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1、英语语法概述 英语语法包括词法和句法。词法讨论的是十大词类，句法讨论句子类型和句子种类。这也是本课程关于语法的知识体系。,词法十大词类 1.名词分类,（数、格）,2.动词分类,时态，语态，语气非谓语动词,3.代词分类,4.形容词比较级，最高级5.副词比较级，最高级,6.介词7.数词分类及用法8.连词9.冠词分类与用法10.感叹词,二 句法句子成分，句子分类,1.句子成分八大成分：主谓宾表，定状补同,2.句子分类按用途：,陈述句，疑问句，祈使句，感叹句,按结构：,简单句五大句型,并列句复合句,特殊句型：,在句倒装句省略句,英语句子概论,英语句子概论,基本成分 附属成分 独立成分 省略成分 连接成
2、分,简单句 并列句 复合句,主语 谓（不及物动词）（S+Vi）主语 谓（及物动词）宾语(S+Vt+O)主语 系动词 表(S+LV+predicative)主语谓（双宾动词）+间宾+直宾(S+Vt+O.indir+O.dir)主语 谓（宾补动词）宾语 宾语补语(S+Vt.+O+O.compl)There+be/stand/lie/live.,简单句的五种基本句型,主语、谓语（不及物动词、及物动词、双宾动词、系动词、宾补动词)、宾语及补语可以称为基本句子成分。完整的句子一般至少包含2个基本成分，至多4个基本成分。,nounadj./adv.infinitiveV-ing V-edetc.,主语,谓
3、语,宾语,表语,Vt,V-l,Vi,Noun/PronounThe+adjV-ing/ClauseInfinitive,Noun/Pronoun/The+adjV-ing/Clause/Infinitive,英语句子基本成分示意图,be/feel/seem/lookappear/lie become/get/grow/turn go/come/remain/keeptaste/smell etc.,nounpronounadj./adv.infinitiveV-ing/V-edclauseetc.,1.主语 谓语（不及物动词）She came/My head aches.2.主语 谓语（及物动
4、词）宾语She likes English.3.主语 系动词 表语She is happy4.主语 谓语（双宾动词）间接宾语 直接宾语She gave John a bookShe bought a book for me.5.主语 谓语（宾补动词）宾语 宾语补语She makes her mother angryThe teacher asked me to read the passage.6.There+beThere lies a book on the desk.,简单句基本句型实例,附属成分,基本成分的修饰语。可以是：定语：即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句 状语：即用来修饰名词或代
5、词以外的词的单词、短语或从句。,定 语Poor John tottered toward a hospital nearbyShe likes oranges imported from the USA.John gave Mary many books，which are full of illustrationsHave you seen the book on the desk?The boy playing over there is my brother.People there like sports.,John often came to chat with meJohn lik
6、es oranges very muchWhenever he gets drunk，John makes Mary very angryHearing the news,he jumped with joy.As he was ill,he didnt come to class yesterday.She is sitting at the desk,doing her homework.My father worked in this school ten years ago.Youd better stay here.,状 语,Examples:Oh！What is that！（惊叹词
7、）He has，alas，failed againCome here，John（呼语）Roll on，Ocean，roll on,句中可以去掉的成分，去掉后不影响句子的完整性。这种成分和句子的其他词没有语法的关系。,独立成分,（You）Come here（I wish you）Good luck！Some gave him praises，but others（gave him）rotten eggsHe runs as fast as,if(he does)not(run)faster,than you.(I)Hope you like it.John should clean the ro
8、om today and Peter(should clean it)tomorrow.,句中被省略的成分，虽然未说出来，却在句中表示一定的意思：,省略成分,连接成分实际上是一个连词，用来连接两个或几个平行的词、短语和分句。这种连词叫做并列连词。另一类连接成分是用来连接两个句子、且一个句子从属于另一个句子（即从句）的连词。这类连词叫从属连词。从属连词主要用于引导各种从句。一个完整的句子（主句或从句）必须包含2个到4个基本成分，此外，如果意思上有需要，还可包含一个或更多其他的句子成分。,连接成分,简单句,简单句只有一个限定动词（即只有一个主谓结构），它是最小的句子单位。主要起下列四种作用中的一种
9、。作一种陈述 提出一个问题 发出一种命令或请求 表示一种感叹,Examples:The boy hit the dog./The dog bit the boy.The girl read the books./The books pleased the girl.Stephen apologized at once.Does the shop close at 7 tonight?Shut the door.What a slow train this is!,简单句的基本词序,主语动词部分宾语 状语（谓语）方式地点时间Iboughta hat yesterday.The children
10、ran home.The taxi driver shouted at me angrily.We ate our meal in silence.The car stopped suddenly.A young girl walked confidently in the room.They drove him away in a police car.,简单句的扩展成份,简单句的主语、宾语可以加上一个短语（如定语）来扩展，及物动词或不及物动词也可以与其它短语（如状语）连用进行扩展。The dog jumped through the window.He is saving up to bu
11、y a mobile phone.A bright little boy with rosy cheeks put three bottles of milk quietly on my doorstep before seven oclock.He worked like a madman in the garden on Saturday.The young girl with long black hair seems to be very happy.,两个简单句的主语可以连词and、but、both.and、eitheror、neithernor、not onlybut also等连
12、词连接组成一个简单句，但应注意主语和谓语动词的一致性。The boss is flying to Paris.His secretary is flying to Paris.The boss and his secretary are flying to Paris.Both the boss and his secretary are flying to Paris.The boss is flying to Rome.His secretary is not flying to Rome.The boss but not his secretary is flying to Rome.T
13、he boss may be flying to Berlin.His secretary may be flying to Berlin.Either the boss or his secretary is flying to Berlin.The boss is not flying to York.His secretary isnt flying to York.Neither the boss nor his secretary is flying to York.,主语、谓语、宾语的合并,两个简单句的宾语可由and、bothand等连词连接组成一个简单句。I met Jane.I
14、 met her husband.I met Jane and her husband.I met both Jane and her husband.It was cold.It was wet.It was cold and wet.I didnt meet Jane.I didnt meet her husband.I didnt meet either Jane or her husband.I met neither Jane nor her husband.两个或两个以上限定动词也可合并为一个简单句。We sang all night.We danced all night.We
15、sang and danced all night.,主语、谓语、宾语的合并,并列句,需把几个意思连接在一起时，可用分号或把两个或几个简单句用并列连词连接起来，这种结构即构成一个并列句。,用分号：We fished all day;we didnt catch a thing.,用分号，后跟一个连接副词：We fished all day;however,we didnt catch a thing.,用并列连词（如and、but、so、yet等）We fished all day,but(we)didnt catch a thing.,并列句,常用并列连词coordinating conju
16、nctions,平行并列连词:转折并列连词：因果并列连词:选择并列连词:,and,bothand,not onlybut also,neithernor,and then,but,however,while,yet,for,so,or,eitheror,neither nor,并列句,并列句的词序：并列句基本上保留了简单句的词序。,主语 谓语 宾语 连词 主语 动词 表语Jimmy fell off his bike but(he)wasnt hurt.,五种简单句型可用并列连词连接起来组成并列句。,主 谓 状（方式）连 主 谓 表Frank worked hard and(he)became
17、 an architect.主 谓 宾 连 主 谓 地点I ve got a cold,so I m going to bed.主 谓 宾 宾补 连 主 谓 宾They made him chairman,but(they)didnt increase his salary.,Exercise:请用合适的并列连词把每组句子合并为一个并列句。,He was tired,so he went to bed.,1.He was tired.He went to bed.,2.The child hid behind his mothers skirt.He was afraid of the dog
18、.,3.He made a promise.He didnt keep it.,He made a promise,but He didnt keep it.,The child hid behind his mothers skirt,for he was afraid of the dog.,由一个主句和一个或者一个以上从句所构成的句子。在英语书面语中应用广泛。主句是一个完整的句子,它可以独立存在。从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个主句连用，不能独立存在。复合句可以通过把两个以上简单句连接在一起构成,但复合句的各组成部份并非同等重要，其中一个句子由从属连词引导（从句），用以修饰另一句子（
19、主句）。复合句=主句+从句,复合句,复合句是在简单句的基础上，通过从属连词将两个或两个以上简单句连接在一起而构成。从属连词所引导的从句起形容词、名词、副词的作用。复合句主要包含以下类型从句：1.主语从句 2.宾语从句3.表语从句 4.定语从句5.状语从句 6.同位语从句,英文写作中最常使用的从句宾语从句状语从句 定语从句,复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句,He told me,the news.,that the match had been cancelled.,宾语,how much he was prepared to pay for my car.,that I cou
20、ld have the money without delay.,how much he was prepared topay for my car and that I couldhave the money without delay.,when he was leaving for Paris.,that his fatherwas working in that school.,宾语从句,复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句,I dont know,him.,He has finished his work,that he has finished his work.whe
21、ther he has finished his work.,宾语从句,He is leaving for Washington.,that he is leaving for Washington.when he is leaving for Washington.why he is leaving for Washington.how he is leaving for Washington.whether he is leaving for Washington.,复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句,the people,surprised,That,What he sai
22、dwhat he did,主语,That he didnt know the answer,in the room.,定语,who were sitting in the room.who were present.whose sons were at war.who had signed the contract.,复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句,That,is,the fact.,表 语,what he needs.what he gave me.why he was late.because he was ill.what has happened.,复合句与简单句：复
23、合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句,He worked,in that factory,three years ago.,地点状语,时间状语,where his father worked,in that factory,where I lived,when he lived there,His father worked there.,I lived there.,He lived there three years ago.,复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句,Put the book,on the desk.,where you took it.,where it was.,地
24、点状语,where you found it.,You cant camp,here.,where there are a lot of trees.,wherever you like.,指出下列各从句的类型,I believe that everything is going on well.She was reading a novel when I came in.She is the girl who sings best in my class.,宾语从句,状语从句,定语从句,Practice,用所给连词连接句子。,He has found out.She was late.(wh
25、y),He has found out why she was late.,I still remember the day.I first went to York on that day.(when),I still remember the day when I first went to York.,将各组句子连接为一个含有状语从句的复合句。,Practice,He didnt come yesterday.He was ill.(原因),He didnt come yesterday because he was ill.,Ill give the letter to him.I s
26、ee him.（时间）It is such a big box.Nobody can move it.（结果）Well go to the great wall.Its fine tomorrow.(条件)We should not go there all the time.The place is quite pleasant.(让步）,It is such a big box that nobody can move it.,Well go to the great wall if its fine tomorrow.,Although the place is quite pleasant,we should not go there all the time.,Ill give the letter to him when I see him.Ill give the letter to him as soon as I see him.Ill give the letter to him the moment I see him.,T H E E N D,
