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1、The Past Participle(1)as the Attribute and Predicative,Unit 1 Grammar,在必修4中,我们已经学习了非谓语动词的-ing形式，在本册书中我们将学习非谓语动词的另一种形式,过去分词,我们将在本册书的前三个单元讲解过去分词。本单元我们先学习过去分词作定语和表语。,a lighted candle,一支点燃的蜡烛,a used stamp,一枚用过的邮票,Translation,a broken coin,一枚破损的硬币,一名退休教师,a retired teacher,an injured finger,一个受伤的手指,一个醉鬼,a
2、 drunken man,基本形式和意义,过去分词是动词的一种非限定形式。过去分词兼有动词、副词和形容词的特征，可以带补语或受状语修饰。过去分词和补语或状语一起构成过去分词短语。过去分词的基本形式是“动词+-ed”，但也有不规则的形式。,The Past Participle,-Look at the excited boy!Why is he so happy?-He has got the first prize in the contest.-No wonder he is excited!,Look at the dialogue and find the use of the pas
3、t participle.,Past Participle as the Attribute,Example:So many thousands of terrified people died.,Now find two more examples in the reading passage.,1.But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera.2.With this evidence John Snow was able to announce with cer
4、tainty that polluted water carried the disease.,1.分词可以用作前置定语，此时分词和名词之间有两种语意关系：一种是分词表示主动（但时间上已经过去）；一种是分词表被动。,过去分词作定语,Eg a lost animal 一只迷路的动物,A 单个的过去分词作定语时一般兼有被 动和完成的意义，常作前置定语。,注意：过去分词作定语时，有时只有被动意义。e.g.：spoken English 英语口语 written exercises 书面练习,a fallen leaves 一片落叶 the risen sun 升起来的太阳the advanced c
5、ountries 发达国家 a retired teacher 一名退休教师by-gone days 过去的岁月,少数表示位移或状态改变的不及物动词的过去分词只有完成的意义。,e.g.How I regretted the hours wasted in the woods!我多懊悔在树林浪费的时光啊!I like wearing clothes made of this kind of cloth 我喜欢穿这种布料做的衣服。,B 过去分词作后置定语，表示被动和 或完成意义。,e.g.The books written by Lu Xun are popular 鲁迅写的书很受欢迎。Well
6、go to visit the bridge built hundreds of years ago 我们要去看那座建于几百年前的桥。,1.He told us of the great wrong done to him.=He told us of the great wrong _ to him.,which had been done,注：本句中的过去分词作定语，既表被动又表完成。,Change the following past participles into clauses.,2.The United States is a developed country.=The Uni
7、ted States is a country _.,which has developed,注:本句中的过去分词作定语，只表示 完成。,3.Have you noticed the bridge being built there?=Have you noticed the bridge _ there?,which is being built,注:本句中的过去分词作定语，表示被 动的动作正在进行。,过去分词短语有时亦可用作非限制性定语，前后常有逗号。Some of them,born and brought up in rural villages,had never seen a tr
8、ain.他们当中有一些人,生长在农村，从未见过火车。,用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以转移到修饰非人的事物，变成所谓的转移形容语。这种过去分词在形式上不直接修饰人，但它所修饰的事物仍与人直接有关。The general stared at him in startled admiration.将军以惊讶而赞赏的眼光注视着他。,Attention,eg.We asked two of Chinas many talented journalists to tell us more about news.I want to write about people addicted to drugs.,过
9、去分词短语用作定语时，一般皆置于其所修饰的名词之后，其意义相当于一个定语从句，但较从句简洁，多用于笔语中。,Trucks and buses were driven on gas carried in large bags on the roof.,卡车与公共汽车皆烧煤气，煤气是装在车顶上的袋中。,我们已经学习了动词-ing形式作定语,这里就有一个问题了,动词-ed形式作定语和动词-ing形式作定语有什么区别呢？接下来我们就谈谈它们的区别。,1）语态不同-ing表主动、进行；-ed表被动、完成,-ed 作定语与-ing 作定语的区别：,the changing worldthe changed
10、 world,（正在变化的）,（变化了的）,（正在沸腾的),（已经沸腾过的）,(正在凋谢的),（已经凋谢的）,(发展中的),（发达的）,2）时间关系不同-ing 表“正在 进行”或“与谓语动词同时进行”或“经常性”。-ed 表动作先于谓语动词表示的动作。,Do you know the boy lying under the bigtree?“Cant you read?”Mary said,angrilypointing to the notice.The woman selling vegetables has gone.,3）及物动词的过去分词与现在分词的被动式都可表示被动,但-ed表示
11、一个完成了的动作,而being done多表示一个正在进行的动作。,The problem discussed yesterday has something to do with us.The problem being discussed now has something to do with us.The building being built is our library.,The Olympic Games,_ in 776 B.C.,didnt include women until 1912.A.first playing B.to be first played C.fir
12、st played D.to be playing,考点点拨,简析:首先,根据语法分析可知,待选部分是一个作定语、修饰 The Olympic Games的后置分词短语;再根据 The Olympic Games 对于动词 play 来说只能是被动承受,且已完成(in 776 B.C.)。因此,该题应选C。,2.Whats the language _ in Germany?A.speaking B.spoken C.be spoken D.to speak,简析:该题应选B。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动,等于定语从句 which is spoken。,3.Most of the artis
13、ts _ to the party were from South Africa.A.invited B.to invite C.being invited D.had been invited,简析:该题应选A。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动,等于定语从句who were invited。,4.The computer centre,_ last year,is very popular among the students in this school.A.open B.opening C.having opened D.opened,简析:该题应选D。测试过去分词短语作定语放在所修饰的名
14、词后,可以用非限制性定语从句“which was opened last year”代替。,5.The first textbooks _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.A.having written B.to be written C.being written D.written,简析:该题应选D。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动,等于定语从句thatwere written。,另外,分词作状语时,如果其逻辑主语与整个句子的主语不一致时,需要独立主格结构或 with 复合结构来
15、替代。(此时,也可把该分词看成介词的宾语补足语。),例:The murderer was brought in,with his hands _ behind his back.A.being tied B.having tied C.to be tied D.tied,简析:很显然,待选部分的逻辑主语是 his hands,而不是句子的主语 The murderer,而 his hands 对于动词 tie来说,只能是被动承受。因此,该题应选D。,Translation work:,令人恐怖的场景受了惊吓的马令人失望的孩子感到失望的孩子,a frightening sighta fright
16、ened horsea disappointing childa disappointed child,Past Participle as the Predicative,Example:But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people.Now find two more examples in the reading passage.,1.过去分词作表语，表示主语的特点或 所处的状态，其前的系动词有包括be 在内的多种形式。Everyone present was very inspired at hi
17、sspeech听了他的发言，在场的所有人都很振奋。You seem frightened.你似乎受了惊吓。,过去分词作表语，强调主语的特点或 所处的状态；而被动语态中，主语是 动词所表示动作的承受者。This shop is now closed 这家商店现在已经关门了。(状态)This shop is closed at 6 pm every day 这家商店每天下午6点关门。(动作),2.过去分词作表语，构成的系表结构 与被动语态的区别：,过去分词作表语一般用来表示感受或状态（系动词+过去分词)No wonder he is excited!(predicative),可以用作表语的常见的
18、过去分词有：delighted,disappointed,upset,astonished,excited,frightened,experienced,interested,qualified,puzzled,exhausted,satisfied,Complete the sentences using the past participle as the predicative.,1.丢了钱他自责不已。He _ about losing the money.2.你为什么总是看上很疲劳？这些日子睡 得好吗？Why do you always _?Do you sleep well thes
19、e days?,got blamed,look so tired,3.我对昨晚看的电影很失望。我原以为它 能好些。I _ the film I saw last night.I had expected it to be better.4.听说那位明星死了，人人都很惊讶。Everybody _to hear the death of the famous film star,was disappointed with,was shocked,5.要去动物园了，孩子们非常兴奋。The children _ going to the zoo6.他的伤口感染了一种新病毒。His wound _ a
20、new virus,are really excited about,became infected with,1._ in the traffic accident _ taken to hospital.A.An injured,was B.The injured,has C.The injuring,were D.The injured,have been,Choose the best answer.,2.The girl _ forward to buying a new gold watch.A.referred to look B.referred to looking C.re
21、ferred to looks D.referring to looks,3.From the date _ on the gold coin,we decided that it was made 500 years ago.A.marking B.marked C.to be marked D.having been marked,4.Experts think that we need to eat meat because it contains vitamins and minerals _ in vegetables.A.not finding B.not to be found C.not found D.which is not found,5.The business of on-line shopping so far has been _ for the sellers who are already offering their services.A.disappointed B.disappointing C.disappoint D.to be disappointed,Thank you.,
