an excellent legal background.He ispresently a corporation lawyer in Miami,Florida.,C,What is the
8、main idea of the passage?A.How Mark Bingham became a lawyer.B.Bingham is a hard-working student.C.Mark Bingham received an excellent education.D.A good lawyer needs good education.,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never
9、 practiced ever since.A man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water.He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away.He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son.A mother who has not thought about the words fo
10、ryears can teach her daughter the poem that begins“Twinkle,twinkle,little star”or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears.One explanation is the law of over learning,.,2012 课程标准卷 D,67.What is the main idea of Paragraph 1?A.People remember well what they learned in childhoo
11、d.B.Children have a better memory than grown-ups.C.Poem reading is a good way to learn words.D.Stories for children are easy to remember.,A,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,概括全文 寻找文章中心思想,寻找整篇文章的中心思想是建立在寻找具体段落中心的基础上的，各段落中心的的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。,Welcome to your future life!You get up in the morning and look into the mirror.yo
12、ur face is firm and young-looking.In 2035,medical technology is better than ever.Many people your age could live to be 150,so at 40,youre not old at all.And your parents just had an anti-aging(抗衰老的)treatment.Now,all three of you look the same age.You say to your shirt,“Turn red.”It changes from blue
13、 to red.In 2035,“smart clothes”containparticles(粒子)much smaller than the cells in your body.The particles can be programmed to change your clothes color or pattern.,2012 安徽高考 E,You walk into the kitchen.You pick up the milk,but a voice says,“You shouldnt drink that!”Your fridge has read the chip(芯片)
14、that contains information about the milk,and it knows the milk is old.In 2035,every article of food in the grocery store has such a chip.Its time to go to work.In 2035,cars drive themselves.Just tell your“smart car”where to go.On the way,you can call a friend using your jacket sleeve.Such“smart tech
15、nology”is all around you.So will all these things come true?“For new technology to succeed,”says scientist Andrew Zolli,“it has to be so much better that it replaces what wehave already.”The Internet is one examplewhat will be the next?,What is the text mainly about?A.Food and clothing in 2035.B.Fut
16、ure technology in everyday life.C.Medical treatments of the future.D.The reason for the success of new technology.,B,_,体现概括性，避免远离主题体现全面性，避免以偏概全体现针对性，避免张冠李戴,A,Wouldnt it be terrible if we didnt have grass?Wewould have to walk on bare soil.Can you guess whatour playgrounds would look like?On a rainy d
17、ay,we would get all muddy.On a dry day we wouldbreath clouds of dust.,The short text mainly deals with_.A.why we need rain.B.how grass keep green.C.how grass helps us.D.why we breathe dust.,C,B,Rats are still almost as big a danger to people asthey were long ago.They still spread disease and eatcrops.Much of the hunger we have today is causedby rats.They eat half of the grain harvested in theworld.,This paragraph mainly tells us_.A.that we are short of grain because of rats.B.why rats are still an enemy of people.C.how rats destroy our food.D.why rats cause disease.,B,
