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1、英语书面表达资料集（词的运用、句子的表达、篇章结构、分类例析）词的运用英文写作基础动词一. 教学内容：英文写作基础动词引言 写作的基础是词汇。词汇是表达思想的基本要素。按照大纲要求，高中毕业应掌握2000左右词汇。我们可以将这些词汇分类，找出最常用的几百个。对于这几百个词汇，要做到四会，即听得懂，说得出，会认读，能拼写。 学习一个词汇不仅要知道它的意义，而且要知道它的词性。英文中有名词，动词，形容词，副词，介词，冠词和连词。动词 文章是由句子组成的。每一个句子都少不了谓语。而担任谓语的是动词。对于一个很活跃的动词，我们应该掌握以下几个方面：一. 准确的读音和拼写听得懂，说得出是写作的基础。只有
2、掌握了正确读音，才能做到这一点。只有正确的拼写才能准确无误地传达信息。太多的拼写错误会影响书面表达的得分。二. 基本意义三. 常用其它意义除了基本意义之外，这些词在其它语境中还会有不同的意义，有自己的使用范畴。因此，只掌握基本意义是不够的。四. 常见搭配我们所说的搭配，不仅包括动词与介词副词的搭配，而且包括与名词搭配的意义。以动词make为例。make的基本意义是“制作”，而make beds意思是“整理床铺”，make use of意思是“利用”，make money挣钱，make a fortune: “发财”，make faces“做鬼脸”等等。五. 过去式与过去分词在书面表达中很少用到
3、一般现在时，除非是表示规律性和反复发生的动作，当涉及时态时，就会用到动词的过去式过去分词和现在分词等形式。因此，熟练掌握一些常用不规则动词的过去式和过去分词是非常必要的。这里，我们为同学们列出书面表达中经常使用的一些动词的形式。为了记忆方便，将它们分成AAA，ABB，AAB，ABA和ABC五种形式。一个字母代表一种形式。AAA: cut, set, cost, hurt, let, put, set, shut, spread, readABB: bend bent bent bring brought brought build built built burn burnt burnt bu
4、y bought bought catch caught caught deal dealt dealt feed fed fed feel felt felt fight fought fought find found found get got got hang hung hung (挂) have had had hear - heard heard hide hid hid hold held held keep kept kept lay laid laid lead led led leave left left lend lent lent light lit lit lose
5、 lost lost make made made mean meant meant meet met met pay paid paid say said said sell sold sold send sent sent shine shone shone shoot shot shot sit sat sat sleep slept slept spend spent spent stand stood stood stick stuck stuck sweep swept swept teach taught taught tell told told think thought t
6、hought understand understood understood win won won AAB: beat beat beatenABA: become became become come came come run ran run ABC: bear bore born begin began begun bite bit bitten blow blew blown break broke broken do did done draw drew drawn drink drank drunk drive drove driven eat ate eaten fall f
7、ell fallen fly flew flown forbid forbade forbidden forgive forgave forgiven give gave given forget forgot forgotten freeze froze frozen go went gone grow grew grown know knew known lie lay lain ride rode ridden ring rang rung rise rose risen see saw seen shake shook shaken sing sang sung sink sank s
8、unk speak spoke spoken steal stole stolen swear swore sworn swim swam swum take took taken tear tore torn throw threw thrown wake woke woken wear wore worn write wrote written 六. 及物动词与不及物动词英语动词分为及物动词和不及物动词。这一点与中文差别较大。表达同样的意思时，中文可以接宾语，而英文却不行，需要更换另一个及物动词，或接介词。这种现象是很常见的。如：arrive(vi.) / reach( vt. ): Wh
9、en did you reach the top of the mountain? When did you arrive at the top of the mountain?sit / seat : He is sitting in the sofa. He seated himself in the sofa. / He is seated in the sofa. lie / lay: He was lying in bed. He laid himself in bed.rise / raise: The prices keep rising. I raised my voice b
10、ut still couldnt make myself heard.listen / hear: I asked him to listen to me carefully. Listen! Someone is knocking at the door. But I cant hear anything.look / see: We looked at each other and smiled. Then I saw something strange.此外，常用不及物动词：come, go, run, walk, work, live, stay, sleep, travel, fig
11、ht (against), think (of / about), speak (to)(speak English除外)，talk (to, with), happen, take place, break out, appear, agree (with), belong (to), insist (on), die, fail, succeed (in), knock (at), reply (to), rush, wait (for), worry (about)七. 后接宾语的形式 在及物动词中，有些后面要求接不定式作宾语，有些要求接动词的 ing 形式。要分类记忆。v. + to
12、do 1. wish to do 2. hope to do 3. promise to do 4. decide to do5. refuse to do 6. agree to do 7. expect to do 8. manage to do9. fail to do 10. prefer to do 11. plan to do 12. want to do13. ought to do 14. have to do 15. used to do/be used to do 16. seem to do 17. would like to do 18. in order to do1
13、9. so as to do 20. set out to do 21. make up ones mind to do 22. It takes sb.some time to do23. be going to do 24. be about to do25. happen to do 26. pretend to do/to have done/to be doing 27. be thought/believed /said /reported to do 28. have no choice but to dov. + doing1. enjoy doing 2. risk doin
14、g 3. avoid doing 4. keep doing5. practise doing 6. suggest doing / sb.s doing / that sb. (should) do7. miss doing 8. finish doing 9. allow / permit doing 10. delay doing 11. resist doing 12. consider doing13. mind doing / sb.s doing / if sb. do 14. imagine doing 15. deny doing八. 瞬时动词 有些动作瞬间发生，不能延续。如
15、：die, begin, start, join, enter, arrive, borrow, lend, buy, marry等等。I have arrived in Beijing for two days.（）I have been in Beijing for two days. （）How long may I borrow the book? （）How long may I keep the book? （）They have married for ten years. （）They have been married for ten years. （）The film ha
16、s begun for ten minutes.（）The film has been on for ten minutes. （）How long have you bought the TV set? （）How long have you had the TV set? （）The writer has died for 2 years. （）The writer has been dead for 2 years. （）以take为例：I. 基本意思为：“拿走带走 ”。还有“花时间占据乘交通工具”等多种意义。不规则动词，过去式是took, 过去分词为taken。1. Dont forg
17、et to your raincoat with you when you go out. （带走）2. He was taken away by the police. （被动）3. Im sorry I took your bicycle by mistake. （拿）4. It took us three hours to do the operation. （花时间）5. If you my advice, youll have no trouble doing it. （采纳）6. Dont everything in the newspaper for granted. （认为）7
18、. I like the red blouse. Ill it. （买）8. When are you taking your driving test?（参加）9. Why not a taxi? （乘）10. Take the medicine three times a day. （服药）11. 与某些名词连用，表示这个动作。 take a look = to look take a rest / (take a break) = to rest take a walk take a risk take a shower take a deep breath take advantage
19、 ofII. 常见搭配 take notes take ones temperature take care (of) take part (in) take an interest in take photos (of) take a seat take something as an example III. 常见的短语动词1. take away: All his belongings have been taken away from him.2. take back: I take back what I said.3. take off: In spite of the bad w
20、eather, the plane took off on time.Mum asked me to take off my shoes.I went to an exhibition, so I took a few days off.4. take on : The old city has taken on a new look.词的运用英语写作专题训练过渡词一. 教学内容：英语写作专题训练过渡词众所周知，要写出清晰流畅的文章，需要把文章中各部分巧妙地连接在一起。这样可使文章自然而别致，并能层层展开主题句，完整地表达中心思想。而过渡词（Transitional Words）是连接这些部分
21、的纽带。 过渡词是一种关系指引词，一般由副词或起副词作用的短语承担。此外，代词、连词、上下文的近义词等也可作过渡词。过渡词能使文章启、承、转、合，融会贯通，连成一体。一、过渡词的分类1. 根据意思和作用的不同，过渡词可以分为以下十五类：（1）表并列关系的过渡词:and, also， as well, as well as， or, too, not onlybut also, both and, either or, neithernor（2）表递进关系的过渡词: besides, in addition（加之，除之外）, moreover(此外，而且), whats more， whats
22、worse（3）表转折对比的过渡词：but, however, yet, instead, on the other hand, on the contrary, although, different from, despite, in pite of, whereas, unlike, nevertheless, not onlybut also, herethere, years agotoday, thisthat, the formerthe latter, thennow, the first whereas the second, oncenow, on the one hand
23、 on the other hand, someothers（4）表原因的过渡词:because, because of, since, as, for, now that, thanks to, due to（由于）（5）表结果的过渡词:so, thus, therefore, as a result, so that, then, thereby, hence, sothat, suchthat （6）表条件的过渡词:if, unless, on condition that, as/so long as （7）表时间的过渡词:when, while, after, before, unt
24、il, as soon as, later, afterwards, soon, lately, recently, since, from then on,eventually, in the meantime, then, suddenly, at the same time, next, early this morning / year / century, after a while, in a few days, now, presently, finally, at last, all of a sudden, form now on, at present, immediate
25、ly, the moment（8）表特定的顺序关系的过渡词:first, firstly, second, secondly, third, thirdly, above all, first of all, then, next, finally, in the end, at last, afterward(s)（后来）, meanwhile（几乎同时）, thereafter（在那以后）, last, finally, eventually（终于）（9）表换一种方式表达的过渡词: in other words, that is to say, to put it another way（
26、10）表进行举例说明的过渡词: for instance, for example, like, such as （11）表陈述事实的过渡词: in fact, actually, as a matter of fact, to tell you the truth （12）表强调的过渡词: certainly, indeed, above all, surely, most important, in fact, no doubt, without any doubt, truly, obviously（13）表比较的过渡词：like, unlike, in the same way, si
27、milarly, similar to（14）表目的的过渡词：for this reason, for this purpose, so that, in order to, so as to（15）表总结的过渡词: in a word(总之，简言之), in general, in short(总之), above all, after all, generally speaking, to sum up, finally, in conclusion, at last, in summary2. 文章段落之间的逻辑关系主要由过渡词来完成，在修辞中称为启、承、转、合。“启”就是开头, “承”
28、是承接，“转”是转折，“合”是综合或总结。（1）用于“启”的过渡词语用于表示“启”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落或文章的开头：first, first of all, at first, in the first place, firstly, to being with, to start with, recently, now, at present, in recent years, in general, generally speaking, at present, lately, currently, It is often said that, As the proverb
29、says, It goes without saying that, It is clear/obvious that, Many people often ask （2）用于“承”的过渡词语表示“承”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落中的第一个扩展句中：second, similarly, in addition, besides, then, furthermore, moreover, what is more, what is worse, for example, for instance, certainly, surely, obviously, in other words,
30、especially, particularly, in particular, indeed, still, third, truly, in fact, at the same time, no doubt，It is true that,Everybody knows that,It can be easily proved that,No one can deny thatThe reason why is that ,There is no doubt that,To takefor an example (instance) ,We know that,What is more s
31、erious is that（3）用于“转”的过渡词语用于“转”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落中的第二个扩展句中：but, however, on the other hand, on the contrary, in contrast, in any case, at any rate(无论如何), nevertheless(虽然如此), otherwise, or, or else, while, whereas, but, despite, in spite of ., yet, instead,I do not believe that,Perhaps youll ask whyT
32、his may be true, but we still have a problem with regard to,Though we are in basic agreement with , yet differences will be found, Thats why I feel that（4）用于“合”的过渡词语 用于“合”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落的结论句或文章的结论段中：in a word, in general, in short, above all, after all, generally speaking，to sum up, finally, in co
33、nclusion, at last, in summary, therefore, as a result, above all, thus，after all(毕竟), eventually, hence, in short, in conclusion, in a word, in sum(总之), on the whole(就整体而言), to sum upFrom this point of view On account of this we can find that The result is dependent on Thus, this is the reason why w
34、e must二、过渡词的应用 有的学生在作文中使用过多简单句，成了简单句堆砌；有的写复杂句时，动辄用so， and，then，but，or，however，yet等非但达不到丰富表达方式的目的，反而使句子结构松散、呆板。为了避免这种现象，可以通过使用不同的过渡词,不仅能够丰富句型，而且还能够把思想表达得更清楚，意义更连贯。例如： 1. 学生习作TV and website TV and website are popular media. They have something in common. Both of them make money from ads. Websites also
35、 have different sections. You may choose the one you are most interested in. They are different in many ways. Moving pictures are shown on TV with sound and interpretation. It makes you feel that you are just on the spot. The programs change every day. Professional TV reporters do the report for TV.
36、 Some information on websites change all the time. Not all of it is so updated. Everybody can write articles for websites rather than professional reporter. Every medium has its own features. It is hard to say which is better. 这段文字用简单句表达，它们之间内在的逻辑关系含糊不清，意思支离破碎。如果使用过渡词，将单句与其前后合并，形成主次关系，就把一个比较复杂的内容和关系
37、表达得层次清楚、结构严谨。修改后的文章： TV and websiteBoth TV and website are popular media. They have something in common. Both of them make money from ads. Similar to TV, websites also have different sections, so that you may choose the one you are most interested in. However, they are different in many ways. Above
38、all, moving pictures are shown on TV with sound and interpretation, which makes you feel as if you are just on the spot. Then, the programs change every day and professional TV reporters do the report for TV. Unlike TV, some information on websites change all the time, but not all of it is so update
39、d. In addition, everybody can write articles for websites rather than professional reporter. In a word, every medium has its own features, so it is hard to say which is better. 修改后的文章用过渡词来衔接上下段第一段第一句为：Both TV and website are popular media. They have something in common.第二段第一句为：However, they are different in many ways.第三段第一句为：In a word, every medium has its own feature
