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1、,Identifying Special Products in Developing countries:Preliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country Studies,http:/,陌前牵姆铝搓当媒柯饺士畴缺诗朗丧渡侥待楔漫牙税桨斡刻屿铣踌魄九孝Preliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country StudiesPreliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country Studies,Special Products(SP)(para.41),.Developing countries will have the f
2、lexibility to designate an appropritate number of products as Special Products,based on criteria of food security,livelihood security and rural development needs.These products will be eligible for more flexible treatment.The criteria and treatment of these products will be further specified during
3、the negotiation phase and will recognise the fundamental importance of SP to developing countries.,http:/,帅蠕耀菲藕轴面呈严紧脖堵森痪狼抬俄绍袍驾烬折血塘态球兵盅怨充洋撰Preliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country StudiesPreliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country Studies,The Rationale for Special Products,Food security:combination of domes
4、tic production,importation and public stockholding.However some degree of self-sufficiency for basic foodstuffs remains a major objective for DC.Availability of foreign exchange is also a constraint on the import capacity of some DC.Livelihood security:Agriculture accounts for 70%of the employment i
5、n low-income countries and 30%in middle-income countries.Alternative avenues of employment are lacking.Rural Development:In DC,agriculture constitutes a big slice of the GDP.Since in the rural areas agriculture is the dominant economic activity,rural development can be sustained only by a vibrant an
6、d growing agricultural activity.Importance of looking at the three criteria together as opposed to individually,http:/,捧泥刺哟枫浓乖挠六然疡胺椰突咆兴组铲牵垢姑死矿郝陀惑汇烩雍旋挖守Preliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country StudiesPreliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country Studies,The Rationale for Special Products(cont.),As tariffs are
7、 removed,the livelihood of communities employed in import-competing sector might be affected by lower prices and increased international competition.While this benefits urban consumers it might affect large rural populations who rely on agriculture but cannot compete with low prices on world market.
8、Developing countries have limited access to domestic resources to cushion farmers against adverse effects of imports;they essentially rely on border measures(tariffs),http:/,萤成伦智搪蔡丰腰衙泞鉴坊拍簿腹内泰陆橡影求辐薯某琉得齿机皂营能杆Preliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country StudiesPreliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country Studies,S
9、ource:Based on the Millennium Development Indicators Database(UNSD),http:/,咽惟乖贰媚寥胃儒因勇疮脓邢奎株竖隋车踩拄虱逾蛤愤钒馆勿结葬绘洞扁Preliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country StudiesPreliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country Studies,Source:FAO,WTO Agreement on Agriculture:The Implementation Experience,FAO,Rome,2003.,http:/,涛停登适浴听猴淫
10、诲想啤凤壳寄刀褪巢揍幢年秒顽盗困崖辽粮典祸涉臣歼Preliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country StudiesPreliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country Studies,Agricultural Employment in G33 Countries,Source:Earth Trends database(World Resources Institute),http:/,汗莹椰鞋羹艰菏甩案崎辖梆惫脸抨顺篓皿晾糕啪干漳吗钢宛驮尹攻辟僳巧Preliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country StudiesP
11、reliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country Studies,Share of Agriculture in GDP in G33 in Countries,Source:Earth Trends database(World Resources Institute),http:/,吉徊朱冗瘪刮池舆匈作憋瞒感善假蚌碗达彻尤支恤寂愚堵烯哨客擅咨洞臼Preliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country StudiesPreliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country Studies,Source:FAO,LDCs an
12、d NFIDCs Agricultural Trade Evolution,http:/,芽位娄怯陶包敝软三郭续含垒峰簧硅搪昌哨珐细鲸绕璃捅驯智肾草翌荫杭Preliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country StudiesPreliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country Studies,Bound Tariff Structures in G33 Countries,http:/,几亨能贰挟对撇蘑腑转千辖坍轧吐锅专温佃奴纂宽供掘答儒盈谭蔓峙坛菏Preliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country StudiesPrel
13、iminary Findings of ICTSDs Country Studies,Effect of a 40%Reduction of Bound Tariffs on G33 Applied Tariff,http:/,远仆腊铀邱寸它避夕阴托诧恳影习离区寓鹏聋织耽柄仆岳绒悸饲蜂初恒嗜Preliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country StudiesPreliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country Studies,Examples of Tariff Structure:Subgroup A,Source:The G-33:An An
14、alysis of bound and Applied Tariffs on Agricultural Products Mario Jales,ICTSD,http:/,驴惰长臭撒肇兢猩秩禾歧露刮鸯性斯缅沏想吏逛睬联伯赞震鲁毅淫咆芳肠Preliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country StudiesPreliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country Studies,Examples of Tariff Structure:Subgroup B,Source:The G-33:An Analysis of bound and Applied
15、Tariffs on Agricultural Products Mario Jales,ICTSD,http:/,高驰陋刹懊癸甩檄玲盈锐屑荫佯喉所绳烽笆遂版些郑半灯缎亏谅异乌红源Preliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country StudiesPreliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country Studies,Examples of Tariff Structure:Subgroup C,Source:The G-33:An Analysis of bound and Applied Tariffs on Agricultural Prod
16、ucts Mario Jales,ICTSD,http:/,思搞遥待癌扼便金薛舔时配骑源甩拼掩类薪斋槐镁卧蒋脉纬肠葡拖担戴贱Preliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country StudiesPreliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country Studies,Examples of Tariff Structure:Subgroup D,Source:The G-33:An Analysis of bound and Applied Tariffs on Agricultural Products Mario Jales,ICTSD,http:
17、/,批踩晦庇簇峭硕闸溺完宦撮谗湛饿琢以晤明翌佣残篓醒努哪芬什鸦久题康Preliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country StudiesPreliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country Studies,Examples of Tariff Structure:Subgroup D,Source:The G-33:An Analysis of bound and Applied Tariffs on Agricultural Products Mario Jales,ICTSD,COTE DIVOIRE,0,1,0,2,0,3,0,4,0,5,
18、0,6,0,7,0,01,02,02,04,04,05,07,07,07,08,08,09,09,09,11,11,12,12,14,15,15,16,17,18,20,20,21,22,22,23,33,41,51,H,S,c,h,a,p,t,e,r,%,B,o,u,n,d,A,p,p,l,i,e,d,Sources:WTO(2004)and WITS(2002).,http:/,嵌拳卢呢遇鸳毁键橙悉口妨迂状葡床荫苑骡采洒没蓉愿酌航岳旋惫跪到蹦Preliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country StudiesPreliminary Findings of ICTSD
19、s Country Studies,Country studies background,Field research component of a DFID funded project on SP-SSMTo take advantage of the strategic window of opportunity in July Framework to address food security,livelihood security and rural development needs in current agricultural negotiations Objective o
20、f country studies:Providing some empirical-based and“scientific”justification for the selection of SPsTest possible indicators of food/livelihood securtiy and rural development which could subsequently be used by other countries in the preparation of their list,http:/,箱溉甩钠韭镣歹碳隋拱胳貉摈反虏唤荧闽课器域照粤爷霹非豺二骡块壹
21、詹Preliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country StudiesPreliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country Studies,Formally associated with G 33Non LDCsFocus on Net Food-Importing Developing Countries(NFIDC),Low-Income Food-Deficit Countries(LIFDC),Small Island Developing States(SIDS)Geographical balanceFocus on subgrou
22、ps B and CCountries with proven domestic research capacityCommitment of national government to actively support and participate in the project,Countries Selection,http:/,铂恰理猿房宦意肉菠恃最耿治箩措藏早藐悟弯炳圭庆电赤填仁烦又兵径撑Preliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country StudiesPreliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country Studies,Selec
23、ted Countries:Barbados,Caribbean(SIDS)Honduras,Central America(LIFDC)Kenya,Africa(LIFDC),Methodology:Developing an analytical framework for the operationalisation of food/livelihood securtiy and rural developmentTest it in the field and refine the methodologyA two track process GuidelinesStakeholder
24、 consultation,Pakistan,Asia(NFIDC)Peru,South America(NFIDC)Sri Lanka,Asia(LIFDC),Countries Selection(cont.),http:/,衡连割粘贱谩上怜锯巧扯治平映许眷择皿尽殴托培植破呆七奢讥旺砌真肯Preliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country StudiesPreliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country Studies,ICTSD country studies,Conceptual Framework for the Identific
25、ation of Special Products,Conceptual Framework for the Identification of Special Products,http:/,轻酬罢下独酥嘶琶拖铲贯豆派等螺肌丹澈酬空车慕皱剿啦妒适滚娘棺烂匝Preliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country StudiesPreliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country Studies,Step 1:Identification of intended beneficiaries,Focus on rural poor,small&subs
26、itance farmers but also small comercial farmers,Assess economic and social importance of particular products for specific regions,http:/,班吝父畸葱眩恶柬斥昂麦结媳魏澎靛件换会拱源蒋堑娃湃缅拒爆界遥谩澜Preliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country StudiesPreliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country Studies,Step 2:Identification of products:Live
27、lihood secutrity&rural development indicators,http:/,精瘫脾徘溜竟撇持联同记踞直找卸术希衔恼逞萤灰魂钳示瞧杭柞停概病堑Preliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country StudiesPreliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country Studies,Step 3:Identification of products(cont.):Food Security indicators,http:/,端乱抠掺岸苟叼辣请蚁屎尚憋拖解馏莽筋讥桅横骏遍仰趣匣氮砌邀谜艺沤Preliminary Findi
28、ngs of ICTSDs Country StudiesPreliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country Studies,Data Used for Estimating SP Indicators,Data Used for Estimating SP Indicators,http:/,厦挺米以表果易鹿邦医园团氖卓瞥封旦横遍坤犯箍屹狈亩钮朔扣攘匹茄纂Preliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country StudiesPreliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country Studies,ICTSD Country
29、Studies Findings in a Nutshell,http:/,扔嘘奸狗里缔匀捧犁芽十磅溯册该逻呵叹细斟敖神寸顺修娠诉肺坯赤淘饱Preliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country StudiesPreliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country Studies,Supplementary elements for the analysis,SubstitutesUnfair competitionVulnerability to import displacementCurrent level of protection,http
30、:/,刻垦檀窗勋剂寞嚣镇以哇字沟向陡八鹤罗静泌仆爸斤帜弹甜宋艰藐幌练爸Preliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country StudiesPreliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country Studies,Implications for negotiating modalities on SP,Selection:Countries should be allowed to self-designate their SP within an agreed limit(eg.15 20%of tariff lines).There might
31、be a reference to an illustrative,non-exhaustive and non-prescriptive list of indicators,but a set of multilaterally agreed indicators including thresholds would not be practicle and not desirable from a sust.dev.perspectiveTreatment:regardless of the size of the lists,there is a case for tariff red
32、uction exemption for at least a sub-set of SPs(e.g.7-8%of tarif lines).For remaining products calibrated treatment could be based on the tiered formula(e.g.0%reduction if product falls in the lowest tier,5%if it falls in the 2nd tier and 10%if it falls in 3rd or 4th tier),http:/,瞅厨谁氰抗肮热浩呵汀疟想恒纷誉肪律猛韦恕汽氯忙郸聂梗芒宾臣庶筑遗Preliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country StudiesPreliminary Findings of ICTSDs Country Studies,
