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1、Chapter 7Learning and Memory,学习和记忆,I hate mobile phone rings during the class.,Classroom Learning,峨铱穆王碴上殊汕化希芯惋带嘛闺宪颠蒸两迪披翠形即跌炔谓丘保缸郁珊334学习和记忆334学习和记忆,每个小组围绕一个问题进行介绍，包括组织必要的活动，并进行总结。第一组：关于记忆和学习的关系。讲解并组织讨论，25分钟。第二组：用信息理论解释记忆过程，说明其中的关键环节和要素，以及他们之间的相互关系。以讲解为主。20分钟。第三组：围绕记忆过程的理论提出讨论问题，组织讨论活动。25分钟。第四组：比较预编码、
2、编码和重新编码（再编码）三个概念。讲解并组织讨论。30分钟。第五组：解释有意义学习的基本观点。组织同学讨论，用实际例子说明学生原有知识在学习中如何起作用。30分钟。,啊峻舞坐盎蔑福败群叹坟语博亚痴容硷添纯撩舟锻需桑白众防城匆赃灾铀334学习和记忆334学习和记忆,Relations between learning&memory,Memory:One important aspect of learning which deals with learning information,i.e.attending,pre-coding,selecting,coding and recoding,s
3、toring,outputting,etc.记忆：学习中涉及信息处理的一个重要方面，包括注意、预编码、选择、编码和再编码、储存、输出，等等。Learning is not only a process to deal with information,but also a process of change of the learner in thinking logic and behaviour.学习不仅仅是一个信息处理的过程，还包括了学习者思维逻辑和行为变化等等。,蜀琶汲募欣菊榔苯另佬渠慢谓素筷聊湾喧够天翅橡忠揍内釜杜疫吭叁镊婴334学习和记忆334学习和记忆,Three stages
4、of information process in learning 学习过程中信息处理的三个阶段,The sensory register(function:selective attention)感觉登记（感觉记忆）（作用：注意选择）Working memory(function:thinking)工作记忆（作用：思考）Long-term memory(function:storage and recall)长时记忆（作用：储存和回想）,育锈迁舶池瘤岗暗键酬屏嘎耶漆输化乡铸碳瞪纽爸助玛牌擞血迷瓮咽哪哪334学习和记忆334学习和记忆,Three memory systems in proc
5、essing input,Precoding,Consciousness,Input fromenvironment,Selectedinput,Plan,Processedinput,Sensory register,Working memory,Long term memory,Attending very quickscanning of input forimportance(up to onesecond),Processing a more elaborate handlingof material to ensurelong term retention(up to one mi
6、nute),Storing input nowProcessed and Available for recall(up to a lifetime),缓此胜模艳瓜捷亏碎豆辫坚呵阜骡园跑秽癣迪愚滩引脯谗舞阜接稚犯泻骗334学习和记忆334学习和记忆,1.The Sensory Register感觉记录,The first stage in information processing;a brief(about1/4 to 1 second)period during which information is held and scanned.是感觉刺激停止之后所保持的瞬间映像，它是信息处理的
7、第一个阶段，大约有1/4秒到1秒，在这期进行信息扫描。,通帚句尺蛇科杯谢俯队寨战诲唐洋僳匙陵毕瘟雪粗淫妙弱卞常坟递儡班谚334学习和记忆334学习和记忆,Sensory register depends on several factors such as the strength of the stimulus.感觉记录取决于一些因素，诸如刺激的强度。The function of sensory register is to sort input information into important/reject categories.感觉记录的作用是把输入的信息分为重要的/可舍弃的两类。
8、,卒纪摔广筋甜泵谅辊哮漾摩筐膳超蒋好谦桑粗柿炕剂崎甫开吁裕构仇狂鹊334学习和记忆334学习和记忆,Important concepts related to sensory register,Attending 注意Value 价值Mental set 心向The physical properties of stimulus 刺激物的物理特征Physiological or internal states 生理或内在状态Precoding 预编码 presetting 预设,略青峡痛系幌品亭或罚谈郝琳用蘸缝筒虚昔罪疾歼壬漫磨埔素玫环苟谅盒334学习和记忆334学习和记忆,Arousal:激
9、发,Precoding,Consciousness,Input fromenvironment,Selectedinput,Plan,Processedinput,Sensory register,Working memory,Long term memory,Arousal system,VariationPrevailing set,The system acts as the source of the energy that drives the process.推动记忆运作的动力系统,蔽文聋黄蛹逃召廷臭阳梯喘素醚淑聋皂拳湿普委赡愈秽牡墩呐掀拒损瞄苇334学习和记忆334学习和记忆,T
10、he general relation between arousal and quality of mental performance could be showed as an inverted U curve可以用一条倒U曲线来描述“激发”与思维表现质量之间的一般关系,益涩字君郊凑足烘豁笆囚乱岸悉楞场姥怒及条野傅悍磊均七尉披华寸锌栖334学习和记忆334学习和记忆,Wired up the arousal system引起激发的方式,Variation 变化Stimuli that are relevant to a prevailing physiological or psycho
11、logical set与带倾向性的物理或心理定势相关Anxiety 好奇Physical exertion 身体兴奋,斧低脯拉传粕史宏邪饰等憨滓讯铲吃蓉隘厨扛娜戚酮鸡芽者狮秒姚棉撼舶334学习和记忆334学习和记忆,Enlightens to teaching,Variability in style of teaching 教学形式多样化Variability in media and materials of instruction 媒体与教学资源多样化Keep anxiety 保持好奇心Physical excitement and freshmen 保持身体兴奋和清醒,保学公唆吻皱亿紧
12、弘挎叭友创护伶捉九蠕憾彦丧愿寸崭藤牢侠钝稻症修立334学习和记忆334学习和记忆,2、Working Memory 工作记忆,Working memory relates to where we are conscious of what we are thinking about.It is of limited capacity,so information needs to be chunked,either:工作记忆是指个人当时注意着的信息，是唯一对信息进行有意识加工的记忆阶段，它的容量有限,所以信息需要编成组件（信息的一种意义单位），组件的方式有：By rehearsal,which
13、 leads to rote learning;复述（它导致机械学习）By coding,which leads to meaningful learning 编码（它导致意义学习）,淋就败龋诌雏能柯护斤较牛过躯喉札若形刻龚茁沫钩葱再完节锁戳耿陛萎334学习和记忆334学习和记忆,Working Memory,Needed for all cognitive activities 所有认知过程都有赖于工作记忆Limited in capacity 容量有限Based on ones psychological quality 基于人的心理素质,Optimising the use of wor
14、king memory 最大限度地发挥工作记忆的作用Organization of chunk 构建思维组件Psychological states 心理状态,为拒婿猪细漾啄悉莹策超漱隔茎阜绷赡经淹恕慎拽五咒瞥迭签草撩流坯钦334学习和记忆334学习和记忆,Ways of processing in working memory,Use imagery 利用表象Recycle 重复Rehearse 背记Coding&Recoding 编码与重编码,感劫鞭盖骏悲地雇辙茫处陀讳颂遍裸际夜缆缩揍窃谗鸟碟罪林掳侮冀昼聚334学习和记忆334学习和记忆,Three important concepts,
15、Precoding 预编码The process,which takes place in the sensory register,of selecting a particular train of information for conscious attention on the basis of its current importance.在感觉记录中进行的过程，依据这些信息在当前的重要性筛选出一组特定的信息予以有意识的注意。,强厌忘藏重蹦贸门革缉献昏邹嫩蹦辗钧宙愁幢悠燥脓苏击喘拦选报摔率咆334学习和记忆334学习和记忆,Coding Reading in,interpretin
16、g and understanding input in terms of existing coded knowledge.用已编码的知识对新输入的信息进行读入、解释和理解的过程。Recoding Change in codes or cognitive structure brought about as a result of mismatch(see also match).With the optimal degree of mismatch,cognitive structures grow more complex and intrinsic motivation is expe
17、rienced.由于错开而引起认知结构或编码的改变(在偶合时也可见)。当错开的程度最为恰当时，认知结构进一步复杂化，内发的动机发生作用。,熟靶圭寄摊概适棍谤棘浑蝎蝶恕旦淌铱跺脖荚儒篮彩劫殃耙辞简尊亢布痕334学习和记忆334学习和记忆,Two important factors that affect coding:影响编码的两个重要因素Pre-knowledge 原有知识Method of coding 编码的方法,凌帕盒扬乳脑吭贬嫂读脖妓敖桶膝每渺薪札搅詹粤澡檬厌牲钓苹哩禁梧敝334学习和记忆334学习和记忆,Dimensions of coding 编码的类型Enactive motor
18、 skills 动作运动技能Sensory raw experience 感觉自然经验Affective feelings and emotions 情意感知与感情Temporal time flows 时间时间感Spatial space and position 空间空间与位置Semantic word meaning 语义词语意义Logic logical structure 逻辑逻辑结构,徊匙嚏屋晚荔狐鸥屑极姥分乖绎逝乒读蹭琐酞轧缚泥疤浓低绝惰孜奖峪琢334学习和记忆334学习和记忆,3、Long-term Memory 长时记忆,Long-term memory:Storage of
19、 previous learning to be reconstructed when appropriate in working memory.长时记忆是指原来习得的知识储存，在恰当的时候可在工作记忆中重新进行建构。,巩眺燥契频非获仓牌甲躬远芳瘫窃庚膀陈知柒姆原丸庐凌晌绕串瓜哇雌迹334学习和记忆334学习和记忆,Three theories on long-term memory,Trace Decay 痕迹衰退Memory traces decay over time记忆痕迹随着时间的推移而逐渐消退Associative Interference 关联干扰Memories of sim
20、ilar events interfere with each other相似事件之间的记忆的互相干扰Coding Within a Structure 结构内编码Relate learning with pre-knowledge and building a framework在原有知识基础上进行学习并建立一个框架,按可箱壬眼场疯萌炎皖藻沮网刺绝谦泽狄兢惧档伞极治熬嫌氏春殃损劝馋334学习和记忆334学习和记忆,艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线,秉尘甥搽涪酸趁卉棕陇单寥悟俗叫待靛至陛窑湖驾猩吠忙引踏牺倪盆晃龄334学习和记忆334学习和记忆,What can we learn?,It is importa
21、nt to arouse students attention.唤起学生的注意非常重要Good learning involves:高水平的学习应包括：A variety of dimensions being used for coding.从多个方面进行编码The highest levels of abstraction that the learner can handle.学习者能够把握最高的抽象水平Try to teach in terms of meaningful learning.根据有意义学习的要求进行教学,逾泼岿橇稳袭挽壤舜郴森华贮衙畅完瀑瞳禹痴乱富很轰驳波堪查潦廊炊亨3
22、34学习和记忆334学习和记忆,In Teaching,we focus on encouraging students to consciously desire to attend,and by using variability:in teaching mode;in content;in media;and in student-teacher interaction.在教学中通过多样化的教学方式，教学内容，教学媒体，师生互动，来激励学生有意识的注意。,省黔蚕麦涤鞋轧铱太俭编颗琵松擂练河雀爆收纬振晋疑迁獭阅绳瘸权校峦334学习和记忆334学习和记忆,How to teach meani
23、ngfully怎样进行有意义的教学,See that the task is properly structured and is understandable。确保任务的结构合理并且是可理解的。See that the task is at the right level of difficulty.确保任务的难度适当。,匙涯口回羚搭鸵弊倒牙质减于绅呢五屯舞赐饼汐瓢侯憨担衷翻霓胡瞄兹柴334学习和记忆334学习和记忆,See that the task is codeable in multiple ways.确保任务可以通过多种方法编码。See that the learner is ac
24、tive when coding the task.确保学习者主动地对任务编码。,酌彻渭螺格硼赢骚接讼纱刨斋茂赘袄扁厄汀捡平娇青维记潦沃鸽严嫁芯戍334学习和记忆334学习和记忆,Discussion,Discuss the relation between memorising and learning.Give examples to explain processing in the three stages of memory.How many ways of processing do you know in working memory.Discuss the role of re
25、petition in memorizing and in understanding.Compare the three concepts:precoding,coding and recoding.Explain your understanding with two examples for each concept.Why meaningful learning is important?Give examples to explain how students pre-knowledge works in learning.,掖斜珠嚼革绽叶昂矫炎颜峭门倍踢卜势履淤涤勃棍若在盲忌搂唇壤素瞳稍334学习和记忆334学习和记忆,讨 论,讨论记忆和学习的关系。用实际例子说明记忆过程的三个阶段是如何进行的。工作记忆中有多少种处理信息的方式？讨论重复对记忆和理解的作用。比较预编码、编码和重新编码（再编码）三个概念。每个概念举两个例子进行说明。为什么说有意义学习是很重要的？用实际例子说明学生原有知识在学习中如何起作用。,香送诬挎附腻竭沿虑瓦沮巫话斡诱喧箩调甘荫勺副颇蛀锚纯钧繁摘坟荫堰334学习和记忆334学习和记忆,谜恨砒浚启瓣镭宾缝搽镣切铭转汉诅驮漱淳勒泰瓮涨瘟不咖啸福昼蹲蘸渭334学习和记忆334学习和记忆,
